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1 대한내과학회지 : 제 87 권제 1 호 미만특발골격뼈과다증환자에서경추부골극에의한삼킴곤란및제한성환기장애가동시에발생한 1예 메리놀병원류마티스내과 이홍직 이지현 김민정 변기섭 여현정 임호준 남경식 A Case of Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis Presenting with Dysphagia Secondary to Cervical Osteophyte and Restrictive Ventilatory Impairment Hong Jik Lee, Ji Hyun Lee, Min Jeong Kim, Ki Sup Byun, Hyun Jung Yeo, Ho Joon Im, and Kyoung Sik Nam Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maryknoll Medical Center, Busan, Korea Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a condition characterized by the calcification and ossification of soft tissue, and can lead to severe cervical kyphosis, presenting with a spectrum of physical complaints including dysphagia, hoarseness, stridor, aspiration pneumonia, and dyspnea due to airway compromise. Restrictive ventilatory impairment is very rare. We encountered a 73-year-old man with DISH presenting with progressive dysphagia and dyspnea over a few months. The symptoms were evaluated with a video fluoroscopy swallowing study and pulmonary function tests (PFT). The PFT revealed restrictive ventilatory impairment. A neck magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study showed anterior cervical osteophytes causing upper airway compromise and compression of the esophagus. Osteophytes were removed surgically and the patient improved clinically. Here, we describe the case with a literature review. (Korean J Med 2014;87: ) Keywords: Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis; Dysphagia; Osteophyte; Cervical; Restrictive ventilatory impairment 서론미만특발골격뼈과다증 (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, DISH) 은척추주위인대의심한석회화와골화가나타나는질병으로골관절염의변형으로분류되며가동관절 (diarthrodial joints) 은침범되지않는다. 척추가동영역의유의한감 소를보이지만추간판간격은유지되고천장관절및골단관절은정상이어서강직성척추염을비롯한척추관절증과구별이가능하다 [1]. 무증상인경우가많으나근골격계의뻣뻣함이나배부통증및압통을호소할수있으며진행된경우척추강직에의한골절이나척추후종인대 (posterior longitudinal ligament of the Received: Revised: Accepted: Correspondence to Ji Hyun Lee, M.D. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maryknoll Medical Center, 121 Junggu-ro, Daechung-dong, Jung-gu, Busan , Korea Tel: , Fax: , ete@lycos.co.kr Copyright c 2014 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 - Hong Jik Lee, et al. DISH with dysphagia - spine) 의골화에의한척수압박증상을보일수있다. 또한측부인대비후및아킬레스건의골부착부병증 (enthesopathy) 등말초관절의침범이나타나며경추부침범시드물게삼킴곤란이나호흡곤란등이보고되고있다 [2]. DISH 환자에서의삼킴곤란은주로경추부골극에의해국소조직의염증이나인두나식도의기계적압박에의하며호흡곤란은대부분경추부골의과성장에의한기도의기계적압박이나국소조직의염증에서발생한다 [3,4]. DISH 환자에서경추부골극에의한삼킴곤란및제한성환기장애로인한호흡곤란이동시에발생한경우는국외에서는 1예보고된바가있으나 [5] 국내에서는아직보고된바가없다. 저자들은 DISH로치료받던환자에서제한성환기장애및경추부전방의골극에의해삼킴곤란이발생하여수술적치료로호전된증례를경험하고이를문헌고찰과함께보고하고자한다. 증례환자 : 73세남자주소 : 삼킴곤란및호흡곤란과거력 : 1997년부터척추가굳어지는듯한증상이있어 정형외과에서강직성척추염의증으로진단받고간헐적으로소염제를복용하였다. 2010년류마티스내과로전과되었으며당시아침에통증및뻣뻣함이증가되고운동으로통증이경감되는염증성배부통및목의굴곡및신전, 회전운동의제한과허리의굴곡운동의제한, 양측고관절에서외회전과내회전의범위감소등이관찰되었으나방사선검사상천장관절염이관찰되지않았으며 (Fig. 1A) HLA-B27은음성이었다. Resnick 의진단기준을적용하여 DISH로진단하였으며 [6] 이후간헐적으로소염제복용하며경과관찰중이었다. 그외, 전립선비대증, 고지혈증, 골다공증으로 tamsulosin, finasteride, atorvastatin, alendronate 등을복용중이었다. 눈이나피부병변은없었으며염증성장염을의심할만한증상및대장내시경소견은없었다. 가족력 : 강직성척추염을비롯한척추관절증의가족력은없었다. 현병력 : 약 3-4개월전부터물을삼키기힘들고음식을삼키면기침이생기는증상이생기기시작하였고서서히진행하는양상을보였다. 삼킴곤란은유동식및고형식섭취에서다관찰되었으며쉰소리나발열등은관찰되지않았다. 수개월전부터운동과기립자세에서악화되고휴식시완화되는양상의호흡곤란이발생하였으며점차악화되는양상을보 A B Figure 1. (A) and (B) Initial computed tomography (CT) and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sacroiliac (SI) joint showed no evidence of joint space narrowing, erosion, or sclerotic lesions

3 대한내과학회지: 제 87 권 제 1 호 통권 제 647 호 2014 쇼버 검사(modified Schober test)에서 1.5 cm (정상 > 5 cm), 여 내원하였다. 신체 검사 소견: 구역반사, 발성, 연하, 구개의 운동력, 혀 흉곽 팽창 검사상 흡기와 호기 시 흉곽 팽창 길이 차이가 2 cm 돌출 시의 편위 모두 정상이었고 비인두나 구강인두, 후두에 (정상 > 5 cm)로 유의하게 감소되었으며 손끝과 바닥 사이의 특이한 소견은 관찰되지 않았다. 목의 굴곡 및 신전, 회전 운 거리(fingertip to ground distance)는 9.5 cm, 후두부와 벽 사이 동 제한이 있었고 허리의 굴곡 운동에도 제한이 있었다. 수정 거리(occiput to wall distance)는 3.0 cm으로 관찰되었다. Figure 2. Preoperative video fluoroscopy swallowing study (VFSS) showed aspiration of food materials of all consistencies. Figure 3. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cervical spine showed vertebral hyperostosis with osteophytes. A B C Figures 4. Vertebral scanogram (A) showed hyperostosis and scoliosis of the vertebrae, which might have caused limitations on the range of motion in the waist and rib cage. Chest computed tomography (B) showed the ossification of costovertebral joint capsules, which might have caused limitations in the motion of the rib cage during breathing. Hip joint anteroposterior view image showed degenerative changes (C), which might also have caused limitations in the motion of the hip joints

4 - 이홍직외 6 인. 미만특발골격뼈과다증에서의삼킴곤란 - 검사실소견 : ESR 7 mm/hr ( 참고치 0-20 mm/hr), CRP 0.65 mg/l ( 참고치 0-5 mg/l) 로정상범위였다. 그외일반혈액검사및요산수치를포함한생화학검사, 혈당, 소변검사, 부갑상선호르몬검사등도모두정상으로관찰되었다. 상부위장관내시경검사 : 후두인두부의후두덮개뒤벽에서내강쪽으로점막하구조의돌출이관찰되었다. 상부식도괄약근부터그이하식도까지이상은없었으며역류성식도염의흔적도없었다. 위장에서는위축성위염이관찰되었으나다른특이소견은없었다. 비디오투시조영삼킴검사 (video fluoroscopy swallowing study, VFSS): 수술전시행한삼킴검사상반고형식 ( 떠먹는요쿠르트 ), 유동식 ( 생리식염수 ), 고형식 ( 웨하스 ) 모두에서음식물의구강내및인두부로의진행이저하되었으며후두덮개의폐쇄및후두거상의장애가관찰되면서, 후두로의흡인이관찰되었다. 식도내에서음식물의이동에는문제가없었다. 자세를이용한보상기전은경추부움직임의제한으로인해제대로시행하지못하였다 (Fig. 2). 폐기능검사 : 1초당강제호기량 (forced expiratory volume in a second, FEV1) 85%, 노력성폐활량 (forced vital capacity, FVC) 62%, FEV1/FVC = 92% 로측정되었고폐확산능 (DLCO) 은예상치의 104% 로이상은없었다. 폐실질의문제를의심할만한소견은없었으며제한성환기장애를확인하였다. 방사선학적소견 : 경추부방사선촬영상경추체의퇴행성변화와함께골극이제2경추에서제7경추까지관찰되었으며자기공명영상검사상경추 4-5번부위의인두부가눌리는소견이관찰되었다 (Fig. 3). 강직성척추염을비롯한척추관절증을확인하기위해천장관절자기공명영상검사를다시시행하였으나그림 1B에서보이는바와같이미란이나염증소견은관찰되지않았다. 흉추및요추에는다수의골극및척추측만증이관찰되었으며흉부전산화단층촬영에서많은수의늑골척추관절에서관절낭의골화가관찰되었고엉덩관절방사선사진에서퇴행성변화가관찰되었다 (Fig. 4). 치료및경과 : 신경외과에서경추부 4번및 5번척추뼈앞의골극에대해서부분경추체제거술 (partial corpectomy) 을시행하였다. 수술후환자는삼킴곤란증상의호전을보고하였으며추적검사로시행한삼킴검사에서수술전과비교하여흡인되는양및후두개곡 (vareculla) 에고이는양이감소하였고소량의유동식에대해서는흡인이관찰되지않았다. 수술전후경추부의방사선사진을촬영하여기도와 A Figure 5. Sequential c-spine X-ray images (A, preoperative and B, postoperative) showed decompression of the laryngopharynx. The distance between the anterior vertebral line of C4, 5 and the larynx had been shortened after the partial corpectomy (from 10.4 to 8.4 mm). 경추 4번, 5번척추추체와기도사이의거리를측정하여인두부의감압된정도를확인하였다 (Fig. 5A and 5B). 고 DISH는인대나골부착부등연부조직의석회화및골화를특징으로하는질환으로진행시강직성척추염과임상적, 방사선학적소견이유사하나천장관절과골단관절이유지된다는점과퇴행성골극이더뚜렷하다는점으로구별할수있다 [7]. 초기에는 DISH를골관절염의변형으로분류하였지만최근에는유병률, 성별분포, 초기침범부위, 척추및말초관절침범등에대한연구를토대로골관절염과구별되는하나의질병으로인식하고있다. DISH 의진단기준은주로 Resnick 의진단기준을적용하여사용하며 1) 연속적으로 4개이상의전방척추인대에서과도한골형성을보이며 2) 추간판 (intervertebral disc) 의높이가정상으로유지되고 3) 척추후방관절 (facet joint of the spine) 의강직성변화나천장관절 (sacroiliac joint) 의미란성변화나골강직이없어야한다. Resnick의진단기준외에도 Forestier 진단기준, Julkunen 진단기준, Utsinger 진단기준등이있으나모두방사선학적소견에근거한진단기준이며임상양상을포함한진단기준은아직정립된바없다 [8]. DISH 환자에서가장흔하게침범되는척추부위는하위흉추이며다음으로경추와요추순이다. 경추침범시가장흔한증상은삼킴곤란으로전종인대골화증에의한삼킴곤란 B 찰

5 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 87, No. 1, 과감별을요한다 [9]. 전방경추부골극에의해삼킴곤란이발생하는기전은주로윤상연골 (cricoids cartilage) 의기계적인폐색에의한것이지만압박받는식도주변에야기된염증이나부종에의해서도삼킴곤란이악화될수있다. 진단은환자의병력과신경학적검사, 신체검사및내시경소견, 방사선소견, 비디오투시연하검사 (videofluoroscopic swallowing study, VFSS) 등으로하게되며경도의질환인경우소염제및스테로이드를사용하여부종이나염증을줄이는치료를하거나재활치료를하게되지만약물치료나재활치료에반응이없거나흡인성폐렴 (aspiration pneumonia) 이지속되는경우수술적치료를요한다. 그러나술후반복적인신경마비, 혈종, 감염, 누공등이발생할수있으며경추의골극을제거후다시재발하는증례가보고된바있어 [10] 고령의환자에서수술적치료의시행에있어서는논란이있다. 본환자의경우염증성배부통을주소로류마티스내과로전과되었으나배부통발현연령이 45세를초과하였고 HLA B27이음성인점, 그리고천창관절염이관찰되지않은점등을고려하고 Resnick 의진단기준에따라 DISH로진단하였다. 그러나강직성척추염의선별검사로사용되는수정쇼버검사가 5 cm 미만이었으며강직성척추염의특징적임상양상및방사선학적변화가나타나기까지일정시간이소요됨을고려하여방사선검사를추적조사하였으나최근촬영한천장골자기공명영상검사에서도천장관절염소견은관찰되지않았다. 본환자에서척추강직및척추관절가동범위감소가관찰되었는데 DISH 환자군과퇴행성관절염환자군의차이를본한연구를보면 DISH 환자군은퇴행성관절염에비해경추및흉요추관절의가동영역의유의한감소를보이는특징을가지고있다고하였으며 [1] DISH의임상양상을관찰한한연구에서도약 11-13% 의 DISH 환자가수정쇼버검사상 5 cm 미만으로 DISH 환자의임상양상으로척추강직이나타날수있다고보고하고있어 [8] 본증례도 DISH 에따른척추강직으로보아야할것으로생각된다. 본환자에서기도폐쇄를반영하는 FEV1/FVC 값및폐쇄성환기장애의중증도를반영하는 FEV1은정상범위였다. 이러한폐기능결과는본환자의주된환기역학이제한성환기장애임을제시하고있다. DISH 환자에서관찰되는호흡곤란은대부분경추부골의과성장에의한기도의기계적압박이나국소조직의염증에서발생하나본환자의경우척추측만증및척추가동범위의감소그리고늑골척추관절 낭의골화로인해흉곽유순도가감소하고이에따른제한성환기장애로인해호흡곤란이야기된것으로생각된다. DISH에서보이는임상적특징및방사선소견이강직성척추염에서의소견과유사함을고려할때강직성척추염과반드시감별하여야할질환임은분명하다. 염증성배부통이있으나방사선소견상천장관절면의미란이명확하지않고 HLA B27이음성인환자의경우평면골반방사선소견및척추전체의방사선소견을세심히판독하고, 그래도강직성척추염과의감별이명확하지않다면천장골자기공명영상촬영으로관절면의미란유무및 DISH에서보이는방사선소견이나타나는지에대한확인이필요하다고생각된다. DISH 이외에도부갑상선기능저하증에서골격계의과골화가나타날수있으나본환자의경우부갑상선기능은정상이었다. 저자들은최근제한성환기장애와삼킴곤란을동반한 DISH 증례를경험하였으며환자가고령임에도불구하고삼킴곤란증세가심하여수술적치료를시행한후환자나의료진이만족할만한결과를얻을수있었다. DISH 에서관찰되는호흡곤란은주로폐쇄성환기장애로나타나지만본환자의경우진행된강직성척추염에서관찰되는것처럼제한성환기장애가관찰되어본증례를보고하는바이다. 요 DISH에서의삼킴곤란은주로인두나식도의기계적압박에의하며호흡곤란은대부분기도의기계적압박에의해발생한다. 저자들은 DISH 환자에서경추부골극에의한삼킴곤란및제한성환기장애로인한호흡곤란이동시에발생한경우를경험하였기에이를문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 중심단어 : 미만특발골격뼈과다증 ; 삼킴곤란 ; 경추부골극 ; 제한성환기장애 약 REFERENCES 1. Sarzi-Puttini P, Atzeni F. New developments in our understanding of DISH (diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis). Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004;16: Gerster JC. Achilles tendinitis as a severe clinical feature of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. J Rheumatol 1995; 22:

6 - Hong Jik Lee, et al. DISH with dysphagia - 3. Faries R, Schatz CJ, Forester DM. Dysphagia and Forestier disease. Arch Otolaryngol 1997;103: Fahrer H, Markwalder T. Dysphagia caused by diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Clin Rheumatol 1988;7: Abe M, Ogasawara J, Koga M, Kawai M, Negoro K, Kanda T. A case of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis presenting dysphagia and restrictive ventilatory impairment. Brain Nerve 2008;60: Resnick D, Niwayama G. Radiographic and pathologic features of spinal involvement in diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Radiology 1976;119: Baraliakos X, Listing J, Buschmann J, von der Recke A, Braun J. A comparison of new bone formation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: a retrospective cohort study over six years. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64: Park YH, Sung DH, Huh JP, Kwon JW. The prevalence and clinical features of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in the patients with dorsal back pain. J Korean Acad Rehabil Med 2009;33: Kim SW, Kim HS. Dysphagia caused by ossification of the cervical anterior longitudinal ligament. J Rheum Dis 2013; 20: Miyamoto K, Sugiyama S, Hosoe H, Iinuma N, Suzuki Y, Shimizu K. Postsurgical recurrence of osteophytes causing dysphagia in patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. Eur Spine J 2009;18:

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