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1 전남의대학술지제 44 권제 1 호 Chonnam Medical Journal Vol. 44, No. 1, pp 난치성간질환아에서미주신경자극술의치료효과 : 시술후 12 개월간의경험 전남대학교의과대학소아과학교실 오수민ㆍ박은영ㆍ최익선ㆍ조영국ㆍ김영옥ㆍ김찬종ㆍ우영종 * ㆍ김재휴 Therapeutic Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Intractable Childhood Epilepsy: Experience for 12 Months after VNS Implantation Soo Min Oh, Eun Young Park, Ik Sun Choi, Young Kuk Cho, Young Ok Kim, Chan Jong Kim, Young Jong Woo* and Jae Hyoo Kim Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is presently considered an effective mode of treatment in intractable epilepsy. Its efficacy in children, however, has not been as well studied. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the procedure in the pediatric age group. 6 patients who received VNS implantation in Chonnam National University Hospital from July 2006 to February 2008 have been evaluated about the efficacy of seizure control and the presence of side effects after VNS implantation for more than a year at least. Mean age of the patients at the time of VNS implantation were 10 years 3 months. Mean duration of follow-up was 14 months. Six patients included three cases with Lennox-Gastaut syndromes, one generalized tonic seizure, one generalized tonic clonic seizure, and one complex partial seizure. Three patients showed more than 50% reduction in seizure frequency compared with baseline at 3 months after the implantation. Among them, one showed complete seizure ablation, another showed no change in seizure frequency and the other showed increased frequency of seizure at 9 months after the implantation. The other three patients showed no change in seizure frequency. One of them, however, showed reduction of seizure intensity. Cough (2 cases), hoarseness (2), and wobbling voice (1) developed after VNS implantation. Most of these adverse effects disappeared without any treatment. In this study, one patient showed complete seizure ablation, but VNS was insignificant in five patients. Long-term follow up and adjustment of parameters such as output current, duty cycle are in need. Keywords: Epilepsy; Vagus Nerve; Electric stimulation 서 론 게재결정 : 2008 년 3 월 20 일 * 교신저자 : 우영종, , 전남대학교의과대학소아과학교실, Phone: , FAX: , yjwoo@chonnam.ac.kr 간질은소아기의가장흔한신경학적질환중하나로, 약 0.5 1% 의소아가간질로진단된다. 전체간질환자중 70 80% 는완치되나 20 30% 는약물치료에잘반응을하지않는난치성간질로진행한다. 1 최근간질의치료에있어다 31

2 32 전남의대학술지제 44 권제 1 호 2008 양한방법이시도되고있는데 phenytoin, phenobarbital, valproic acid, carbamazepine 등의기존에사용되던항경련제와 1990년대부터사용되기시작한 topiramate, vigabatrin, oxcarbazepine, gabapentin, zonisamide, lamotrigine, felbamate 등의새로운항경련제, 케톤생성식이, 수술적치료, 미주신경자극술등다양한치료가단독또는복합적으로사용되고있다. 2 기존의항경련제치료에반응하지않는경우에새로운항경련제들에의하여발작이조절되는경우가있으나일부에서는이러한약제에도전혀반응을보이지않는다. 이러한경우간질발작병소가확인되면수술적치료를시도해볼수있으나, 수술이가능한경우는 30 50% 에불과하다. 3 간질유발범위가너무광범위하거나양측성이어서약물치료로효과를볼수없는경우, 간질유발부위를발견할수없거나수술로써제거가불가능한경우, 또는기존의수술치료의결과가좋지않은경우에미주신경자극술을많이고려한다. 미주신경자극술은 1988년에처음사람에게시도되었으며, 년에 12세이상의난치성간질환자의치료방법으로 FDA 승인을받았고, 현재 10,000명이상의간질환자들에게미주신경자극술이시행되었다. 5 미주신경자극술은난치성간질의새로운치료법으로서효과가인정되고있으나, 소아간질환아에서의본시술에대한연구는아직많이이루어져있지않다. 6,7 이에본연구에서는미주신경자극술을시행받은난치성소아간질환아를대상으로미주신경자극술의효과에대해서알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상 2006년 7월부터 2008년 2월까지전남대학교병원에서간질로치료받고있는환아중미주신경자극술로간질조절을시도했던환아 6명을최소 1년이상추적관찰하였다. 4명은남아였고 2명은여아였다. 대상환아들은세종류이상의약물치료에반응하지않거나케톤생성식이에효과가없었거나수술적치료가불가능하거나효과가없었던난치성간질환아였다. 대상환아들의경련발생평균연령은 14개월 (1일 2 년 4개월 ) 이었다. 6명중 3명은 Lennox-Gastaut 증후군 (patient 1, 2, 3; P1, P2, P3), 1명은복합부분발작 (P6), 1명은전신긴장간대발작 (P5), 1명은전신긴장발작 (P4) 이었다. 간질의원인으로는 Lennox-Gastaut 증후군을보인 3명중 P1과 P3은원인미상의뇌위축을보였으며, P2는헤르페스뇌염이후발병하였다. P4는신경섬유종증환아였으며, P5는저산소성허혈성뇌증환아였으며, P6는결절성경화증환아였다. 6명중 2명의환아는이전에수술적치료를받았는데 P3는뇌량절개술을시행하였으며, P6는뇌실막밑거대세포별세포종절제술을시행하였다. P3와 P4는이전에케톤생성식이요법을시도하였으나발작조절에실패하였다. 미주신경자극술을시행하지까지간질지속기간은평균 9 년 (5년 1개월 15년 5개월 ) 이었으며미주신경자극술시행후평균추적기간은 14개월 (12 19개월) 이었다 (Table 1, 2). 2. 방법 미주신경자극발생기는 6 명의환아모두에서 Cyberonics Table 1. Clinical profile of patients before vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) implantation Patients Age at Epilepsy Sex Etiology Treatment before surgery (No) seizure onset classification 1 F 2Y4M Cryptogenic AED (PB, CBZ, TPX, VPA, CZP, LTG) LGS 2 M 2Y1M Herpetic AED (CZP, LTG, TPX, VPA, VGT) LGS encephalitis 3 M 1Y6M Cryptogenic AED (VPA, CBZ, PB, CZP, TPX, ZSM, OCZ) LGS Ketogenic diet Nearly total callostomy 4 F 4M NF AED (OCZ, PB, CZP, PHT VGT, VPA, LTG, ZSM, CBZ) GT type Ketogenic diet 5 M 1D HIE AED (LTG, TPX, OCZ, VPA, VGT, ZSM, CZP, PB, PHT) GTC 6 M 10M Tuberous AED (VPA, PHT, CZP, CBZ, VGT, LTG, ZSM) CPS sclerosis Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma resection AED, antiepileptic drug; PB, phenobarbital; PHT, phenytoin; CBZ, carbamazepine; CZP, clonazepam; LTG, lamotrigine; TPX, topiramate; VGT, vigabatrin; ZSM, zonisamide; VPA, valproate; OCZ, oxcarbazepine; LGS, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; GT, generalized tonic seiuzre; NF, neurofibromatosis; GTC, generalized tonic clonic seizure; HIE, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy; CPS, complex partial seizure

3 오수민외 7 인 : 난치성간질환아에서미주신경자극술의치료효과 : 시술후 12 개월간의경험 33 (Houston, TX) generator model 102를사용하였다. 자극발생기는좌측쇄골아래삽입하고, 좌측미주신경자극이우측미주신경자극보다서맥과부정맥의발생률이낮기때문에전극리드를좌측미주신경부위에부착하였다. 미주신경자극술을시행받은시점의환아들의평균연령은 10년 3개월 (7년 16년 3개월 ) 이었다. 시술 2주후부터기계작동을시작하였으며초기에는 output current는 0.25 ma, frequency는 30 Hz, pulse width는 0.5 msec, duty cycle은 30 seconds on and 5 minutes off time으로설정하였다. 시술후환아들은효과와부작용을평가하고 parameter를재설정하기위해 2주마다병원을방문하였다. Output current는효과가있을때까지방문시마다 0.25 ma씩증가하였다. 미주신경자극술의치료효과는발작의횟수감소여부, 발작강도의감소여부로판단하였으며발작횟수와발작강도는환아의부모에의해기록되었다. 미주신경자극술의치료효과및부작용등에대해매방문시마다환아의부모에게정보를얻었다. 결 Table 2. Characteristics of six patients with VNS implantation Patients Duration of seizure Age at Duration of Output (No) before surgery surgery follow up current (ma) 과 1. 발작횟수와강도의변화 (Table 3) Lennox-Gastaut 증후군환아 2 명 (P1, P3) 과저산소성허 1 5Y 1M 7Y 5M 12M Y 3M 8Y 4M 12M Y 5M 12Y 11M 13M Y 8M 7Y 16M Y 9M 9Y 9M 19M Y 5M 16Y 3M 13M 2.0 혈성뇌증환아 (P5) 에서 3개월후 50% 이상의발작횟수감소를보였다. P5에서는 6개월후부터발작횟수가이전보다증가하였다가 12개월후부터완전한발작소실을보였다. P1은 6개월후에는발작횟수가시술전과별차이가없었으며, P3는 6개월후완전한발작소실을보였으나 9개월후에는시술전보다발작횟수가증가하였다. Lennox-Gastaut 증후군 (P2), 신경섬유종증 (P4) 과결절성경화증 (P6) 환아에서는추적관찰기간동안발작횟수에변화가없었다. 그러나이중 P6에서는 3개월후에발작의강도가완화되었다. 2. 삶의질개선효과 P1, P3, P6에서부모의관찰에의하면정신의명료함과언어능력의향상이있다고하였다. 그러나이를확인하기위한인지발달검사는시행하지못하였다. 3. 미주신경자극술시행후항경련제의사용 (Table 4) P1은추적기간동안 1가지항경련제를추가하였으며 6개월후에는발작횟수가시술전과별차이가없었다. P2는추적기간동안기존에사용하던 1가지항경련제의용량을증량, 2가지항경련제의용량을감량하고 1가지항경련제를추가하였으며발작횟수에변화가없었다. P3는추적기간동안 1가지항경련제를추가하였고 6개월후완전한발작소실을보였으나이후발작횟수가증가하여 2가지약물을추가하였으나 9개월후에는시술전보다발작횟수가증가하였다. P4는추적기간동안 1가지항경련제를추가하고기존에사용하던 1가지항경련제의용량을감량하였으며발작횟수에변화가없었다. P5는추적기간동안발작횟수가증가하여 3 가지항경련제를추가하고기존에사용하던항경련제의용량을증량하였으며 12개월후완전한발작소실을보여기존의항경련제의용량을감량할수있었다. P6는추적기간동안 1가지항경련제를추가하고기존에사용하던 2가지항경 Table 3. Seizure frequency at every 3 months after VNS implantation compared to baseline Patients (No) 3M 6M 9M 12M 15M 18M 1 Decreased No change No change No change 2 No change No change No change No change 3 Decreased Decreased Increased Increased (50%) (no seizure) 4 No change No change No change No change No change 5 Decreased Increased Increased Decreased Decreased Decreased (30%) (no seizure) (no seizure) (no seizure) 6 No change No change No change No change

4 34 전남의대학술지제 44 권제 1 호 2008 Table 4. Antiepileptic drug treatment during VNS Patients (No) Initial AED Add on (time) 1 CZP, LTG, VPA LEV (5M) 2 LTG, VPA, TPX, CZP LEV (5M) 3 LTG, TPX, VPA, PB LEV (4M), PHT (7M), PB (9M) 4 ZSM, CZP, VGT, PB, PHT LEV (8M) 5 LTG, OCZ VPA (5M), VGT (7M), LEV (10M) 6 CBZ, VGT, LTG, PHT, ZSM LEV (5M) AED, antiepileptic drug; CZP, clonazepam; LTG, lamotrigine; VPA, valproate; LEV, levetiracetam; TPX, topiramate; PHT, phenytoin; ZSM, zonisamide; VGT, vigabatrin; OCZ, oxcarbazepine Table 5. Complications of VNS implantation Patients (No) Compilcation (onset after VNS implantation) 1 No 2 No 3 Hoarseness (1M) 4 Wobbling voice (2M) 5 Hoarseness, cough (2M) 6 Cough (1M) 련제의용량을감량하였으며발작횟수에는변화가없었으나 3개월후에발작의강도가완화되었다. 4. 부작용 (Table 5) 미주신경자극법에의한부작용으로는기침 2예, 쉰목소리 2예, 목소리떨림 1예가있었으며이는별다른치료없이 1 2개월내에점차호전되었다. 고 미주신경은심장, 대동맥, 폐, 위장관으로부터기원한구심신경 (80%) 과심장, 대동맥, 폐, 위장관의부교감신경지배및인두와후두의수의적횡문근을지배하는원심신경 (20%) 으로이루어져있다. 원심신경의세포체는등쪽운동핵 (dorsal motor nucleus) 과의문핵 (nucleus ambiguus) 에위치해있다. 구심신경은 nodose ganglion에서기원하여고립로핵 (nucleus of the solitary tract) 으로투사된다. 목부근에서미주신경은작은직경의무수신경인 C-fibers (65 80%), 중간직경의유수신경인 B-fibers, 큰직경의유수신 찰 경인 A-fibers 로구성된다. 고립로핵에서간질유발에중요한부위인편도핵 (amygdala) 과시상 (thalamus), 뇌간 (brainstem) 과앞뇌 (forebrain) 로투사된다. 8 미주신경자극이뇌파에미치는영향은동물실험에서증명된바뇌파의동기화 (synchronization) 및비동기화 (desynchronization), 급속안구운동, 수면또는서파수면을유발할수있다. 8 간질성경련이뇌파의발작성비정상적동기성을특징으로하기때문에미주신경자극이뇌파를비동기화하여경련을조절할수있을것으로생각되었으며이러한동물실험결과를토대로하여사람에서난치성간질의치료방법으로미주신경자극술이시도되었다. 8 사람에서의미주신경자극술의기전에대한연구는뇌파, 신경화학물질, 뇌혈류, 신경해부연구에주로초점이맞추어져있다. 사람에서는미주신경자극에의하여동물실험에서와같은뇌파변화가재현되지않으며간질발작사이활동의억제도일어나지않는다. 9 동물및사람을대상으로한연구에서세로토닌성시스템과도파민성시스템이항경련효과가있는것으로알려져있다. 미주신경자극술후에는뇌척수액에서아미노산과신경전달물질농도가변화하며 10 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, homovanillic acid, serotonin과 dopamine의대사물질의증가와 aspartate의감소, 11 gamma-aminobutyric acid와 ethanolamine의증가등이보고되어있다. 11 미주신경자극술이중추신경계에미치는영향은뇌혈류실험을통해서도연구되어있으며천막위의혈류와소뇌의혈류의다양한변화가관찰된다. 동측의시상과띠이랑 (cingulate gyrus) 의활성화, 12 소뇌와조가비핵 (putamen) 의좌측후방, 관자이랑과시상의좌측내측의뇌혈류증가, 13 우측방사가락모양이랑 (fusiform gyrus) 의뇌혈류감소가보고되어있다. 14 신경해부연구에서는청반 (locus ceruleus) 과고립로핵이중요한역할을하는것으로알려져있는데, 이는미주신경자극시이러한구조물에서경련을억제시키는신경전달물질이분비된다는신경화학물질연구에의해뒷받침된다 년이후 10,000명이상의환자들에게미주신경자극술이시행되었다. 국내에서는현재까지총 228명에서미주신경자극술을시행하였으며, 이중 54% 가 18세미만이다. 미주신경자극술의효과에대한초기연구에서는복합부분발작을보인 454명의성인에서 22 48% 에서발작횟수의감소를보였으며 29 50% 에서는 50% 이상의발작횟수의감소를보였다. 15 EO5 연구에서는 195명의환자들을 1년간추적관찰하였는데, 3개월후에는 34%, 1년후에는 45% 의경련감소를보였다. 16 EO1 EO5 연구에서는 440명의환

5 오수민외 7 인 : 난치성간질환아에서미주신경자극술의치료효과 : 시술후 12 개월간의경험 35 자들을 3년간추적관찰하여 3개월후, 1년후, 2년후 50% 이상의경련감소를보인경우가각각 23%, 37%, 43% 였다. 17 소아간질환아에서미주신경자극술의효과에대한연구는많지않다. EO4 연구에서는 3세에서 18세의 60명의환아들을장기간추적관찰하였으며 3개월후에는 23%, 6개월후에는 42%, 12개월후에는 34%, 18개월후에는 42% 의경련감소를보였다고하였다. 18 Hornig 등 19 은 19명의환아 (4 19세) 를대상으로연구하였는데이중 4명의환아는이전에수술적치료를받았었다. 대상환아중 8명은전신발작, 10명은전신화를동반한부분발작, 1명은부분발작을보였다. 53% (10/19) 에서 50% 이상의발작횟수감소를보였으며 32% (6/19) 에서 90% 이상의발작횟수감소를보였다. 2명에서는발작횟수가증가하였다. 특히 Lennox-Gastaut 증후군환아 6명중 5명에서 90% 이상의발작횟수감소를보였으며 13명의환아에서는인지능력향상을보였다고하였다. Lundgren 등 20 은 16명의환아 (4 19세) 를 16 24개월간추적관찰하여 6명에서 50% 이상의발작횟수감소를보였다고보고하였다. Murphy 등 18 은 60명의환아 (3.5 18세) 를대상으로연구하였다. 55명의환아는 6개월간, 51명의환아는 12개월간, 46명의환아는 18개월간추적관찰하여 3, 6, 12, 18개월후각각 23%, 31%, 34%, 42% 에서발작횟수감소를보고하였다. Hosain 등 21 은 13명의 Lennox- Gastaut 증후군환아 (4 16세) 에서처음 6개월간평균 50% 의발작횟수감소를보였으며미주신경자극술이특히 Lennox-Gastaut 증후군환아에서효과적이라고주장하였다. 본연구에서는 Lennox-Gastaut 증후군 1명만추적기간동안완전한발작소실을보였고, 4명은발작횟수에변화가없었으며, 1명은발작횟수가증가하였다. 발작횟수에변화가없었던환아중 1명에서는 3개월후에발작의강도가완화되었다. 미주신경자극술시행후추적기간동안발작횟수에변화가없거나증가한환아에서기존에사용하던항경련제의용량을증량하거나새로운항경련제를추가하였는데새로운항경련제인 levetiracetam 은모든환아에서추가하였다. 발작횟수가감소하는경우기존에사용하던항경련제의용량을감량하였다. 미주신경자극술후 3명의환아에서부모의관찰에의하면정신의명료함과언어능력의향상이있다고하였으나이를확인하기위한인지발달검사는시행하지않았다. 기존의연구결과들과는달리본연구에서미주신경자극술에대한효과는만족할만한것은아니었다. 그러나미주신경자극술이시술후 18개월에서 24개월이상경과할 수록효과가증대되는것을 22 감안할때효과판정에는좀더장기간추적관찰이필요할것으로사료된다. 또한대상환아수가적어좀더많은대상환아를통한임상경험이필요할것으로사료된다. 알 본연구는전남대학교병원임상시험센터 (A050174) 의지원을받았습니다. 림 References 1. Pellock JM, Appleton R. Use of new antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia 1999;40(Suppl 6):S Nam SO. The pharmacotherapy of childhood epilepsy. Korean J Pediatr 2004;47: Boon P, Vandekerckhove T, Achten E, Thiery E, Goossens L, Vonck K, et al. Epilepsy surgery in Belgium, the experience in Gent. Acta Neurol Belg 1999;99: Penry JK, Dean JC. Prevention of intractable partial seizures by intermittent vagal stimulation in humans: preliminary results. Epilepsia 1990;6(Suppl 4):S Wheless JW, Maggio V. Vagus nerve stimulation therapy in patients younger than 18 years. Neurology 2002;59(6 Suppl 4):S Fisher RS, Krauss GL, Ramsey E, Laxer K, Gates J. Assessment of vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1997;49: Fisher RS, Handforth A. Reassessment: vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: a report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1999;53: Vonck K, Van Laere K, Dedeurwaerdere S, Caemaert J, De Reuck J, Boon P. The mechanism of action of vagus nerve stimulation for refractory epilepsy: the current status. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001;18: Zabara J. Peripheral control of hypersynchronous discharge in epilepsy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985;61: Ben-Menachem E, Hamberger A, Hedner T, Hammond EJ, Uthman BM, Slater J, et al. Effects of vagus nerve stimulation on amino acids and other metabolites in the CSF of patients with partial seizures. Epilepsy Res 1995;20: Hammond EJ, Uthman BM, Wilder BJ, Ben-Menachem E, Hamberger A, Hedner T, et al. Neurochemical effects of vagus nerve stimulation in humans. Brain Res 1992;583: Garnett E, Nahmias C, Scheffel A, Firnau G, Upton AR. Regional cerebral blood flow in man manipulated by direct vagal stimulation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1992;15:

6 36 전남의대학술지제 44 권제 1 호 Ko D, Heck C, Grafton S, Apuzzo ML, Couldwell WT, Chen T, et al. Vagus nerve stimulation activates central nervous system structures in epileptic patients during PET H2(15)O blood flow imaging. Neurosurgery 1996;39: Ko D, Grafton S, Gott P, Heck C, DeGiorgio C. PET 15O cerebral blood flow study of vagus nerve stimulation: progressive changes over time and correlation with efficacy. Epilepsia 1998;39(Suppl 6):S Wilder BJ, Uthman BM, Hammond EJ. Vagal stimulation for control of complex partial seizures in medically refractory epileptic patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991;14: DeGiorgio CM, Schachter SC, Handforth A, Salinsky M, Thompson J, Uthman B, et al. Prospective long-term study of vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of refractory seizures. Epilepsia 2000;41: Morris GL 3rd, Mueller WM. Long-term treatment with vagus nerve stimulation in patients with refractory epilepsy. The Vagus Nerve Stimulation Study Group EO1-EO5. Neurology 1999;53: Murphy JV. Left vagal nerve stimulation in children with medically refractory epilepsy. The Pediatric VNS Study Group. J Pediatr 1999;134: Hornig GW, Murphy JV, Shallert G, Tilton C. Left vagus nerve stimulation in children with refractory epilepsy: an update. South Med J 1997;90: Lundgren J, Amark P, Blennow G, Strömblad LG, Wallstedt L. Vagus nerve stimulation in 16 children with refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia 1998;39: Hosain S, Nikalov B, Harden C, Li M, Fraser R, Labar D. Vagus nerve stimulation treatment for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. J Child Neurol 2000;15: Ben-Menachem E. Vagus-nerve stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2002;1:

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