경부종괴의 임상적 고찰
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1 KISEP Review 대한간질학회지 2005;9(2): 이서영 정천기 서울대학교의과대학신경외과학교실 Neurostimulation for Epilepsy Treatment Seo-Young Lee, M.D. and Chun Kee Chung, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose:Recently brain stimulation is rapidly gaining clinical use for various neurological diseases. From 2005, vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation have been reimbursed by Korean medical insurance system. Review on this subject is very needed in order to know the current status quo, the limitations, and perspectives. Methods:We reviewed literatures about historical and physiologic backgrounds, and clinical trials or case series. Results:VNS is approved for partial epilepsy in patients older than 12 years, on the basis of randomized controlled trials. VNS is possibly effective and safe for generalized epilepsy and children with limited evidence. The antiepileptic effect of VNS is partial and variable in each individual. Chronic brain stimulation has been tried at cerebellum, thalamus, caudate, subthalamic nucleus and epileptic focus itself. The results are encouraging, but not affirmative because of lack of large scale controlled study. Conclusions:VNS is recommendable in intractable epilepsy with non-resectable epileptic focus. Chronic brain stimulation is under investigation. (J Korean Epilep Soc 2005;9(2): ) KEY WORDS:Epilepsy Vagus Deep brain Stimulation. 서 론 여러가지약물로도조절이되지않는간질은 5~10% 로추정된다. 1 새로운간질치료제가많이개발되었지만, 새항간질제를추가하여경련이없어질확률은 5% 이내 이다. 2 약물로조절이되지않을경우발작초점을찾아 수술로제거하는것이가능하나, 발작초점을찾기어렵 거나, 수술로제거한후심각한신경학적손상이우려되 는경우수술을할수없다. 수술을고려하여검사를받 은환자들중 30~50% 만이결국수술을받을수있었다 는보고도있다. 3 최근전자기술의발달로심박동기 (pacemaker) 나제세 동기 (defibrillator) 등의이식술이보편화되었다. 신경계 Received 1 June 2005 Accepted 25 June 2005 Corresponding author: Chun Kee Chung, M.D., Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, 28 Yeongeondong, Jongno-gu, Seoul , Korea chungc@snu.ac.kr 에서는운동성질환에심부뇌자극 (deep brain stimulation, DBS) 이성공을거두면서, 간질치료에서도뇌자극술이주목을받고있다. 전기적자극은조직에손상을주지않으면서과흥분만억제할수있고, 증상에따라강도를수시로조절할수있다는장점이있다. 신경계질환에서의전기치료는오래된역사를가지고있다. 1747년 Jallabert 가상지마비에전기충격을준바가있고, 1751년 Floyer는 5회의전기충격으로시력을되돌렸다고주장하였다. 1769년 de Haen 전기충격으로무도증 (chorea) 를치료했다고보고하였다. 4 간질치료를위한전기자극은, 미주신경자극 (vagal nerve stimulation, VNS), 심부흑질자극및발작초점에대한전기자극으로나누어생각할수있다. 이중미주신경자극술은이미미국식품의약청 (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 의공인을받았다. 시상, 미상핵, 시상하핵등의심부흑질에대한심부자극술이발작을줄이는효과가있다고보고되고있다. 발작초점자체를자극한후의결과도보고되고있다. 국내에서도 2005년부터미주신경자극술및심부흑질자극술에대해보험 대한간질학회지 2005;9(2):
2 이인정되면서그이용이폭발적으로늘어날것으로예상되어, 이식기 (implantable device) 를이용한뇌전기자극술에대해전반적으로살펴보고자한다. 본론 미주신경자극미주신경자극 (VNS) 은간질치료를위한뇌전기자극중에유일하게대규모비교연구와장기추적이되어있다. VNS 는여러임상시험에서, 경련회수와강도를줄이고, 안전한것으로나타났다. 해부-생리학미주신경은원심성 (efferent) 섬유 20% 와구심성 (afferent) 섬유 80% 로구성된다. 5 원심성섬유는 ambiguous nucleus 에서나오는특수내장 (special visceral) 섬유와 dorsal motor nucleus 에서나오는일반내장 (general visceral) 섬유로구성된다. 특수내장섬유는후두와인두의평활근 (striated muscle) 의자발적, 반사적수축에관여하며, 일반내장섬유는심장, 폐, 위장등의부교감지배를하고있다. 심장에대한지배는양측미주신경에서비대칭적이어서, 우측미주신경은동방결절 (sinoatrial node) 로, 좌측미주신경은방실결절 (atrioventricular node) 로분포한다. 우측미주신경이자극되었을때좌측에비해서맥이심하게발생함이개에서관찰되었다. 6 구심성섬유는주로내장형이고, 폐, 심장, 대동맥, 식도, 위장, 인두, 후두등에서들어온다. 일부체성 (somatic) 감각섬유가귀감개 (concha) 로부터들어온다. 구심성섬유들은일차적으로대부분 nucleus tractus solitarius(nts) 으로가고, 일부섬유는 medial reticular formation, dorsal motor nucleus, area of postrema, cuneate nucleus등으로간다. NTS로들어온구심섬유는시상하부 (hypothalamus), 편도 (amygdala), dorsal raphe, ambiguous nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, 시상 (thalamus) 으로가고, 다시 insular cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex 등으로투사된다. 7,8 Medial reticular formation으로들어온구심섬유는 nucleus reticularis thalami과 intralaminar nuclei of thalamus로투사된다. nucleus reticularis thalami 는대부분의다른시상핵으로연결되고, 시상피질투사 (thalmocortical projections) 의동기화 (synchronization) 에강한영향을미치며, intralaminar nuclei of thalamus 는뇌피질과선조체 (striatum) 에광범위하게연결된다. 9 NTS의 GABA, glutamate 의전도 (transmission) 를변화시켰을때변연계운동경련 (limbic motor seizure) 의감수성이변화하고, 10 시상피질투사신경들이피질흥분도를조절하여전신경련의발생과부분경련의전신화 (generalization) 에영향을주는것이쥐에서관찰되었다. 11 양전자방출단층촬영 (positron emission tomography, PET) 을이용한 VNS 의기전연구에서, 미주신경자극시양측시상하부, 시상, 섬 (insula), 소뇌에서뇌혈류 (cerebral blood flow, CBF) 가증가하였고, 양측해마, 편도 (amygdala), 후측띠이랑 (cingulate gyri) 에서는 CBF 가감소하였다. 12 이중, 시상의 CBF 증가가경련감소와관련성이있었다. 13 3개월간의자극후에는초기자극때와같은부위에 CBF 증가를보였고, 유의하게감소된부위는없었다. 14 Functional MR 연구에서도양측시상, 섬 (insula), 기저핵, 후두-측두엽에서활성화소견을보였고, 15 시상이활성화된환자에서경련감소효과가있었다. 16 동물실험에서미주신경을자극했을때, 뇌파의제동기화 (desynchronization) 와, 17 극파 (spike) 의감소가관찰되어 VNS 의항경련효과를시사하였다. 18,19 임상연구중시행된환자의뇌파에서는뚜렷한변화없이항경련효과를나타내었다. 20,21 역사 1880년대에 Corning은경련의중지나예방을위해 CBF 를줄일목적으로, 경동맥압박과미주신경자극을위한기구를개발하였다. 그러나서맥, 실신등의부작용으로인해 19세기말에접어들면서이용되지않았다 년, Zabara 가처음으로현재와같은개념의 VNS를동물경련에서사용하였고, 년, Penry 등이처음으로환자에서 pilot study 를하였다 (E01, E02 study). 24 이어서시행된부분경련환자를대상으로한, 두개의무작위, 이중맹검비교연구 (randomized, double blinded controlled study) 에서 VNS는유의한항경련효과를보였다 (E03, E05). 25,26 이결과를바탕으로 1997년미국 FDA 은이식가능한장치인 NeuroCybernetic Prosthesis (NCP) System(Cyberonics, Inc, Houston, Texas, U. S.A.) 을 12세이상의부분간질환자에대해승인을하였다. 이후 26개국이상에서 20,000 명이상의환자에서 NCP system 이시술되었다. 27 장치와시술과정 VNS 시술은대개전신마취하에시행하나국소마취로도가능하고, 1~2 시간정도걸린다. 전극은좌측미주 110 대한간질학회지 2005;9(2):
3 이서영 정천기 신경중, 상, 하심장분지 (superior and inferior cervical cardiac branches) 를내고난부위에거치한다. 좌측을선택하는것은해부학에서설명한바와같이서맥의위험성이적기때문이다. 전기자극생성기 (pulse generator) 는좌측쇄골아래피하에둔다. 수술장내에서주의깊은심전도감시하에작동을확인한후, 중지한채로수술상처가재생되도록둔다. 1~2 주후, 컴퓨터와 programming wand를이용해전기자극생성기를 programming 한다. 자극의강도는수주에걸쳐서점차올린다. 환자는자석 (magnet) 을지니고다니면서, 경련이올것같을때자극을증가시키거나, 불편감을느낄때자극을중지할수있다. 적절한자극척도 (parameter) 는확립되어있지않고, 환자마다다르다. 흔히쓰는척도는 Table 1 28,29 과같다. 전지수명은 4.5 년정도로자극척도와 magnet 사용정도에따라다르다. 30 임상시험- 효과무작위이중맹검비교연구는두연구가있었다. VNS 는위약 (placebo) 비교가곤란하므로자극의강도에따른비교연구를하였다. EO3 연구는다국가, 다기관연구로 114명의난치성부분경련환자를대상으로하였 Table 1. Suggested stimulation parameters Parameter Suggested stimulation ranges Electrical current Output current ma (initial 0.25) Frequency Hz Signal pulse width μs On time 30 s Off time 5 min Magnet Output current ma Frequency Hz Signal pulse width μs On time s Modified from reference 28 and 29 다. 14주간고자극 (high stimulation) 또는저자극 (low stimulation)(table 2) 31 을준결과를 12주간의자극전상태와비교하였다. 경련빈도는평균적으로고자극군에서 24.5%, 저자극군에서 6.1% 감소하였고 (p=0.01), 50% 이상경련감소는고자극군의 31%, 저자극군의 13% 에서관찰되어 (p=0.02) 고자극군에서유의한항경련효과를보였다. 25 EO5 연구는미국내다기관연구로, 역시고자극, 저자극으로비교연구하였다. 199 명의난치성부분경련환자를대상으로하였고, 3개월간추적관찰하였다. 평균경련회수감소는고자극군에서 28%, 저자극군에서 15% 였고 (p=0.04), 75% 이상경련이감소한환자가고자극군에서 10.6%, 저자극군에서 2.0% 로고자극에서유의한효과를보였다 (p=0.015). 26 상기결과를바탕으로, 이후로는고자극으로유지하였고, 이중 195 명을 12 개월동안추적관찰하였다. 평균경련감소는 45% 였고, 경련의 50% 이상감소는 35% 에서, 75% 이상감소는 20% 에서있었다. 32 소아나일차성전신경련를대상으로한비교연구는없다. 전향적개방표지안전성연구 (prospective open labeled safety study) 였던 EO4 연구의대상중에는소아와일차성전신간질이포함되어있었다. 60명의환자의나이가 3.5 세에서 18세였고, 27% 가일차성전신간질환자였다. 평균경련감소는 12개월동안 34%, 18개월동안 42% 였고, 항경련효과는경련형태와무관하였다. 33 같은연구내에서 24명의일차성전신간질환자만을분석하였을때, 3개월간평균경련감소가 46% 였고, 50% 이상경련감소는 45.8% 였다. 34 미국 6개병원에서 VNS 를받은소아환자를대상으로한후향적인분석에서, 3개월추적된 95명에서평균 36.1%, 6개월추적된 56명에서 44.7% 의경련감소가관찰되었다. 35 같은군에서 Lennox-Gastaut 증후군환자 50명을분석하였을때, 6개월동안 57.9% 의경련감소를보였다. 36 Table 2. Stimulation parameter of EO3 study Parameter:typical (range) High stimulation Low stimulation Output current (ma) ( ) ( ) Frequency (Hz) 030 (20-50) 001 (1-2) Signal pulse width On time 030 (30-90) 030 Off time 005 (05-10) 90 (60-180) Magnet Output current (ma) ( ) No current delivered Pulse width (μs) 500 No current delivered On time (s) 030 No current delivered 대한간질학회지 2005;9(2):
4 VNS study group이 EO1-EO5 연구의대상이었던 440 명의환자에대해 3년까지전향적으로추적을하였고, 50% 이상경련감소가 1년추적동안 36.8% 에서있었고, 3년후 42.7% 에서보였다. 37 Ben-Menachem 등이 64명의다양한경련형태의환자를최대 5년까지추적한결과, 부분간질 (47 명 ) 의 40.4%, Lennox-Gastaut 증후군 (8명 ) 의 62.5%, 특발성전신간질증후군의 50.6% 에서 50% 이상경련감소효과가있었다. 38 Uthman 등이 48명의부분간질환자에대해최대 12년추적한보고에서는 5년뒤 30%, 12년뒤 52% 의경련감소효과를보였다. 39 안전성및부작용 EO5 연구에서수술과관련된부작용으로성대마비와하안면마비가각각 2명에서있었고, 1명에서전기발생기위로체액축적이있어체외배액을필요로했으나, 모두호전되었다. 하안면마비는수술기술이발달하면서드문부작용이되었다. 3명 (1.5%) 에서감염이되어기구를제거하였다. 26 EO3 연구에서는감염이보고되지않았는데, 이연구에서는대부분의환자에서예방적항생제가투여되었다. 자극과관련된부작용으로, 고자극군에서저 자극군에비해목소리변화와호흡곤란은유의하게많이생겼다. EO3 연구에서전기발생기가잘못작동하여생긴좌측성대마비가 1년이상지속되었으나, 이후목소리는정상화되었다. 반대측성대의보상작용일것으로설명되었다. 부작용의대부분이견딜만하였고, 자극이들어가는동안만생겼다. 26,40 임상시험에서는심박동과관련된부작용이없었으나, 증례보고로수술중시험에서심정지가있었던보고가있다. 41,42 Tatum 등이보고한 4명의환자에서 10초에서 45초간의심정지가있었고, 그중한환자는전기자극생성기 (generator) 교체후문제없이시술을마쳤고, 한환자에서는재시도에서는문제가없었고 9개월관찰동안문제가없었다. 그외환자들에서는시험중심정지가반복되어시술이포기되었다. 41 모든환자에서과거력이나수술후심장검사에서문제는없었고, 자극강도는승인된범위내에있었다. 수술중일과성심정지는 0.1% 정도로추정된다. 43 EO3, EO4, EO5 연구에서수술전후로심전도 (ECG), Holter 모니터링, 폐기능검사가시행되었고, EO4 연구에서심박동이 VNS 시유의하게낮아지는것으로보였으나증상은없었으며, 35 다른연구에서는차이가없었다. 440 명을대상으로한 EO1-EO5 장기추적연구에서호흡단 Table 3. Adverse effects in long-term study Adverse effect DeGiorgio CM et al, Vagus nerve stimulation study group E01-E05, Ben-Menachem et al, BM Uthman et al, Number/seizure 195 partial epilepsy 440 Partial epilepsy 64 (47 partial epilepsy, 48 Partial epilepsy type of subjects 8 Lennox-Gastaut, 9 Idiopathic generalized epilepsy) F/U period 12 months 3-36 months (124 patients>3yr) 3-64 months (Average 20 months) 3 months-12 years (average 3.2 yrs) >50% reduction 35% 36.8% 40.4% in partial epilepsy, 62.5% in Lennox-Gastaut, 50.6% of Idiopathic generalized epilepsy 31% after 1yr (Mean seizure decrease:26% after 1yr, 30% after 5yr, and 52% after 12yrs) Hoarseness/voice change 55% 19.3% 17% (vocal cord paresis 2%) Throat pain 15% 5% 08% Coughing 15% 5.9% 23% Dyspnea 13% Shortness of breath 3.2% Severe respiratory difficulty: 3 patients 2% 27% Paresthesia 25% 2% 29% Nausea/vomitting/ dyspepsia 56% (hypophonia 4%, vocal cord paralysis 4%) 13% Abdominal pain 2% Headache 16% 08% Infection 06% Other Depression 5% Double vision, jaw pain, flushing, agitation 2% No adverse effect 17% 112 대한간질학회지 2005;9(2):
5 이서영 정천기 축 (shortness of breath) 이 3.2% 에서, 심한호흡곤란은 3명에서관찰되었다. 37 간질환자에서의돌발사 (sudden, unexpected, unexplained death in epilepsy, SUDEP) 의빈도는이전의일반간질환자들에서의빈도와비교할때높지않았다. 44 장기연구들에서나타난부작용들은 Table 3와같다. 대부분경한부작용이었고, 시간이지나면서호전또는적응되는경향을보였다. 인지장애는없었다. 소아에서시행된연구에서도부작용양상은비슷하였고, 1% 미만이지만특징적으로침흘림 (drooling), 과잉행동이관찰되었다. 35 소아에서연하곤란여부에대한연구에서, VNS 와흡인 (aspiration) 경향이있음이시사되었으나, 시술전연하곤란이나진정제와도관련이있었다. 45,46 현상태 VNS 는경련의빈도와강도를줄이나, 완치를기대하기는어렵다. VNS 로 50% 이상경련감소효과를가져올확률은 23~63% 이다. 시간경과에따른효과의차이는없다. 경련유형에따라서는, 부분간질에대해서는무작위비교연구에서효과가입증되었고, 전신간질에대해서는증례보고들에따르면효과가있는것으로생각되나비교연구가필요하다. 시술과정이나자극으로인한부작용면에서비교적간단하고안전한치료방법이다. 향후, 치료반응에대한예견인자를알아내고, 최적의자극척도를찾아내는것이필요하다. 심부뇌자극술 (Deep brain stimulation) DBS는 1960년대에운동성질환, 만성통증에처음소개되었고, 간질에서는 1970년대에 Cooper 등이소뇌 (cerebellum) 를경막하전극으로자극하여경련감소를보고한것이첫예이다. 47,48 DBS 는운동성질환에서는고주파자극으로시상의 ventral intermediate nucleus(vim), 내측담창구 (globus pallidus interna, GPi), 시상하핵 (subthalamic nucleus, STN) 에서, 조직을파괴시키지않으면서병변화 (lesioning) 와같은효과를내는것으로인정받고있다 (Possibly useful with an acceptable risk). 49 간질은운동성질환과는달리간헐적인질환이므로, 효과를입증하기위해서는대규모비교연구가필요하나아직부족한상태이다. DBS의방법은운동성질환에서와마찬가지이다. 정위적 (streotaxic) 으로 MRI를이용해해부학적접근을하고, 미세전극기록 (microelectrode recording) 을함으로써전기생리학적으로표적을확인하며뇌파로자극효과 - 동원 (recruiting) 반응을확인한후전극을설치하고, 피부밑으로흉벽의자극발생기 (generator) 와연결한다. 부작용으로뇌출혈, 감염등이있으나 5% 미만으로보고되고있다. 49 간질치료를위한 DBS 의표적으로소뇌, 시상, 시상하핵, 미상핵 (Caudate nucleus) 등이시도되어왔다. 소뇌 (Cerebellum) 소뇌에서나가는섬유들은주로억제성이므로간질억제의표적으로기대될만하다 년 Walker 가소뇌자극이뇌파의진폭을높이고저전압속파 (fast activities) 를늘리는것을보고하였다 년 Cook 등은소뇌피질을자극하여해마의극파를줄이고경련을멈추게하였다고보고하였다. 51 그러나, 이후의동물실험들의결과는일관되지않았다. 1970년대에 Cooper 등이환자에서는처음으로시도하였고, 전충부의중앙에전극을두고 10 Hz 또는 200 Hz로자극하였다. 29명의환자중 18명에서뚜렷한경련감소가있었다. 52 Davis 등은 1974년부터 1993년까지 33명의간질환자에대해만성소뇌자극을하였고최대 17년추적을하였다. 양측상내측 (superomedial) 소뇌피질을 0~30 Hz로자극하였다. 이중 82% 의환자에서경련이감소했고, 21% 는경련이없어졌다고보고했다. 4 비교연구들에서는효과가증명되지않았으나, 53,54 각각 5명, 12명의환자를대상으로한연구들이어서아직결론내릴수는없다. 각연구들에서비교적안전성은있는것으로판단되었다. 시상 (Thalamus) 시상은대뇌피질과광범위한연결을가지고있어뇌파형성에중요한역할을하는것이잘알려져있다 년 Dempsey 등은시상을자극하여피질뇌파에서 동원 (recruiting) 과 증폭 (augmenting) 반응을관찰하였고, 55 시상의 3 Hz 자극이피질의극서파 (spike & waves) 와결신발작 (absence seizure) 을유발하는것이보고되었다. 56 시상과뇌간의망상체는부분경련의전파와전신경련의시작부위로생각된다. 57 Moonier 등은 5~10 Hz 저주파로시상을자극했을때는피질뇌파의동기화 (synchronization) 가, 60 Hz이상의고주파자극으로는제동기화 (desynchronization) 이일어남을관찰하고, 시상자극으로유발되는제동기화가경련억제효과를가질것이라주장했다 년 Wilder 등은동물실험에서시상자극으로경련을멈추게하였다. 59 경련억제와관련될가능성을갖는시상부위로는 Papez 대한간질학회지 2005;9(2):
6 circuit 의일부로해마 (hippocampus) 와연결을갖는전시 상 (anterior thalamus), 60 피질극서파 (spike and waves) 를유발하는것으로알려져있는중심내측핵 (centromedial nucleus), 61,62 뇌파조율기역할을할것으로생각되는망 상핵 (reticular nucleus) 63 등이있다. 전시상 (Anterior thalamus) 1980 년 Cooper 등이간질환자에서전시상자극의효 과를보고하였으나자세한기술은없었다 년 Mirski 등은동물모형경련에서전시상의고주파 (100 Hz) 자극 은경련을억제하고, 저주파 (8 Hz) 자극은경련을촉발하 였다고보고했다 년과 2004 년에각각 5 명씩의 환자들에게 100 Hz 로양측전시상을자극하여 6~36 개 월관찰하여각각 3 명, 4 명에서 50% 이상의경련감소효 과를보였고, 부작용은없었다는보고도있다. 66,67 미상핵 (Caudate nucleus) 미상핵은시상과함께작용하여피질의전기적활동에 영향을주고, 71 미상핵의자극이동물모델에서경련을억 제할수있음이보고되어왔다. 72,73 자극척도에대해서 는 La Grutta 등은 10 Hz 에서는억제효과가지속적이 었으나, 25 Hz 에서는 90 초이상이되면억제효과가감소 한다고하였고, 74 Oakley 등은 10~100 Hz 자극은억제 효과가있고, 100 Hz 자극은경련을증가시킨다고보고 했다. 75 환자에서시행한연구는아직제한적이다 년 Sramka 등은여섯명의환자에대해수일간관찰후효과를 발표한바있고, 76 Globasvili 등은미상핵자극으로 6 명 의간질중첩상태를중지시켰다고보고하였다 년 Chikhenkeli 등은 38 명의부분간질환자를 4~6 Hz 로만성자극하여경련감소효과를관찰하였다. 78 중심내측시상핵 (Centromedian thalamic nucleus) Velasco 등은 1987 년 5 명의환자에서중심내측시상 핵을자극하여 60~100% 경련감소가있었다고보고했 다 년 Fisher 등은 7 명의환자를대상으로 Crossover protocol- 작동 (on) 과 중지 (off) 를 3 개월씩 교대함 - 을이용하여이중맹검비교연구 (double blind controlled study) 를하였다. 65 Hz 로하루 2 시간씩자 극했다. 환자마다결과가다양하여, 유의한효과가있다 고보기어려웠으나, 한환자에서는확연한효과를보였 다. 자극강도와시간을높이고개방표지 (Open label) 로장기추적을했을때는, 3 명의환자에서 50% 이상의 경련감소가있었다 년 Velasco 등이 13 명의환 자를대상으로중심내측핵을 60 Hz 로자극한결과를발 표하였다. 수술장내 monitoring 에서중심내측핵을 6~8 Hz 자극시는뇌파상동원 (recruiting) 반응을, 60 Hz 자극 시는탈동기화 (desynchronization) 와음성 (negative) 직 류이동 (direct current(dc) shift) 을확인하였다. 12~94 개월관찰한결과, Lennox-Gastaut 증후군환자의 81.6% 에서경련이감소하였고, 부분간질환자군의 57.3% 에서 경련이감소하여, 전신간질에서더좋은성적을보였다. 70 Fisher group 과 Velasco group 의차이는 Fisher group 에서전극을설치할때해부학적접근만하고전기생리 학적확인을하지않았다는것과, 양극 - 음극의거리가각 각 6 mm, 3 mm 였고, Velasco group 에서자극강도가 높았다는것이다. 하지만 Velasco group 의연구는맹검 (blind study) 이아니었으므로위약효과가있었을가능 성도배제할수는없다. 49 시상하핵 (Subthalamic nucleus, STN) 1980 년 Iadarola 와 Gale 은흑질 (substantial nigra) 에 GABA agonist 를주입하여항경련효과를얻었다. 79,80 흑질의망상부 (substantia nigra parts reticulata, SNpr) 는상부둔덕 (superior collicular) 앞쪽의 dorsal midbrain anticonvulsant zone(dmaz) 을억제하기때문에, 이경로를파괴하면항경련효과가있다. 또한, SNpr 은 STN 으로부터흥분성연결을받는다 (Figure 1). 81 이러 한기전을바탕으로쥐의양측 STN 을 GABA agonist 로 억제하거나, 82 고주파 (130 Hz) 전기자극시, 항경련효 과가관찰되었다. 83,84 환자에서는아직보고가불충분한상태로, Benabid group 이 5 명에대한결과를발표하였다. 3 명의중심부 (central) 간질환자에서는 67~80%, 1 명의근간대성간질환자에 Striatum GPe STN Cortex GPi Thalamus SNpr Inhibitory Excitatory DMAZ Figure 1. Nigral control of epilepsy system:inhibition of substantia nigra pars reticulate (SNpr) results in antiepileptic effect. The output from SNpr is mainly GABAergic and inhibits the dorsal midbrain anticonvulsant zone (DMAZ), which is located ventral to superior colliculi. SNpr receives excitatory input from STN. Modified from reference 대한간질학회지 2005;9(2):
7 이서영 정천기 서는 40% 의경련감소가있었고, 한명의 autosomal dominant frontal lobe epilepsy(adfle) 환자에서는효과가없었다고하였다. 85,86 현상태 DBS 는경련의빈도나강도에영향을줄가능성이있고, 비교적안전하나, 아직효과가있다는증거가부족하다. 비교연구 (controlled study) 가되어있는표적은중심내측시상뿐이며, 그나마매우작은규모이고, 통계적유의성을획득하지못했다. 자극의척도는시상과시상하핵에서는고주파가, 미상핵에서는저주파가효과가있는것으로생각된다. 간질초점의자극 (direct stimulation of epileptic focus) 1946년 Caplan 은 25명의간질환자에게정기적전기경련요법 (electroconvulsive therapy, ECT) 을하여 11 명에서 75% 이상의경련빈도의감소가있었고, 두환자에서비발작적간질중첩상태를중지시켰다고보고하였다. 87 정신과영역에서는 ECT 가많이쓰이고, ECT 의적응증에난치성간질을포함시키고있으나, 88 신경과의사들에게는인정받지못해왔다. 1991년 Kayyali 등은쥐의해마에서생긴발작을, 해마에짧게전기자극 (short anodic current pulses) 을하여줄일수있었다고보고하였다. 89 전기적자극은신경연접 (synapse) 의강도에지속적인변화를줄수있는데, 이것을연접가소성 (synaptic plasticity) 이라하며, long-term depression(ltd) 과 longterm potentiation(ltp) 이해마에서생기는것이잘알려져있다. Kirkwood 등은쥐의신피질과해마에서저주파자극으로 LTD 을, 고주파자극으로 LTP을일으켰다 년 Weiss 등은고주파 (60 Hz) 로자극한직후저주파 (1 Hz) 자극을주어 amygdala-kindled seizure와 afterdischarge를억제하였다. 91 TMS를이용한동물실험에서도저주파 (0.5 Hz) 자극은경련억제효과가, 고주파 (50 Hz) 자극은경련촉진효과가있었다 년 Lesser 등은경막하전극 (subdural grids) 을넣어수술전검사를받은 17명의환자에대해, 발작초점을전기자극하여 afterdischarge에미치는효과를기술하였다. 기능적지도화 (functional mapping) 을위한자극시 afterdischarge가생기면, 50 Hz 전기자극을짧게주었다. 자극을주었을때가아무자극을주지않았을때보다 afterdischarge의기간이짧아졌다. 또한자극을주는시간도중요하여, 0.5~1초동안의자극이 1.5~2 초동 안의자극보다더효과적이었다. 93 Velasco 등은난치성간질로전측두엽절제 (Anterior temporal lobectomy) 가예정된환자에서, 수술전 2~3 주간심부 (depth electrode) 또는경막하전극을이용하 여해마나해마주변이랑 (parahippocampal gyrus) 을 130 Hz 로하루 23 시간씩자극하였다. 항간질제를중지 했음에도 10 명의환자중 7 명에서뚜렷한경련감소효 과를볼수있었고, 조직병리상전기적자극으로인한조 직파괴는없었다. 94 Vonck 등은정상 MRI 소견이나침습 적검사에서편측내측두엽간질로판단된 3 명의환자에 서 DBS 전극을이용해병변을 130 Hz 로만성자극하였 다. 3~6 개월간추적하였을때, 모두에서 50% 이상의경련 감소와항경련제감량효과가있었고, 부작용은없었다. 95 자극척도에있어서, 동물실험에서는저주파의자극이 경련억제효과가, 고주파자극은경련촉진효과가있을 것을시사했으나, 환자에서는고주파의자극에서경련억 제효과가있었다. Ikeda 등은수술전침습적검사를받 는환자에서간질초점에 0.9 Hz 와 50 Hz 의일시적전 기자극을주어극파 (spike) 에미치는효과를보았다. 두 가지자극에서각각 23.9%, 48.3% 의극파감소효과가있 었고, 저주파에서는자극후수분간극파의빈도가증가 했다가감소되는양상을보였다. 96 간질병변을직접자극하는경우, 병변의부분절제에 비해이득이있을것인지가문제가된다. 조직의영구적 파괴를최소화할수있다는장점이있으나, 지속적자극 시원래의기능을유지할수있는가하는것은또다른 문제로추가적인평가가필요하다. 전기자극은가역적인억제효과를가지므로, 영구적 신경학적손상의가능성이적어시도될만하다. 그러나, 신경자극의항경련효과는제한적이라는것이인식되어 야하며, 그효과가환자별로큰차이가있어시술에부 담이있다. 향후다양한자극척도중가장항경련효과 가있는자극척도와예후에영향을미칠수있는인자 들을알아내는것이중요하다. 또한자동경련탐지기능과연계하여자동경련억제 체계의개발로이어질수있을것이다. 97 REFERENCES 1. Duchowny MS, Harvey AS, Sperling MR, Williamson PD. Indication and criteria for surgical intervention. In: Engel J Jr and Pedley TA, ed. Epilepsy. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997; Lhatoo SD, Wong IC, Polizzi G, Sander JW. Long-term retention rates of lamotrigine, gabapentin, and topiramate in chronic epilepsy. Epilepsia 2000;41: Boon P, Vandekerckhove T, Achten E, et al. Epilepsy surgery in Bel- 대한간질학회지 2005;9(2):
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