REPORT ON PROFICIENCY TESTING Report on the External Quality Assessment Scheme of Serologic Tests for Syp
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- 화선 궁
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1 REPORT ON PROFICIENCY TESTING Report on the External Quality Assessment Scheme of Serologic Tests for Syphilis in Korea ( ) Seung-Jung Kee 1, Ju- Hyeon Shin 1, Hyun- Seung Lee 2, and Sang- Gon Lee 3 1 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju; 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju; 3 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Green Cross Laboratories, Yongin, Korea Corresponding author: Seung-Jung Kee Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea Tel: Fax: sjkee@jnu.ac.kr The surveys on the external quality assessment scheme for serologic tests for syphilis in Korea were conducted by the Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service. Proficiency testing (PT) panels consisting of three pooled serum samples were shipped to 430 and 432 laboratories participating in the program in the 1st and 2nd trials of 2016 and 465 and 503 laboratories in the 1st and 2nd trials of 2017, respectively. The rates of returning results were 94.2% and 50.2% for non-treponemal and treponemal tests, respectively, in the 1st trial of 2016; 94.7% and 49.5% in the 2nd trial of 2016; 94.2% and 49.5% in the 1st trial of 2017; and 92.8% and 48.7% in the 2nd trial of 2017, respectively. The most commonly used methods for non-treponemal tests were rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card test, followed by RPR turbidoimmunoassay and venereal disease research laboratory tests. The most commonly used methods for treponemal tests were Treponema pallidum particle agglutination, followed by immunochromatographic assay, Treponema pallidum latex agglutination, chemiluminescence immunoassay, and fluorescent treponemal antibodyabsorption. The accuracy rates of the 2017 PT for non-treponemal and treponemal tests were 92.5% 99.8% and 93.3% 100.0%, respectively, which were significantly lower compared to the 98.4% 100.0% and 97.0% 100.0% in A possible explanation for the lower accuracy rates in the 2017 PT survey is the matrix effect caused by pooling multiple individual serum samples. These data suggest that pooling of serum samples obtained from a small number of donors may help avoid the matrix effect affecting standard materials used for syphilis serology PT. (J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40: ) Key Words: External quality assessment, Proficiency testing, Serology, Syphilis pissn: eissn: 서론 대한임상검사정도관리협회는신빙도조사사업에참여하는기관을대상으로연 2회감염성세균항원항체검사프로그램의유일한항목인매독혈청검사에대한신빙도조사를실시하고있다. 감염성세균항원항체검사프로그램은크게비트레포네마검사 (non-treponemal test) 와트레포네마검사 (treponemal test) 의 2항목으로구성되어있다. 대한임상검사정도관리협회가새롭게사업프로그램을구성하고차세대신빙도조사사업을착수한 2016년이래 2017년까지 2년간 4차에걸쳐감염성 세균항원항체검사신빙도조사를실시하였고, 기관별검사방법에대한결과를종합적으로분석하고, 질관리수준, 문제점분석, 향상방안등을제시하고자하였다. 재료및방법 1. 신빙도조사방법 2016년부터 2017년까지총 4회에걸쳐감염성세균항원항체검사프로그램의비트레포네마및트레포네마매독혈청검사 2항목에대한신빙도조사를실시하였다. 2016년 1차신빙 182 Copyright 2018 Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service
2 도조사에총 3검체 (IB-16-01, IB-16-02, IB-16-03) 를 430기관에, 2차신빙도조사에총 3검체 (IB-16-04, IB-16-05, IB ) 를 432기관에각각 2016년 6월과 10월에발송하였다. 2017년 1차신빙도조사에총 3검체 (IB-17-01, IB-17-02, IB ) 를 465기관에, 2차신빙도조사에총 3검체 (IB-17-04, IB-17-05, IB-17-06) 를 503 기관에각각 2017년 5월과 10월에발송하였다. 모든신청과결과입력, 결과판정등은대한임상검사정도관리협회홈페이지에구축된신빙도조사프로그램 ( 을이용하였다. 2. 관리물질제조 년감염성세균항원항체검사신빙도조사사업을위한정도관리물질은녹십자의료재단에서인체유래물연구심의위원회의승인 (GCRL ) 후다음과같이제조하였다. 녹십자의료재단에서 rapid plasma reagin (RPR) 혼탁면역검사 (turbidoimmunoassay, TIA), 트레포네마라텍스응집검사 (Treponema pallidum latex agglutination, TPLA), 형광트레포네마항체흡수검사 (fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption, FTA-ABS) 의항목이의뢰되어결과가음성및양성으로보고된잔여검체를대상으로제조사가제시한시약설명서를근거로검체안정성이유지되는기간내의잔여검체를사용하였다. 단, 각각의음성및양성검체는 hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C virus antibody, human immunodeficiency virus antigen/antibody 분석결 과음성인검체만제조대상으로선정하였다. 수집된검체는 3,000 rpm, 4 C, 15분간원심분리를실시하여상층의불순물및부유물을제거하였다. 원심한검체는상층액과침전된하층을제거하여다른용기로검체를옮긴후교반기를이용하여 150 rpm, 4 C, 18시간진탕하여균질한검체를제조하였다. 균질화과정을거쳐제작된 pooled serum 시료는 0.22 μm Durapore Millipore를이용하여잔여불순물을제거하여용기에분주하였다. 각시료의제조된물질을식별하기위해대한임상검사정도관리협회로부터받은물질명대로각용기에라벨을부착하였으며, 운반시외부손상및파손충격으로부터보호하며이물질의혼입과오염을방지하기위해포장작업을실시하였다. 제조가완료된검체는 85 C 에서 70 C 의초저온냉동고에보관후운송일정에맞춰냉동상태로대한임상검사정도관리협회로배송, 제조물질을인계하였으며, 인계시인수인계증을통해물질의수량및상태를재확인하였다. 제조된정도관리물질의평가시험에사용된검사, 시약, 장비는 Table 1에기술하였다. 3. 결과판정및해석정성결과는의도된결과와일치하는경우 acceptable 하다고판정하였다. 이기준에맞지않은답을하거나응답하지않은경우 unacceptable 로판정하였다. 정성결과가 consensus( 전체기관의결과값의 80% 일치 ) 에미달하면판정을보류하거나제외하였다. Venereal Disease Research Table 1. Tests used for checking homogeneity and stability of control specimens for syphilis serology proficiency Serologic tests for syphilis Methods Instruments Reagents Non-treponemal VDRL test Manual BD VDRL Antigen for Syphilis Serology RPR TIA test AU5400 Mediace RPR RPR card test Manual Asan RPR Card Test IVD Labslide RPR BD Macro-Vue RPR Card Test Treponemal TPPA test Manual SERODIA-TPPA TPLA* test AU5400 Mediace TPLA ICA test Manual SD Syphilis 3.0 Kit Asan Easy Test Syphilis Humasis Syphilis Card HBI Syphilis Card Biofocus Syphilis Card The instrument used was from the following company: AU5400 (Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA, USA). Abbreviations: VDRL, Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test; RPR, rapid plasma reagin test; TIA, turbidoimmunoassay test; TPPA, Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test; TPLA, Treponema pallidum latex agglutination test; ICA, immunochromatographic assay test. J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
3 Laboratory (VDRL) 역가 (titer) 결과는최빈수 titer±1 titer 의범위 ( 전체기관의결과값의 80% 이상포함 ) 내에있는경우 acceptable 하다고판정하였다. 그 titer 범위외에있는경우나정성결과와일치하지않으면 unacceptable 로판정하였다. 결과 1. 참여기관수및결과회신율최소 1항목이상감염성세균항원항체검사신빙도조사에참여한기관수와각항목별검사결과회신율을조사하였다. 2016년 1차는총 430기관이신빙도조사에참여하여 405기관 (94.2%) 과 216기관 (50.2%) 이각각비트레포네마검사와트레포네마검사결과를회신하였다. 2016년 2차는총 432기관이참여하여 409기관 (94.7%) 과 214기관 (49.5%) 이각각비트레포네마검사와트레포네마검사결과를회신하였다 년 1차는총 465 기관이참여하여 438 기관 (94.2%) 과 230 기관 (49.5%) 이각각비트레포네마검사와트레포네마검사결과를회신하였다. 2017년 2차는총 503기관이참여하여 467기관 (92.8%) 과 245기관 (48.7%) 이각각비트레포네마검사와트레포네마검사결과를회신하였다 (Table 2). 2. 검사방법신빙도조사에참여한기관들의비트레포네마검사와트레포네마검사항목별검사방법의사용률은공통결과보고서와개별결과보고서를참조하여회신한모든검사방법총합을기준으로하여분석하였다. 2016년 1차와 2차, 2017년 1차와 2차 신빙도조사에서비트레포네마검사법중 VDRL 사용률은각각 10.0%, 9.4%, 9.7%, 9.4% 였다. RPR card 수기법사용률은각각 50.8%, 51.8%, 50.3%, 50.7% 였고, RPR TIA 자동화법사용률은각각 29.5%, 31.4%, 36.4%, 36.1% 였다. 방법을모르는 RPR unknown 사용률도각각 9.8%, 7.4%, 3.5%, 3.9% 였다 (Table 3). 2016년 1차와 2차, 2017년 1차와 2차신빙도조사에서트레포네마검사법중 FTA-ABS 사용률은각각 5.0%, 5.1%, 4.3%, 4.5% 였다. 트레포네마입자응집검사 (Treponema pallidum particle agglutination, TPPA) 수기법사용률은각각 43.9%, 43.5%, 40.3%, 38.7% 였고, TPLA TIA 자동화법사용률은각각 17.2%, 16.9%, 17.4%, 17.1% 였다. 화학발광면역검사 (chemiluminescence immunoassay, CLIA) 자동화법사용률은각각 15.1%, 14.8%, 16.2%, 15.2% 였고, 면역크로마토그래피검사 (immunochromatographic assay, ICA) 사용률은각각 13.8%, 16.0%, 18.6%, 21.6% 였다. 방법을모르는트레포네마검사사용률도각각 5.0%, 3.8%, 3.2%, 3.0% 였다 (Table 3). 3. 항목별결과분석 1) 비트레포네마검사 2016년 1차신빙도조사사업에 2개의음성검체 (IB-16-01, IB-16-02) 와 1개의양성검체 (IB-16-03) 를, 2차사업에 2개의음성검체 (IB-16-04, IB-16-05) 와 1개의양성검체 (IB-16-06) 를각각이용하였다. 각검체당회신한모든비트레포네마검사결과의총합을기준으로하여분석하였다. IB 검 Table 2. Reporting rate of laboratories participating in the second trial of syphilis serology proficiency testing in 2017 Type of laboratory No. of participating laboratories No. of labs returning results in the second trial of syphilis serology proficiency testing in 2017 Non-treponemal tests Treponemal tests Tertiary hospital (100.0) 37 (86.0) General hospital (98.4) 113 (44.8) Small hospital (91.0) 20 (20.0) Physician s clinic (64.7) 30 (58.8) Military hospital 12 9 (75.0) 6 (50.0) Public health center (100.0) 20 (100.0) Independent medical laboratory (100.0) 14 (73.7) Blood laboratory center 3 3 (100.0) 3 (100.0) Research institute 3 1 (33.3) 2 (66.7) Total (92.8) 245 (48.7) Values are presented as number (%). 184 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
4 Table 3. Trend of methods used in syphilis serology proficiency testing in Serologic tests for syphilis Methods st trial 2nd trial 1st trial 2nd trial Non-treponemal VDRL test 44 (10.0) 42 (9.4) 47 (9.7) 48 (9.4) RPR card test 224 (50.8) 231 (51.8) 243 (50.3) 260 (50.7) RPR TIA test 130 (29.5) 140 (31.4) 176 (36.4) 185 (36.1) RPR unknown 43 (9.8) 33 (7.4) 17 (3.5) 20 (3.9) Total 441 (100.0) 446 (100.0) 483 (100.0) 513 (100.0) Treponemal FTA-ABS test 12 (5.0) 12 (5.1) 11 (4.3) 12 (4.5) TPPA test 105 (43.9) 103 (43.5) 102 (40.3) 104 (38.7) TPLA* test 41 (17.2) 40 (16.9) 44 (17.4) 46 (17.1) CLIA test 36 (15.1) 35 (14.8) 41 (16.2) 41 (15.2) ICA test 33 (13.8) 38 (16.0) 47 (18.6) 58 (21.6) Unknown 12 (5.0) 9 (3.8) 8 (3.2) 8 (3.0) Total 239 (100.0) 237 (100.0) 253 (100.0) 269 (100.0) Values are presented as number (%). Abbreviations: VDRL, Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test; RPR, rapid plasma reagin test; TIA, turbidoimmunoassay test; FTA-ABS, fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test; TPPA, Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test; TPLA, Treponema pallidum latex agglutination test; CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay test; ICA, immunochromatographic assay test. 체에대한비트레포네마검사총 441예중 434예가음성, IB 검체는총 441예중 438예가음성, IB 검체는총 441예중 440예가양성으로, 각각 98.4%, 99.3%, 99.8% 의정답률을보였다. IB 검체에대한비트레포네마검사총 446예중 445예가음성, IB 검체는총 446예중 441예가음성, IB 검체는총 446예중 446예가양성으로, 각각 99.8%, 98.9%, 100.0% 의정답률을보였다 (Table 4). 2017년 1차신빙도조사사업에 2개의음성검체 (IB-17-02, IB-17-03) 와 1개의양성검체 (IB-17-01) 를, 2차사업에 2개의음성검체 (IB-17-04, IB-17-05) 와 1개의양성검체 (IB-17-06) 를각각이용하였다. 각검체당회신한모든비트레포네마검사결과의총합을기준으로하여분석하였다. IB 검체에대한비트레포네마검사총 483예중 481예가양성, IB 검체는총 483예중 447예가음성, IB 검체는총 483예중 453예가음성으로, 각각 99.6%, 92.5%, 93.8% 의정답률을보였다. IB 검체에대한비트레포네마검사총 513예중 506예가음성, IB 검체는총 513예중 511예가음성, IB 검체는총 512예중 511예가양성으로, 각각 98.6%, 99.6%, 99.8% 의정답률을보였다 (Table 5). 2) 트레포네마검사 2016년 1차와 2차신빙도조사사업의각검체당회신한모든트레포네마검사결과의총합을기준으로하여분석하였다. IB 검체에대한트레포네마검사총 239예중 233예가음성, IB 검체는총 239예중 234예가음성, IB 검체는총 239예중 239예가양성으로, 각각 97.5%, 97.9%, 100.0% 의정답률을보였다. IB 검체에대한트레포네마검사총 236예중 233예가음성, IB 검체는총 235예중 228예가음성, IB 검체는총 237예중 237예가양성으로, 각각 98.7%, 97.0%, 100.0% 의정답률을보였다 (Table 4). 2017년 1차와 2차신빙도조사사업의각검체당회신한모든트레포네마검사결과의총합을기준으로하여분석하였다. IB 검체에대한트레포네마검사총 253예중 253예가양성, IB 검체는총 252예중 237예가음성, IB 검체는총 252예중 235예가음성으로, 각각 100.0%, 94.0%, 93.3% 의정답률을보였다. IB 검체에대한트레포네마검사총 269예중 268예가음성, IB 검체는총 269예중 268예가음성, IB 검체는총 269예중 268예가양성으로, 각각 99.6%, 99.6%, 99.6% 의정답률을보였다 (Table 5). 고찰 2016년차세대신빙도조사사업시행에따라 2016년부터감염성세균항원항체검사프로그램은그이전과다르게진행하 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
5 Table 4. Results of syphilis serology proficiency testing using control specimens in 2016 Serologic tests for syphilis Methods IB IB IB IB IB IB N R T N R T N R T N R T N R T N R T Non-treponemal VDRL test RPR card test RPR TIA test RPR unknown Total Treponemal FTA-ABS test TPPA test TPLA* test CLIA test ICA test Unknown Total Abbreviations: N, non-reactive; R, reactive; T, total; VDRL, Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test; RPR, rapid plasma reagin test; TIA, turbidoimmunoassay test; FTA-ABS, fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test; TPPA, Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test; TPLA, Treponema pallidum latex agglutination test; CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay test; ICA, immunochromatographic assay test. Table 5. Results of syphilis serology proficiency testing using control specimens in 2017 Serologic tests for syphilis Methods IB IB IB IB IB IB N R T N R T N R T N R T N R T N R T Non-treponemal VDRL test RPR card test RPR TIA test RPR unknown Total Treponemal FTA-ABS test TPPA test TPLA* test CLIA test ICA test Unknown Total Abbreviations: N, non-reactive; R, reactive; T, total; VDRL, Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test; RPR, rapid plasma reagin test; TIA, turbidoimmunoassay test; FTA-ABS, fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption test; TPPA, Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test; TPLA, Treponema pallidum latex agglutination test; CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay test; ICA, immunochromatographic assay test. 였다. 2016년이전신빙도조사사업에서매회차마다바이러스항원항체검사용자가제조물질 2개, 매독혈청검사용자가제조물질 1개로총 3개씩발송하였으나, 2016년이후사업부터는매독혈청검사항목을단독으로분리하여매회차당 2개의자 가제조물질을추가하여총 3개의정도관리물질을발송하는감염성세균항원항체검사프로그램으로변경하였다. 2016년감염성세균항원항체검사 1차와 2차신빙도조사사업에각각 430기관과 432기관이참여하였고, 2017년 1차와 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
6 차사업에 465기관과 503기관이참여하여 2016년같은회차에비해각각 35기관 (8.1%) 과 71기관 (16.4%) 이증가하였다. 2016년 1차사업의비트레포네마검사와트레포네마검사의결과회신율은각각 94.2% 와 50.2% 였고, 2차사업의회신율은각각 94.7% 와 49.5% 였다. 2017년 1차사업의회신율은각각 94.2% 과 49.5% 였고, 2차사업의회신율은각각 92.8% 과 48.7% 로전회차에비하면다소낮으나통계적으로유의한차이는없었다 년감염성세균항원항체검사중비트레포네마검사는 RPR card 수기법을사용하고있는기관이약 50% 정도로가장많이사용하고있었으나, 2015년사용률 65.9% 에비해유의하게감소하였다 (chi-square test, P<0.0001) [1]. RPR TIA 자동화법을사용하는기관의비율은 2016년 1차사업의 29.5% 에서 2017년 2차사업의 36.1% 로유의하게증가하였다 (chi-square test, P<0.05). 한편, 년감염성세균항원항체검사중트레포네마검사는 TPPA를사용하고있는기관이약 40% 내외로가장많이사용하고있었고, CLIA 와 TPLA의자동화법을사용하는기관의비율은각각약15% 와 17% 정도였다. ICA를사용하는기관은 2016년 1차사업의 13.8% 에서 2017년 2차사업의 21.6% 로유의하게증가하였다 (chi-square test, P<0.05). 2017년 1차신빙도조사사업에서음성검체인 IB-17-02와 IB-17-03에서비트레포네마검사가각각 92.5% 와 93.8% 의정답률을보였고, 트레포네마검사가각각 94.0% 와 93.3% 의정답률을보였다. 이는 2016년 1차와 2차, 2017년 2차사업의정답률인 97.0%-100.0% 에비해유의하게낮았다 (chi-square test, P<0.0001). 특히비트레포네마검사중 RPR TIA법과트레포네마검사중 CLIA법에서정답률이약 80% 로다른방 법에비하여유의하게낮았다. 이는일부회사의시약에서나타나는현상으로다수의인체유래물혈청을모아정도관리물질을제조하는과정에서나타나는기질효과 (matrix effect) 가그원인으로추정되었다 [2-4]. 그근거로소수의공여자혈액을원료로제조한정도관리물질은그런현상이잘나타나지않았다. 따라서신빙도조사에사용되는자가제조물질의품질을보장하기위하여다수보다는소수의인체유래물을원료로제조하여야하며다양한방법및시약간결과일치도를사전에검토하는것이좋을것이다. REFERENCES 1. Cha YJ, Bae JH, Jung YS, Chae SL; Immunoserology Subcommittee, Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service. Annual report on the external quality assessment scheme of viral markers and serological tests for syphilis in Korea (2015). J Lab Med Qual Assur 2016; 38: Eckfeldt JH, Copeland KR. Accuracy verification and identification of matrix effects: the College of American Pathologists protocol. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993;117: Rej R. Proficiency testing, matrix effects, and method evaluation. Clin Chem 1994;40: Miller WG, Jones GR, Horowitz GL, Weykamp C. Proficiency testing/external quality assessment: current challenges and future directions. Clin Chem 2011;57: J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
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