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1 Vol. 30, No. 1, 1-6 (2017) DOI: ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) Paper 고방열복합소재개발을위한고열전도성액정성에폭시수지의개발 김영수 *, ** 정진 * 여현욱 * 유남호 * 장세규 * 안석훈 * 이승희 ** 고문주 * Development of Highly Thermal Conductive Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Resins for High Thermal Dissipation Composites Youngsu Kim*, **, Jin Jung*, Hyeonuk Yeo*, Nam-Ho You*, Se Gyu Jang*, Seakhoon Ahn*, Seung Hee Lee**, Munju Goh* ABSTRACT: Epoxy resin (EP) is one of the most famous thermoset materials. In general, because EP has threedimensional random network, it possesses thermal properties like a typical heat insulator. Recently, there has been increasing interest in controlling the network structure for making new functionality from EP. Indeed, the new modified EP represented as liquid crystalline epoxy (LCE) is spotlighted as an enabling technology for producing novel functionalities, which cannot be obtained from the conventional EPs, by replacing the random network structure to oriented one. In this paper, we review current progress in the field of LCEs and their application for the highly thermal conductive composite materials. 초록 : 에폭시수지는 3차원네트웍구조를갖는대표적인열경화성수지이다. 최근에폭시수지의네트웍구조를제어하여새로운기능성에폭시를개발하는연구가활발히진행되고있다. 특히, 액정성에폭시를대표로하는새로운개질에폭시는랜덤한형태의네트웍구조를배향구조로변경함으로써, 기존의에폭시로부터얻을수없는새로운기능성발현에성공하고있다. 본논문에서는액정성에폭시수지의합성과고방열성복합재료로의응용에관하여설명하였다. Key Words: 액정성에폭시 (Liquid crystalline epoxy), 열전도도 (Thermal conductivity), 복합재료 (Composite material) 1. 서론 높은접착력, 내열성, 내화학성, 기계적강도등의강점을가진에폭시수지는탄소섬유강화플라스틱 (CFRP) 등여러복합재료의기지재로사용되고있다 [1]. 그러나에폭시수지는아민과같은경화제와경화반응을통해랜덤한 3차원 cross-linking 네트웍구조를형성하여내부구조에의한열의산란이많기때문에열전도도가낮아진다는단점이있 다 [2,3]. 최근전자소자의집적화로인한소자의열적특성을향상하기위하여고방열복합소재의필요성이커지고있다. 특히고방열복합소재를구성하는에폭시수지의열전도도성능개선이요구되고있다. 고분자재료의열전도메커니즘은열에의해원자와분자에서발생한 phonon이전달됨에따라열전달이이루어지는것으로알려져있다. 이에따른고분자의열전도도 (λ) 는다음과같이구할수있다. Received 30 June 2016, received in revised form 16 February 2017, accepted 24 February 2017 * Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology(KIST) * Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology(KIST), Corresponding author ( goh@kist.re.kr) ** Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University
2 2 Youngsu Kim, Jin Jung, Hyeonuk Yeo, Nam-Ho You, Se Gyu Jang, Seakhoon Ahn, Seung Hee Lee, Munju Goh λ = (1/3) * C * u * l (C: 정적열용량, u: phonon의평균속도, l: phonon의평균자유행정길이 ) l은재료의기하학적구조에따른 phonon의정적산란과, 분자및격자진동의비조화성에의한 phonon간의충돌에따른동적산란에의해결정된다 [4]. 따라서고분자재료의열전도도를향상시키기위하여 phonon의산란을감소시켜 phonon의평균자유행정길이 (l) 를증가시킬필요가있다. 일반적으로 phonon의정적산란은고분자내의비결정영역이나결함구조에의해발생하는것으로알려져있어, 정적산란을감소시키기위해서는보다높은결정구조를갖는고분자의설계기술이필요하다. 또한, phonon의동적산란은고분자의배향성에영향을받는것을알려져있으며고분자구조의배향도가향상될수록높은열전도도를갖는것으로알려져있다. 이는배향된폴리에틸렌의열전도를통해밝혀졌다 [5,6]. 따라서, 고분자물질의열전도도를향상시키기위해서는, 포논의평균행정길이를증가시킬필요가있으며, 이를위해서는고분자의결정성향상을통한 phonon의정적산란감소와배향화를통한동적산란의감소를유도할수있는분자구조설계가필요하다. 3차원랜덤네트웍구조를갖는기존에폭시와달리, 액정성에폭시는분자구조에도입된 mesogen그룹들간의강한 π-π stacking을통해결정성이향상된자기조립체를형성하며, 미세영역에서는자기조립체가배향된형태의도메인구조를형성한다. 액정성에폭시가갖는높은결정성은기존의랜덤네트웍구조의에폭시보다 phonon의정적산란을감소시킬수있으며, 배향된형태의도메인구조는 phonon의동적산란을감소시켜, phonon의평균자유행정길이를증가시키고, 결과적으로에폭시수지의열전도도를향상시키는것으로보고되었다 [7]. 이에본논문은액정성에폭시의합성기술을통하여고분자물질의열전도도향상을위한기초적인분자설계기술에관하여보고하며, 액정성에폭시를이용한고방열복합소재로의응용에대하여논하였다. 2. 액정성에폭시 2.1 액정성에폭시액정성에폭시수지는분자내에두개이상의에폭시그룹을가지며, 온도나용매의농도에따라액정성을발현하는물질을말한다. 전형적인액정성에폭시수지는막대모양의저분자량 monomer로기존의에폭시와는다르게에폭시그룹사이에 mesogen 그룹과 flexible한사슬이존재한다. 또한 twin mesogen 에폭시단량체의경우 mesogen 사이에 flexible한 chain이추가적으로존재하는구조를가진다 (Fig. 1)[8]. Fig. 1. (a) Mesogenic epoxy monomer (b) twin mesogenic epoxy monomer molecular structure [8] Fig. 2. Typical mesogenic groups [8] Fig. 3. Typical amines used as curing agents 액정성에폭시의성질은에폭시그룹에붙은 mesogen그룹과 spacer의유연성에의존하는경향이있어, mesogen 그룹의구조와성질은액정성에폭시의열전도도에영향을미치는중요한요소이다. 액정성에폭시의대표적인 mesogen 그룹을 Fig. 2로나타냈다. 또액정성에폭시와아민계경화제경화반응을통하여가교결합된네트웍구조를형성할수있다. 주요사용되는아민계경화제를 Fig. 3으로나타내었다. 모든아민계경화제가에폭시그룹과반응하여경화반응이일어나지는않지만, 반응이일어난다면경화가일어나는것을편광현미경을통해직접관찰할수있으며, 또한편광현미경을통해액정의 mesophase를관찰할수있다. 경화를수행하는온도를조절함에따라, 경화후의에폭시경화물의구조를조절할수있다. 액정상에폭시가액정
3 Development of Highly Thermal Conductive Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Resins for High Thermal Dissipation Composites 3 성을나타내는온도범위에서경화를진행한다면, 액정성에폭시들이배향되어있는상태에서경화가일어나므로, 경화과정이끝난후에도배향된상태를유지한다. 또한이러한비등방성은자기장이나전기장을걸어줄때, 보다배향된구조를얻을수있다. 2.2 액정성에폭시를이용하여열전도도측정일본 HITACHI 그룹의연구를보면두개의 phenyl benzonate 이 mesogen 으로사용되었고양말단에에폭시그 룹이존재하고 mesogen과에폭시그룹사이에 aliphatic한사슬이 spacer로써위치하는액정성에폭시 (3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl- 4,4'-biphenyl diglycidyl ether, TMEn, n = 4,6,8) 를합성하였다 (Fig. 4). 경화제로는 diaminodiphenylmethane(ddm) 을사용하여경화를진행하여경화물의열전도도를측정하였다. 또한 4,4'-biphenol diglycidyl epoxy(bpe) 를 DDM과경화하여열전도도를비교하였다. 경화반응은에폭시 monomer와경화제를 mixing하여 175 C에서 4시간진행하였다. 열전도도는열확산계수와열용량을측정하여계산하였으며, 그결과 TME4의열전도도가 0.96 W/mK로가장높았고, BPE와비교하여약 3배높은결과를보였다. 또한 TME6,8 또한 BPE에비교하여높은열전도도를보였다 (Table 1). TMEn 에폭시경화물들의열전도도를비교하면 mesogen 사이의 spacer의길이가열전도도에많은영향을알수있다. 즉 mesogen사이의거리가가까울수록보다결정성이높은구조가되기때문에, 열전도도가높아진다. 즉 TME4의 경우, 도메인을형성하는 phenyl benzoate 그룹의농도가다른에폭시보다높기때문에더높은열전도도가나타났다. 이러한액정성에폭시경화물의열전도도는일반적으로사용되는상용성에폭시수지인 diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) 계에폭시의열전도도 0.17~0.21 W/mK 보다훨씬높은수치를가지는것을알수있다. DGEBA계에폭시와 TME8의 DDM과의경화물을구조형태에기인한다. 즉, 비정질구조를갖는 DGEBA/DDM과달리 TME8/DDM 의경우안정한 smectic상을보이며경화후에도 smectic 상의층간구조를유지할수있어, phonon의정적산란을감소시킬수있으며결과적으로높은열전도도를보였다 [7]. 또한, 일본의칸사이대학교, Miyuki Harada 교수팀도 DGEBA 타입의에폭시와액정성에폭시의열전도도를비교하였다. 양말단에에폭시그룹을가지는 diglycidyl ether of terephtalyidene-(bis-4-amino-3-methylphenol)(dgetam) 를액정성에폭시 monomer로사용하였고경화제로는 m- phenylenediamine(m-pda) 을사용하여경화를진행하였다. 또한액정발현온도와경화온도와의상관관계를보이기위하여 Isotropic(I) 과액정온도범위에서각각경화를진행하고경화물의열전도도를비교하였다. 경화조건을 Table 2에나타내었다. 액정상을띄는온도범위에서의경화물의열전도도는 0.38 W/ mk로 DGEBA계에폭시를경화시킨경우인 0.20 W/mK보다높게나타났고, 또한액정상을띄지않는 Isotropic상에 Fig. 4. Molecular structure of BPE, TMEn (n = 4, 6, 8), DDM [7] Fig. 5. Molecular structure of DGETAM, DGEBA, m-pda [9] Table 1. Thermal conductivity of TMEn/DDM, BPE/DDE [7] Epoxy Curing agent Thermal conductivity TME4 DDM 0.96 W/mK TME6 DDM 0.89 W/mK TME8 DDM 0.85 W/mK BPE DDM 0.30 W/mK DGEBA DDM 0.20 W/mK Table 2. Curing condition of DGETAM/m-PDA, DGEBA/m-PDA [9] Epoxy DGBEA DGETAM(LC) Pre-cure (Temperature, Time) 80 o C, 60 s 180 o C, 30 s o C, 60 s Post-cure (Temperature, Time) 80 o C, 2 h +180 o C, 2 h 120 o C, 2 h +160 o C, 40 min DGETAM(I) 200 o C, 60 s 200 o C, 30 min
4 4 Youngsu Kim, Jin Jung, Hyeonuk Yeo, Nam-Ho You, Se Gyu Jang, Seakhoon Ahn, Seung Hee Lee, Munju Goh 서의경화물도 0.35 W/mK로액정범위에서경화시킨경우보다조금낮게나타났지만 DGEBA계에폭시경화물의열전도도보다높게나타났다. Isotropic과 LC상의경화에서의열전도도차이는네트웍구조의 mesogen의정렬차이로알려져있다. 액정상에서의경화는 mesogen들의비등방성에의한배향이일어나도메인이형성되고이정렬된상태에서경화가진행되어경화된후에도도메인이유지되어열전도도가증가한다고알려져있다. 그러나 Isotropic상에서는 monomer의비등방성이약해져배향이잘일어나지않아, 도메인이잘형성되지않고강하게정렬되지않은상태에서경화되어비정질고분자구조와비슷한구조를가지게되어액정상에서경화했을때보다비교적낮은열전도도를보였다. 높은열전도도를갖는액정성에폭시에 filler로써 boron nitride(bn) 을첨가한복합소재의열전도도를측정하였다. 복합체에이용된 BN은 Platelets모양을가지며열전도도 60 W/ mk를사용하였다. Filler의함량은 0~35 vol% 까지첨가하였으며, 이전과같은조건으로 DGEBA계에폭시와 DGETAM 에폭시의액정상과 Isotropic상에서의경화물의열전도도를비교하였다. 모든에폭시는 BN이첨가됨에따라열전도도가증가하는경향을보였다 W/mK였던 DGETAM- 액정상의경화물은 35 vol% 에서 2.5 W/mK까지열전도도가증가함보였으며, 또한 isotropic상의경화물은 BN이첨가됨에따라 0.35 W/mK에서 30 vol% 에서 1.5 W/mK까지증가를보였으나, 그이상의 filler함량의경화물은경화온도가높아져경화물을제조할수없었다. DGEBA 에폭시또한 BN함량이 35 vol% 까지증가함에따라열전도도가 1.8 W/ mk로증가함을보였다. 액정상에서의경화물과 isotropic 상에서의경화물의열전도도는 BN함량에따른증가를비교할때액정상에서의경화물이열전도도가더크게증가하는것을관찰하였는데, 이는비등방성에의해배향된액정구조와높은열전도도를가지는 BN의 aggregation에의해열전도도가 isotropic상에서경화물의열전도도증가보다더높은증가폭을보인다 [9]. 위의선행된연구들을통해액정성에폭시를사용할경우가상용되고있는에폭시보다높은열전도도를나타내는것을알수있었으며, 또한 filler물질을충진한복합소재의경우에도상용에폭시를이용한복합소재보다뛰어난열전도도특성을나타내는것을알수있었다. 2.3 자기장의효과전술한바와같이고분자의평균자유행정길이를증대시키기위해서는동적산란과정적산란을감소시킬필요가있다. 액정성에폭시는분자간의강한 π-π stacking으로인한자기조립능력과도메인형성으로인하여일반상용에폭시보다높은결정성을가짐을알수있었다. 이는고분자물질의정적산란을감소시키는역할을담당했다. 본챕 Fig. 6. Molecular structure of DGETAM, DDE [11] Table 3. Thermal properties of DGETAM/DDM by magnetic field [11] Without magnetic field Magnetic field (10 T) H // e H f Thermal conductivity (W/mK) a Thermal diffusivity (10-5 cm 2 s) b Specific heat (J/gK) c Density (g/cm 3 ) d a) Thermal conductivity (K): K = κ * ρ * с (κ: Thermal diffusivity, ρ: Density, с: Specific heat) b) Thermal diffusivity was measured by laser flash method (LF/ TCM-FA8510B, Rigaku) c) Specific heat was measured by laser flash method (LF/TCM- FA8510B, Rigaku) d) Density measured for the cured DGETAM/DDE sample bulk sample e) Parallel direction to the applied magnetic field f) Vertical direction to the applied magnetic field 터에서는고분자물질의배향화를통한정적산란의감소에관하여서술한다. 칸사이대학교 Miyouki Harada 교수팀은액정성에폭시에자기장을가해서배향한뒤경화물을제조하였을때, 경화물의열적특성과기계적물성이증가했던연구를참고하여 [10], 자신이종전에합성했던액정성에폭시인 diglycidyl ether of terephtalyidene-(bis- 4-amino-3-methylphenol)(DGETAM) 와, 경화제인 4,4'- diaminodiphenylethane(dde) 과혼합하여자기장으로배향시킨뒤경화물을제조하였다. 액정성에폭시가 169~202 C 에서 nematic 상을나타내기때문에이온도범위에서경화제와혼합후 0~10 Tesla (T) 의자기장을가하여 170 C에서 15분동안경화를진행하였다. 열확산계수의측정은 Laser flash 기법으로측정하였다. 열전도도 K는다음과같은공식을통해계산하였고그결과를 Table 3에나타냈다. DGETAM/DDE를자기장을걸어주지않고경화를진행하였을때의열전도도는 0.43 W/mK였다. 이결과는기존 DGETAM/m-PDA 에폭시경화물의 0.38 W/mK보다향상된
5 Development of Highly Thermal Conductive Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Resins for High Thermal Dissipation Composites 5 값으로에폭시수지의경화에사용되는경화제의종류에따라에폭시경화물의열전도도가다름을알수있다. DGETAM/DDE 에폭시경화물의자기장인가방향의수평방향과수직방향에서의열전도도의이방성을측정한결과자기장인가방향과수평방향에서는 0.89 W/mK, 수직방향에서는 0.35 W/mK가측정되었다. 액정성에폭시를자기장으로배향시킨후경화했을때의열전도도값은기존에폭시인 DGEBA 에폭시의열전도도인 0.2 W/mK보다훨씬높은값을보였다. 고분자의열전도도는 phonon의산란의영향을받는데, 경화시자기장을이용하면자기장의인가방향과수평하게액정성에폭시의분자구조가배향되며, 배향된방향으로 phonon의전달이용이하여 phonon의산란을최소화됨으로써열전도도가향상됨을알수있다. 또한자기장의세기에따른에폭시의정렬도와열전도도의관계에연구하였는데, 0~10 T의자기장을가할때, 액정성에폭시들의정렬정도가강해지고또한이에따라열전도도가높아지는것을관찰하였다. 또한, 1 T 이상의자기장의인가로부터액정분자의배향이충분히달성되었으며액정분자의배향도증가와함께열전도도가증가함을알수있었다. 액정화합물의자기장에서의배향원리는메소겐그룹에존재하는벤젠고리의수직방향과수평방향으로의자장에의한자화율 (χ) 의이방성 ( χ = χ // χ ) 에서유래한다. 그러므로사용되는액정화합물에존재하는벤젠환의개수와벤젠환의배향형태에따라서액정화합물을배향시키는데필요한자기장의세기가달라진다. 보통네마틱액정상의액정화합물의경우 1 T 이상의자장에서배향시킬수있는것이보고되고있다 [11]. 3. 요약 액정성에폭시를활용하여선행된많은연구를통해액정성에폭시가가지는비등방성을이용하여배열한뒤경화시킴으로기존에폭시보다높은열전도도를얻을수있다. 자기장인가를통해액정성에폭시모노머를고도로정렬시킬수있으며, 배향상태에서에폭시를경화시켜정렬형태를유지한경화물을얻을수있었다. 이렇게배향된에폭시경화물은배향방향으로보다높은열전도도값을가질수있다 [11]. 또한액정성에폭시와열전도성이높은 filler 인 CNT[12], alumina[13], BN[9,14] 등을이용한고방열소재복합체제조연구도활발히진행되고있다. 향후고열전도도를가지는다양한종류의액정성에폭시를합성하여, 자기장을이용해강하게정렬한뒤 BN이나 alumina 등높은열전도도를가지는 filler와복합체를경화를수행한다면더높은열전도도를지니는복합재료를만들수있을거라예상된다. 후 기 본연구는 2016년도한국과학기술연구원 (KIST) 의기관고유사업 (2Z05020), 산업통산자원부지역산업기술개발사업 (R ), 중소기업청에서지원하는 2016년도산학연협력기술개발사업 (C ) 의해수행되었으며, 이에감사드립니다. REFERENCES 1. (Book) Pilato, L.A., and Michno, M.J. In Advanced Composite Material, Springer Science & Business Media (International Journal) Choi, J.H., Song, H.J., Jung, J., Yu, J.W., You, N.H., and Goh, M., Effect of Crosslink Density on Thermal Conductivity of Epoxy/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Vol. 134, 2017, pp (1-7). 3. (International Journal) Yu, J., Jung, J., Choi, Y., Choi, J., Yu, J., Lee, J., You, N., and Goh, M., Enhancement of the Crosslink Density, Glass Transition Tempertature, and Strength of Epoxy Resin by Using Functionalized Graphene Oxide Co-curing Agents, Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 7, 2016, pp (International Journal) Hansen, D., and Bernier, G.A., Thermal Conductivity of Polyethylene: The Effects of Crystal Size, Density and Orientation on the Thermal Conductivity, Polymer Engineering & Science, Vol. 12, 1972, pp (International Journal) Choy, C.L., Luk, W.H., and Chen, F.C., Thermal Conductivity of Highly Oriented Polyethylene, Polymer, Vol. 19, 1978, pp (International Journal) Choy, C.L., and Young, K., Thermal Conductivity of Semicrystallinea Model, Polymer, Vol. 18, 1977, pp (International Journal) Akatsuka, M., and Takezawa, Y., Study of High Thermal Conductive Epoxy Resins Containg Controlled High-order Structures, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 89, 2003, pp (Book) Mossety-Leszczak, B., and Włodarska, M., Liquid Crystallinity in Polymers liquid Crystalline Epoxy Resins, Liquid Crystalline Organic Compounds and Polymers as Materials of the XXI Century: from Synthesis to Applications, Transworld Research Network, India, (International Journal) Harada, M., Hamaura, N., Ochi, M., and Agari, Y., Theraml Conductivity of Liquid Crystalline Epoxy/BN Filler Composites having Ordered Network Structure, Composites: Part B. Vol. 55, 2013, pp (International Journal) Barklay, G.G., McNames, S.G., Ober, C.K., Papathomas, K.I., and Wang, D.W., The Mechanical and Magnetic Alignment of Liquid Crystalline Epoxy Thermoset, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 30, 1992, pp (International Journal) Harada, M., Ochi, M., Tobita, M., Kimura, T., Ishigaki, T., Shimoyama, N., and Aoki, H., Thermal-conductivity Properties of Liquid-crystalline Epoxy Resin Cured under a Magnetic Field, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 41, 2003, pp
6 6 Youngsu Kim, Jin Jung, Hyeonuk Yeo, Nam-Ho You, Se Gyu Jang, Seakhoon Ahn, Seung Hee Lee, Munju Goh 12. (Korean Journal) Oh, Y., You, B.I., Ahn, J.H., and Lee, G.W., Investigation of Thermal Stability of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Micrometersized Silica Particles, Journal of the Korean Society for Composite Materials, Vol. 29, 2016, pp (International Journal) Wu, X., Jiang, P., Zhou, Y., Yu, J., Zhang, F., Dong, L., and Yin, Y., Influence of Alumina Content and Thermal Treatment on the Thermal Conductivity of UPE/ Al 2 O 3 Composite, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. Vol. 131, (International Journal) Donnay M., Tzawalas, S., and Logakis, E., Boron Nitride Filled Epoxy with Improved Thermal Conductivity and Dielectric Breakdown Strength, Composites Sci and Tech. Vol. 441, 2015, pp
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method
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