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1 CASE REPORT ISSN , The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research, 2015;15(3): 식도위내시경으로조기진단된경추전방골극에의해발생한연하곤란 주민수, 류한승, 황인태, 손기창, 조동호, 임병훈, 최석채 원광대학교의과대학내과학교실, 소화기질환연구소 Early Detection of Anterior Cervical Osteophytes Causing Dysphagia by Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Min Su Chu, Han Seung Ryu, In Tae Hwang, Ki Chang Sohn, Dong Ho Jo, Byung Hun Lim, Suck Chei Choi Department of Internal Medicine, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Korea Anterior cervical osteophytes affecting the cervical spine are a rare cause of dysphagia. They may affect the patient s life by compressing the larynx. A 66-year-old male patient complained of dysphagia during swallowing that started five months earlier. During esophagogastroduodenoscopy, the endoscopist felt outside pressure and severe resistance, and a protruded lesion at the posterior wall of the hypopharynx was found. A cervical spine x-ray showed prominent anterior osteophytes at the C-spine 2-5 level. In addition, computed tomography showed esophageal luminal narrowing related to prominent anterior cervical osteophytes at the C-spine 3-4 level. Due to the absence of any effective medical therapy and rapid progression of dysphagia, surgery was recommended to relieve the symptoms. Clinical improvement occurred after surgical resection of the osteophytes through an anterior cervical approach. So we report here on a rare case of anterior cervical osteophytes with dysphagia with review of the relevant literature. (Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res 2015;15: ) Key Words: Cervical osteophytes; Dysphagia; Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 서 론 임상적으로구인도또는식도연하곤란을유발하는원인들로는종물에의한내강의협착또는외부의압박으로인한구조적연하곤란과연동운동이상이나식도조임근의불충분한이완으로인한운동성연하곤란등이있다. 1 지속적인연하곤란은음식물의흡인에의한기침과고령에서폐렴의합병증을유발할수있다. 2,3 구인두연하곤란을일으키는구조적원인중경추전방골극이인두, 상부식도, 상부기도를직접적으로압박하거나주변의근육의수축을일으켜연하곤란및구강의음식물이기도로흡인되어조절이되지않은기침, 흡인성폐렴및드물게는폐쇄성수면무호흡증, 발성장애를유발하는합병증과연관된보고들이있었다. 2-5 진단은증상을근간으로한영상의학적검사및생리검사등 Received: April 1, 2015 Accepted: July 23, 2015 Corresponding author: Suck Chei Choi Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan 54538, Korea Tel: , Fax: , medcsc@wonkwang.ac.kr 을근간으로이루어지고치료의방향을결정하는데많은도움을주지만많은검사로인한경제적문제점이발생할수있다. 저자들은경추전방골극으로인해연하곤란증상만발생하여시행한위내시경에서외부압박소견을동반한내시경진입시에장애가있었던환자를조기에수술치료결정을한후좋은경과를경험하여보고한다. 증례 66세남자환자가내원 5개월전부터발생한심한연하곤란증상을주소로본원응급실에내원하였다. 연하곤란은유동식보다고형식에서더심한양상을보였고, 내원 1개월전부터타원에서항염증제를포함한약물치료및식이요법을시행하였으나연하곤란이더욱악화되었다고하였다. 내원시혈압 150/80 mmhg, 맥박수 84회 / 분, 호흡수 20회 / 분, 체온 36.4 o C, 산소포화도 100% 로안정적이었으며, 의식상태는명료하였다. 환자는고혈압, 당뇨, 지방간의병력이있었으며, 가족력상특이소견은없었고, 수술이나외상의기왕력도없었다. 사회력상하루평균소주 1병의음주력및 16.7 갑년의 Copyright 2015 Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research is an Open-Access Journal. All articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res: Vol 15, No 3, September 2015 흡연력이 있었다. 환자의 전신상태는 양호하였으며, 연하곤란과 소화불량을 호소하였다. 신체검진상 경부 운동의 제한 및 경부 압통은 없었으며, 경부 림프절 촉지도 없었다. 상하지 신경학적 검사에서도 이상소견이 없었다. 내원 당시 시행한 말초 혈액검사상 혈색소 16.4 g/dl, 적혈 구침강속도 12 mm/hr, 백혈구 11,840/μL, 혈소판 146,000/ μl, 총 빌리루빈 0.75 g/dl, AST 45 IU/L, ALT 41 IU/L, BUN 16.2 mg/dl, 크레아틴 1.22 mg/dl, 나트륨 138 meq/l, 칼륨 4.2 meq/l, CRP 1.51 mg/l, CEA 1.70 ng/ml, AFP 2.70 IU/mL, CA IU/mL, 전립선특이항원 ng/ml였다. 경부 방사선 사진에서 2번 경추부터 5번 경추 사 이 골극 이외의 특이 소견은 없었다(Fig. 1A). 연하곤란의 원인 감별을 위하여 상부위장관 내시경을 시행하 였다. 상부위장관 내시경에서 하인두의 후방벽이 돌출되어 발 Fig. 1. Lateral view of neck x-ray. (A) Preoperative view. The prominent anterior osteophytes of C-spine 2, 3, 4, 5 are shown the x-ray (arrows). (B) Postoperative view. The anterior cervical osteophytes are disappeared by anterolateral approach of bony spur drilling at C-spine 3, 4 level on the x-ray. Fig. 2. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. (A) Preoperative lesion. The external compressive site of pharynx is shown (arrows). (B) Preoperative lesion. The external compressive site of esophagus is shown at C-spine 3, 4 level (arrows). (C) Postoperative lesion. The external compressive site of pharynx is remained. Because the approach is difficult and dangerous, we do not remove osteophytes completely at C-spine 2 level. (D) Postoperative lesion. At esophagus, internal lumen narrowing is not shown. 188
3 Min Su Chu, et al: Early Detection of Anterior Cervical Osteophytes Causing Dysphagia by EGD 생한 외부 압박으로 관찰되었으며, 관내강이 매우 협소하여 이 상동으로 진입시 심한 저항감이 느껴졌으나 어렵게 식도내강 진입은 가능하였다(Fig. 2A, B). 구조적 폐쇄 가능성이 있어 경부 CT를 시행하였다. 경부 CT에 서 2번 경추부터 7번 경추까지 전방 골극이 관찰되었고(Fig. 3B, C), 특히 3번, 4번 경추에서 현저하였다. 이로 인한 후두 뒷벽의 경한 변형과 전방종주인대의 골화 소견이 있었다(Fig. 3A). 연하곤란의 원인을 경추 전방 골극으로 판단하고 수술적 방 법인 경추 전측방 도달법으로 가장 많이 돌출된 부분인 3번, 4 번 경추에서 2번 경추 하부 경계까지 골극 제거술을 시행하였 고, 2번 경추 부위는 수술에 의한 합병증의 발생이 높고 연하곤 란의 관련성이 낮은 것으로 판단하여 제외하였다. 수술 후 촬영 한 경부 단순 방사선 사진에서 골극이 제거된 소견을 볼 수 있 다(Fig. 1B). 수술 후 7일째 상부위장관 내시경에서 3번, 4번 경추 위치의 내강이 이전보다 넓어진 소견 관찰되었고(Fig. 2C, D), 연하곤 란 증상은 더이상 호소하지 않았다. 이 후 시행한 바륨 식도 조 영술에서도 식도 내강의 폐쇄 소견이 없는 정상 소견을 보였다 (Fig. 4). 고 찰 연하 곤란의 원인은 기질적 또는 기능성, 중추성, 의인성 원 1 인 등 다양하다. 이 중 기질적 원인으로는 골극, 종양, 젠커 게 1,2 실, 윤상인두바, 경부 웹 등이 있다. 경추 전방 골극은 강직성 척추염, 특발성 골격 과골화증 Fig. 3. Computed tomography of neck. (A) The prominent osteophytes, especially C-spine 3, 4 level (arrows), are shown on the CT with pharyngeal wall deformity. And the anterior osteophytes are shown from C-spine 2 to C-spine 7 level. (B) On sagittal view, prominent anterior osteophytes are shown at the C-spine 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 level (arrows). (C) On the 3-dimensional reconstruction CT of C-spine, anterior osteophytes are shown (arrows). Fig. 4. Postoperative barium esophagography. The swallowing is no problem, and the obstruction site is not shown. 189
4 Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res: Vol 15, No 3, September 2015 (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, DISH), 퇴행성척추간판염, 척추간판골연화증등으로인하여발생한다. 2 발생연령은고령인구의 20 30% 에서발생하지만무증상인경우가많다. 3,6,7 하지만위치와크기및염증과부종의심한정도에따라연하곤란과같은소화기증상과더불어성대부종과염증의정도에따라호흡곤란, 발성장애, 성대마비, 흡인성폐렴, 폐쇄성무호흡증등의이비인후과적증상을일으킬수있다. 4-6 증상을일으키는골극은 5번, 6번경추 (40%), 4번, 5번경추 (23%), 3 번, 4번경추 (14%), 2번, 3번경추 (14%) 순으로발생한다. 8 경추골극이있는 116명의증례연구에서 7명이연하곤란을일으켰으며연하곤란을가진 3,000명의증례를바탕으로한다른연구에서는 1.7% 에서경추골극이발견되었다. 5 연하곤란을일으키는다양한원인들의감별을위해경부단순방사선검사, 2-13 CT, 2-13 자기공명영상, 3,5-7,10,13 비디오연하조영검사, 3,6,8 식도내압측정, 1,3,6 바륨식도조영술, 1,5,7,9 근전도검사, 5,6 상부위장관내시경 1 등이환자의증상정도및치료의방향설정에이용된다. 본환자의경우는 5개월전부터연하곤란의발생과빠른증상의악화, 영상의학적검사에서발견된경추골극의이상소견과내시경에서내강의협소소견을관찰하여구조적문제로판단하였다. 또한경제적사정이곤란하여수술전후비디오연하조영검사및수술전바륨식도조영술은시행하지못하였고, 기침과폐렴등의다른증상이없었기에추가기능검사를시행하지않았다. 경추전방골극에의한연하곤란을가진환자들다수는특발성골격과골화증으로진단된다. 2,9 Resnick과 Niwayama 11 가제시한특발성골격과골화증에대한진단기준은 (1) 최소한 4 개의연속적인추체전방종주인대에서연속적인골화및석회화소견, (2) 퇴행성추간판질환의심한정도가적음, (3) 골단관절강직증과천장골미란, 경화증또는관절내골융합이없어야된다. 본증례에서는 2번경추부터 7번경추까지연속적인골극이관찰되었으며 3번, 4번경추추간판에서부분적인돌출이있었지만특발성골격과골화증의진단기준에는맞지않았다. 본환자의경우는퇴행성변화에의한골극을동반한전종인대골화증으로진단하였다. 경추전방골극의일반적인치료는초기에항염증약물, 항생제, 영양을포함한대증적치료를시행한다. 2-7,9,10 증상발현과의관련성에관한연구는없지만골극의크기보다는환자의나이가더영향을미칠수있다. 14 본증례는약제와식이요법에반응이없었고응급실로방문할정도의심한증상과빠른경과로큰골극에의한관련증상으로판단하여물리적인압박을제거하여야증상의호전을가져올것으로판단하였다. 수술방법으로는척추유합술을동반하지않는골극제거술이가장널리쓰인다. 9 접근법으로는전방도달법이가장많이이용되 며, 일반적으로추간판의제거와골이식을함께시행하여전방유합술을시행하는것이권장된다. 12,13 본증례는전측방도달법으로수술을시행하였다. 수술후발생가능한합병증들로는성대마비, 호너씨증후군, 식도또는기도천공및샛길형성, 재발성신경병증, 혈종, 감염등이있다. 9,10 수술후 4 5 년내재발의빈도가높기에장기간추적관찰을필요로한다. 10 본환자는수술후증상이조기에호전되었고퇴원후장기간의외래추적관찰에서도특별한합병증및재발소견은발견되지않았다. 경추전방골극제거수술적치료의시기와적응증등은많은논란이있기에환자의증상과다양한검사결과를종합하여충분한토의를한후결정을해야한다. 연하곤란의진단적접근에서는원칙적으로비침습적인방법을우선하여야하나, 국내의료실정과기관마다의현실적문제가있어내시경적접근을먼저하게되는경우가흔하다. 본증례에서와같이아주드물지만경추전방골극이연하곤란의원인이될수있음을간과해서는안된다. 또한인후나식도상부의협착으로내시경통과가힘든경우무리한조작에따른합병증발생에유의해야하며, 합병증예방을위해비경또는소아용내시경과같은외경이작은내시경사용을고려해야한다. REFERENCES 1. Cook IJ. Diagnostic evaluation of dysphagia. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;5: Song AR, Yang HS, Byun E, Kim Y, Park KH, Kim KL. Surgical treatments on patients with anterior cervical hyperostosisderived Dysphagia. Ann Rehabil Med 2012;36: Kos MP, van Royen BJ, David EF, Mahieu HF. Anterior cervical osteophytes resulting in severe dysphagia and aspiration: two case reports and literature review. J Laryngol Otol 2009;123: Eyigor H, Selcuk OT, Osma U, Koca R, Yilmaz MD. Cervical osteophytes: a rare cause of obstructive sleep apnea. J Craniofac Surg 2012;23:e444-e Akbal A, Kurtaran A, Selcuk B, Gurcan A, Ersoz M, Akyuz M. The development of dysphagia and dysphonia due to anterior cervical osteophytes. Rheumatol Int 2009;29: Ozgursoy OB, Salassa JR, Reimer R, Wharen RE, Deen HG. Anterior cervical osteophyte dysphagia: manofluorographic and functional outcomes after surgery. Head Neck 2010; 32: Maiuri F, Stella L, Sardo L, Buonamassa S. Dysphagia and dyspnea due to an anterior cervical osteophyte. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2002;122: Seo JW, Park JW, Jang JC, et al. Anterior cervical osteophytes causing Dysphagia and paradoxical vocal cord motion leading to dyspnea and dysphonia. Ann Rehabil Med 2013;37:
5 Min Su Chu, et al: Early Detection of Anterior Cervical Osteophytes Causing Dysphagia by EGD 9. Hwang JS, Chough CK, Joo WI. Giant anterior cervical osteophyte leading to dysphagia. Korean J Spine 2013;10: Miyamoto K, Sugiyama S, Hosoe H, Iinuma N, Suzuki Y, Shimizu K. Postsurgical recurrence of osteophytes causing dysphagia in patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Eur Spine J 2009;18: Resnick D, Niwayama G. Radiographic and pathologic features of spinal involvement in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Radiology 1976;119: Maran A, Jacobson I. Cervical osteophytes presenting with pharyngeal symptoms. Laryngoscope 1971;81: Carlson ML, Archibald DJ, Graner DE, Kasperbauer JL. Surgical management of dysphagia and airway obstruction in patients with prominent ventral cervical osteophytes. Dysphagia 2011; 26: Seidler TO, Pèrez Alvarez JC, Wonneberger K, Hacki T. Dysphagia caused by ventral osteophytes of the cervical spine: clinical and radiographic findings. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2009;266:
15-안영준(전화교정)
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