자기공명영상검사용가돌리늄경정맥조영제의급성부작용 : 부작용전산체계를이용한후향적분석 최문형 최준일 정승은 안국진 이해규 목적 : 단일기관에서발생한가돌리니움기반의자기공명영상경정맥조영제의급성부작용의빈도및종류, 조영제별차이를알아보았다. 대상및방법 : 병원정보시스템의부작용보고체계
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1 자기공명영상검사용가돌리늄경정맥조영제의급성부작용 : 부작용전산체계를이용한후향적분석 최문형 최준일 정승은 안국진 이해규 목적 : 단일기관에서발생한가돌리니움기반의자기공명영상경정맥조영제의급성부작용의빈도및종류, 조영제별차이를알아보았다. 대상및방법 : 병원정보시스템의부작용보고체계를분석하여, 2008년 10월부터 2010년 12 월사이에증례를검색하였다. 부작용은경증, 중등도, 중증으로분류되었고서로다른조영제간에빈도의차이가있는지를분석하였다. 결과 : 총 33,600건의조영제가투여되었고, Gd-BT-DO3A 20,824건 (62%), Gd-DTPA 10,417건 (31%), Gd-EOB-DTPA 2,359건 (7%) 이었다. 부작용은총 39예가발생하여빈도는 % 였고, Gd-BT-DO3A % (26/39,67%), Gd-DTPA % (8/39, 21%), Gd-EOB-DTPA % (5/39,13%) 였으며, 조영제간에유의한차이는없었다. 대부분 (89.7%) 이경증부작용이었으며중등도및중증부작용은각각 2명에서발생하였다. 결론 : 한국인에서의자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제에의한부작용의빈도는드물었으며, 특히중등도혹은중증부작용은매우드물었다. 세가지조영제사이에부작용발생빈도는차이는없었다. 서론최근자기공명영상장치가널리보급되고영상기법이발전하면서, 다양한질병을진단하기위해자기공명영상장치가이용되고있으며, 자기공명영상검사건수역시빠르게증가하고있다. 자기공명영상장치를이용한영상검사에서경정맥조영제가흔히이용되는데, 1988년에가돌리늄 (Gadolinium) 을기본으로하는자기공명영상장치용조영제가 FDA에서승인된이후다양한조영제가개발되었으며, 조영제사용빈도역시검사건수증가와함께빠른속도로늘고있다. 일반적으로자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제의부작용발생빈도는요오드 (iodine) 을기반으로한전산화단층촬영장치용조영제에비해낮은것으로알려져있고 (1-6), 증상역시상대적으로경미하여, 전산화단층촬영용조영제부작용에비하여주목받지못하 였다. 하지만, 가돌리늄기반자기공명영상검사용조영제와신원성전신섬유화증 (nephrogenic systemic fibrosis; NSF) 와의연관성이보고되면서자기공명영상검사용조영제의부작용에대한관심역시높아지고있다 (7). 저자들이근무하는병원에서는조영제부작용에관한체계적인보고와적절한대응을위하여병원정보시스템 (hospital information system; HIS) 내에조영제부작용보고체계를구축하였다. 이보고체계는전산으로재열람할수있으며, 부작용의빈도및그종류에관한후향적인분석이가능하였다. 또한, 저자들이검색한결과, 우리나라에서는자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제의부작용에관한체계적인분석은발표된적이없었다. 이에저자들은전산보고체계를이용하여, 우리나라단일기관에서발생한자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제부작용의빈도및종류, 조영제의종류별부작용빈도차이등을후향적으로분석해보는연구를계획하였다. 대한자기공명의과학회지 15: (2011) 가톨릭대학교서울성모병원영상의학과접수 : 2011 년 7 월 5 일, 수정 : 2011 년 7 월 26 일, 채택 : 2011 년 8 월 5 일통신저자 : 최준일, ( ) 서울특별시반포동 505 번지, 가톨릭대학교서울성모병원영상의학과 Tel. (02) Fax. (02) dumkycji@gmail.com
2 최문형외 본연구의목적은전산보고체계를이용하여자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제의부작용빈도및종류, 조영제별빈도의차이등을후향적으로알아보는것이다. 대상및방법환자선택이연구는병원임상시험위원회의승인을받았으며, 환자동의는면제되었다. 저자들이근무하는병원에는 2008년 10월 1일에전자병원정보시스템이도입되었고, 조영제부작용을전산보고하기시작하였다. 본연구는 2008년 10월 1일부터 2010년 12월 31일까지 26개월동안사용된자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제투여후발생한부작용사례에관한전산자료를바탕으로진행되었다. 연구에서배제된환자는없었으며, 본병원에서투여된모든자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제에관한연구이므로, 연구대상은전향적으로수집되었다. 자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제및투여방법본기관에서는연구기간동안 gadobutrol (Gd-BT-DO3A, Gadovist, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany), gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA, Magnevist, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany), gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA, Primovist, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany) 의세가지자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제가사용되었다. 조영제주입용량은제약회사에서제공한사용설명서에따른표준용량 (standard dose) 을따랐으며, Gd-BT-DO3A, Gd-DTPA는 0.1 mmmol/kg, Gd-EOB-DTPA는 0.1 ml/kg 이었다. 자기공명혈관조영술에서는 Gd-BT-DO3A를 75 kg 이하의환자에서는 7.5 ml, 75 kg 이상의경우는 10 ml 용량으로주입하였다. 모든경우에서급속주입 (bolus injection) 하였으며동력주입기 (power injector) 를이용하였다. Table 1. Categorization of Reactions to Contrast Agents Mild Signs and symptoms appear self-limited without evidence of progression (e.g., limited urticaria with mild pruritis, transient nausea, one episode of emesis) and include: Nausea, vomiting Altered taste Sweats Cough Itching Rash, hives Warmth Pallor Nasal stuffiness Headache Flushing Swelling: eyes, face Dizziness Chills Anxiety Shaking Treatment: Requires observation to confirm resolution and/or lack of progression but usually no treatment. Patient reassurance is usually helpful Moderate Signs and symptoms are more pronounced. Moderate degree of clinically evident focal or systemic signs or symptoms, including: Tachycardia/bradycardia Bronchospasm, wheezing Hypertension Laryngeal edema Generalized or diffuse erythema Mild hypotension Dyspnea Treatment: Requires observation to confirm resolution and/or lack of progression but usually no treatment. Patient reassurance is usually helpful Severe Signs and symptoms are more pronounced. Moderate degree of clinically evident focal or systemic signs or symptoms, including: Laryngeal edema (severe or rapidly progressing) Convulsions Profound hypotension Unresponsiveness Clinically manifest arrhythmias Cardiopulmonary arrest Treatment: Requires observation to confirm resolution and/or lack of progression but usually no treatment. Patient reassurance is usually helpful Note. Adapted from Reference
3 자기공명영상검사용가돌리늄경정맥조영제의급성부작용 부작용증례수집및분석본연구는저자들이근무하는병원의병원정보시스템에보고된조영제사용과부작용발생에대한자료를바탕으로후향적으로시행되었으며자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제에의한부작용은전산보고체계에서확인하였다. 자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제를사용한후에환자가불편감을호소하면, 영상의학과의사가직접환자상태를확인하여부작용의중증도에따라추가적인조치를결정하게된다. 부작용이발생한환자에대해서는전산보고체계에환자의성별, 나이, 검사부위, 사용한조영제의종류와용량, 증상, 처치내용에대해입력하며, 입력은간호사가담당하였다. 전산보고체계도입이후에시행한검사에서발생한부작용은환자별로확인이가능하였다. 부작용으로나타난증상은 American College of Radiology manual on contrast media에따라 Table 1과같이중증도를분류하였고 (8), 여러가지증상을호소할경우중복표기하였다. 각환자의증상발생후후속조치와그결과는전자의무기록을통하여확인하였다. 지연된부작용및혈관외조영제주입 (extravasation) 은분석에서제외되었다. 부작용발생빈도가조영제에따라차이가있는지를확인하기위하여 Fisher의정확한검사 (Fisher s exact test) 를이용하여통계학적으로분석하였으며, 상업용통계프로그램 (MedCalc 11.6; MedCalc Software bvba., Mariakerke, Belgium) 을이용하였다. p-value 가 0.05 이하일때의미있는차이가있다고판단하였다. 또한조영제별부작용발생빈도의유의한차이를실제통계적으로증명하기위한환자수를역시상업용통계프로그램 (Power Analysis and Sample a b c d Fig. 1. Distributions of severity of adverse reactions by contrast agents. (a) Overall distribution of severity of adverse reactions by all three contrast agents. (b) Distribution of severity of adverse reactions by Gd-BT-DO3A. (c) Distribution of severity of adverse reactions by Gd-DTPA. (d) Distribution of severity of adverse reactions by Gd-EOB-DTPA
4 최문형외 Size 2008, version ; Jerry Hintze, Kaysville, Utah) 을이용하여분석하였다. α-error는 0.2, β-error는 0.05로정하여환자수를계산하였다. 결과연구기간동안시행된조영증강자기공명영상검사는총 33,600건이었으며, 조영제투여건수는 Gd-BT-DO3A, Gd- DTPA와 Gd-EOB-DTPA가각각 20,824건, 10,417건, 2,359건이었다. 보고된부작용사례는총 39건이었으며발생빈도는 % (39/33,600) 였다. Gd-BT-DO3A 투여후에는 26 건이었고발생빈도는 % (26/20,824) 였다. Gd-DTPA 투여후에부작용이발생한환자는 8명으로발생빈도 % (8/10,417) 였으며, Gd-EOB-DTPA 투여후에는 5명의환자에서부작용이발생하여발생률은 % (5/2,359) 였다. 각조영제별부작용발생률을 Fisher의정확한검사로두가지조영제씩짝지어비교하였을때, Gd-BT-DO3A와 Gd- DTPA간에는 p-value 0.276, Gd-BT-DO3A와 Gd-EOB- DTPA간에는 p-value 0.239, Gd-EOB-DO3A와 Gd-DTPA 간에는 p-value 0.075로모든경우에서통계적으로유의한차이는없었다. 각조영제별부작용발생건수및중증도는 Table 2 및 Fig. 1에정리되어있다. 각조영제별부작용발생빈도는통계적으로유의한차이는없었으나, Gd-DTPA와 Gd- EOB-DTPA의경우그발생빈도는약 3배의차이를보였는데, 이를통계적으로증명하기위해서는 Gd-DTPA의경우약 36,040명, Gd-EOB-DTPA의경우약 7,209명의환자가필요하였고, 이는실제본연구의환자수에약 3배에해당한다. 증상별로살펴보면, 대부분의환자 (35/39, 89.7%) 가경한증상을호소하였다. 중등도의부작용은기저질환이없는 2 명의환자에서나타났고, 모두 Gd-BT-DO3A 투여후에발생하였으며, 두환자모두전신적인발진, 호흡곤란, 빈맥등을호소하였다. 중증의부작용이나타난경우는 2건이었고, Gd- BT-DO3A와 Gd-DTPA에서각각 1건씩발생하였으며증상은서맥이동반된저혈압 1건, 심한호흡곤란 1건이었다. 가장흔한증상은발진 (19/39, 48.7%) 과구역 / 구토였으며 (16/39, 41.0%), 다음으로흔한증상은가려움증이었다 (13/39, 33.3%). 증상별빈도는 Table 3에정리되어있다. 경한부작용이나타난환자는경과관찰하거나, 응급실로이송하여치료후귀가하였으며, 중등도부작용의경우응급실로이송하여대증치료시행후귀가하였다. 중증의부작용을보인환자두명중한명은심장이식시행후심장계중환자실에입원중이었다. 자기공명영상검사시행전혈압은 105/55였으며, Gd-DTPA를사용한심장자기공명영상검사시행후호흡곤란 ( 산소포화도 80-90%), 저혈압 ( 수축기 / 이완기 = 90 mmhg/50 mmhg), 심실빈맥, 혈중산증발생하여심장율동전환이시행되었고, 중탄산염을투여하여상태가안정되었다. 이후중환자실에서인공호흡기, 체외산소막공급 (Extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation; ECMO) 와지속적신장대체치료 (Continuous renal replacement therapy; CRRT) 를사용하여집중치료를하였으나사망하였다. 또다른중증부작용의경우, 두통을호소한환자가 Gd-BT-DO3A 를사용한뇌자기공명영상검사와 Table 3. Symptoms of Adverse Reactions Severity of Symptoms No. of Reactions Reactions Mild Rash, hives 19 Nausea, vomiting 16 Itching 13 Altered taste 02 Swelling: eyes, face 02 Dizziness 02 Cough 01 Headache 01 Chills 01 Moderate Tachycardia/bradycardia 02 Dyspnea 02 Severe Profound hypotension 02 Clinically manifest arrhythmias 02 Total Total 65 Note. Thirty-nine patients experienced adverse reactions related contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, and some reported more than one adverse reaction. The total number of adverse reactions was 65. Table 2. Adverse Reactions Categorized by Severity and Agent Agent No. of No. of Adverse Reactions Administrations Mild Moderate Severe Total Gd-BT-DO3A 20, (0.1104%) 2 (0.0096%) 1 (0.0048%) 26 (0.1248%) Gd-DTPA 10, (0.0672%) 0 (0.0000%) 1 (0.0096%) 08 (0.0768%) Gd-EOB-DTPA 02, (0.2120%) 0 (0.0000%) 0 (0.0000%) 05 (0.2120%) Total 33, (0.1042%) 2 (0.0060%) 2 (0.0060%) 39 (0.1161%) Note. Values in parentheses are percentages of all administrations of a specific contrast agent
5 자기공명영상검사용가돌리늄경정맥조영제의급성부작용 자기공명혈관조영술을시행한후서맥 ( 맥박수 47회 ) 과저혈압 ( 수축기 / 이완기 62 mmhg/42 mmhg) 이발생하여응급실에후송되었다. 즉시생리식염수투여및에피네프린 (epinephrine) 2 mg, 부신피질호르몬제 (corticosteroid) 100 mg, 페니라민 (chloripheniarmine) 4 mg 투여후경과관찰하였으며, 증상호전되어귀가하였다. 고찰자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제의부작용은그발생빈도가낮은것으로알려져있었고, 증상도경미하여중요하게생각되지않았으며 (1-6), 심지어조영제부작용으로전산화단층촬영검사가어려운환자에부작용이없는자기공명영상검사를추천하는일이흔히있었다. 하지만, 최근가돌리늄기반자기공명영상검사용조영제와신원성전신섬유화증 (nephrogenic systemic fibrosis; NSF) 과의연관성이보고된이래, 자기공명영상검사용조영제의부작용에관한연구가활발히이루어지고있다 (7). 신원성전신섬유화증은신장기능이저하된환자에서가돌리늄기반조영제를과용량사용하였을때생기는치명적인전신질환으로, 발생률이 4.6% 까지보고되었다 (9). 자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제의급성부작용에대해서는몇개의연구가발표되었다. 이들연구에서 American College of Radiology manual (8) 에따른가돌리늄기반자기공명영상검사용조영제의부작용발생빈도는 % 로매우다양하게보고되고있는데 (1-3, 5, 6, 10-14), 이는연구방법의차이 ( 전향적, 후향적 ), 부작용의정의의차이, 부작용보고에관한문화적차이, 검사를시행한환자군의차이등이원인인것으로예측되고있다 (12). Forsting 등이시행한 Gd-BT-DO3A 의부작용발생빈도는 0.55% 였으며, 가장흔한부작용은구역 / 구토, 가려움증의순서였다. 심각한부작용은 0.01% 으로아나필락시스양반응과후두부종을보였다 (15). 이번연구에서는 Gd-BT-DO3A의부작용발생빈도는약 0.12% 였고, 그중심각한부작용은 % 에서발생하였다. 본연구에서 Gd-BT-DO3A에의해심각한부작용이발생한환자는기저질환이없는환자로, 검사직후서맥과저혈압등급격한심폐기능허탈이발생하였으며, 아나필락시스양반응이었던것으로생각된다. Gd-DTPA를기본으로하는가돌리늄조영제에의한부작용발생빈도는이전의연구들에서 % 등으로나타났으며 (2, 11-13), 이번연구에서도 0.077% 로이에부합하는결과를보였다. Gd-DTPA 에의한심각한부작용은다른연구들에서 0.005%, 0.01% 등의빈도로나타났던것과유사하게 % 였다 (1, 3-5). 이전에보고된 Gd-DTPA의심각한부작용으로는아나필락시스반응으로인한심한부종, 저혈압, 호흡곤란, 심폐기능정지등이있다. 본연구에서는 Gd- DTPA에의해심각한부작용이발생한경우는, 심장이식을시행받은후중환자실에입원중이었던환자로조영제에의한부 작용이독립적으로환자의상태를악화시켰는지에대해논란의여지가있을수있으나, 자기공명영상검사시행직후심폐기능이급격히악화되었으므로조영제의영향이있었을가능성이있다. Gd-EOB-DTPA는간특이적인조영제로서, 부작용발생비율은 0.21% 로나타났다. 미국에서시행된전향적인 3상임상연구에서는 10% 에서조영제부작용이나타났으며, 그중조영제와관련성이있을것으로보이는경우가 5.9% 였다. 이연구에서도본연구와마찬가지로심각한부작용은없었다 (16). 이번연구에서부작용빈도가전반적으로이전연구들보다낮게보고되었는데, 몇가지이유를추측해볼수있다. 가장먼저생각해볼수있는이유는본연구가검사직후에발생한부작용중에전산보고된사례를바탕으로한후향적연구라는점이다. 검사직후에급성부작용이나타난환자들중에서환자가불편함을호소한경우에한해서증상에대한확인이이루어졌으므로, 지연부작용이나타난경우와부작용발생에도불구하고환자가불편함을호소하지않은경우는연구대상에포함될수없어부작용보고건수가실제보다축소되었을가능성이있다. 전향적인연구였다면부작용발생유무를환자에게좀더자세히질문했을것이다. 또한부작용발생사례에대해간호사가전산보고를누락하여부작용발생건수가적게합산되었을가능성도배제할수없다. 환자측면에서본다면, 경미한부작용이검사때마다반복되는환자나조영제사용과증상의관련성을인식하지못한환자의경우는부작용을호소하지않았을수도있으며, 부작용에관한문화적차이역시낮은부작용발생의원인일수있다. 하지만, 이러한교란요소에서자유로운중등도혹은중증부작용의빈도역시매우낮았기때문에, 실제로한국인에서의부작용발생률이다른인종보다낮을가능성도배제할수없다. 이번연구에서세가지조영제간의부작용빈도는통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았는데, 그의미는제한적으로해석되어야한다. 그이유는각각의조영제가사용된환자군의차이가있기때문인데, 특히 Gd-EOB-DTPA는대부분만성간질환이있는환자에서사용되었으며, 자기공명혈관조영술의경우대부분 Gd-BT-DO3A가사용되었는데, 이들환자군의상당부분은심혈관계질환을갖고있을가능성이컸다. 따라서, 이러한환자군의차이를보정하기위해서는맹검 (blind test) 방식의전향적, 무작위연구가필요하다. 또한, Gd-DTPA와비교할때, Gd-BT-DO3A 및 Gd-EOB-DTPA는최근에개발된조영제로, 기존의조영제와새로운조영제의부작용을분석할때는, 새로운조영제가불리한교란효과가발생할수있으며, Weber 효과 (9) 및 Lalli 효과 (17) 가대표적이다. 또한실제부작용발생빈도는가장낮은 Gd-DTPA아가장높은 Gd- EOB-DTPA 사이에약세배의차이를보였는데, 이는환자수를증가시킨다면통계적으로유의한차이를증명할수있을가능성이있음을의미한다. 본연구는조영제부작용에대한전산보고체계의데이터를
6 최문형외 바탕으로진행된연구이다. 전산보고체계는병원정보시스템의전산화가구축된이후에함께시행되었는데, 조영제관련부작용을보고하는것과, 보고된부작용을분석하는것이이전에비해용이해졌으며, 부작용발생환자에대한기본병력과부작용발생후시행된처치, 경과를전자의무기록을통해후향적으로쉽게확인할수있었다. 또한, 환자개개인에관해서는부작용발생력에관한정보가환자의기본화면에표시되기때문에추후반복검사시에부작용에대한적절한대응및예방이가능해졌으며, 환자진료에큰도움이될것으로예상된다. 이번연구는몇가지제한점을갖고있다. 첫번째로앞에서도지적한바와같이, 전산보고된부작용을대상으로시행한후향적연구이기에부작용발생빈도가저평가되었을가능성이있으며, 조영제간부작용발생빈도분석에는한계가있었다. 하지만, 연구대상환자는전향적으로수집되었고, 표본의크기가크기때문에후향적연구로인한약점은일부보완이가능하다고생각된다. 둘째, 자기공명영상검사시행전에미리환자의조영제부작용의과거력, 기저질환, 전반적인신체상태등에대한기본적인정보를조사하지않았으므로이런요인이부작용발생에미치는영향에대한관련성에대해서는알수없었다. 셋째, 동일한환자에서여러번검사를시행한경우, 같은환자가여러번표본으로선택되어이로인한오차가발생했을가능성도있다 (18). 하지만, 표본숫자가매우많기에이러한오차는제한적으로만영향을미쳤을것으로생각된다. 넷째, 급성부작용을호소하는환자에대한자료만을바탕으로하였기때문에신원성전신섬유화증과같이검사이후상당한시간이지난후발생하는부작용에대한분석은불가능하였다. 결 부작용발생에대한전산보고체계를이용하여, 한국인에서의자기공명영상검사용경정맥조영제의부작용의빈도및종류를최초로분석해볼수있었다. 부작용의빈도는 % 로매우낮았으며, 특히중등도및중증부작용은매우드물었다. Gd-BT-DO3A, Gd-DTPA, Gd-EOB-DTPA의세가지조영제간의부작용발생빈도는의미있는차이를보이지않았다. 론 참고문헌 1.Niendorf HP, Dinger JC, Haustein J, Cornelius I, Alhassan A, Clauss W. Tolerance data of Gd-DTPA: a review. Eur J Radiol 1991;13: Nelson KL, Gifford LM, Lauber-Huber C, Gross CA, Lasser TA. Clinical safety of gadopentetate dimeglumine. Radiology 1995;196: Murphy KJ, Brunberg JA, Cohan RH. Adverse reactions to gadolinium contrast media: a review of 36 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;167: Li A, Wong CS, Wong MK, Lee CM, Au Yeung MC. Acute adverse reactions to magnetic resonance contrast media--gadolinium chelates. Br J Radiol 2006;79: Dillman JR, Ellis JH, Cohan RH, Strouse PJ, Jan SC. Frequency and severity of acute allergic-like reactions to gadolinium-containing i.v. contrast media in children and adults. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;189: Bleicher AG, Kanal E. Assessment of adverse reaction rates to a newly approved MRI contrast agent: review of 23,553 administrations of gadobenate dimeglumine. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008;191:W Marckmann P, Skov L, Rossen K, et al. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: suspected causative role of gadodiamide used for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17: Tne American College of Radiology. Manual on contrast media version quality_safety/contrast_manual/fullmanual.aspx 9.Sadowski EA, Bennett LK, Chan MR, et al. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: risk factors and incidence estimation. Radiology 2007;243: Shellock FG, Parker JR, Pirovano G, et al. Safety characteristics of gadobenate dimeglumine: clinical experience from intraand interindividual comparison studies with gadopentetate dimeglumine. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006;24: Murphy KP, Szopinski KT, Cohan RH, Mermillord B, Ellis JH. Occurrence of adverse reactions to gadolinium-based contrast material and management of patients at increased risk: a survey of the American Society of Neuroradiology Fellowship Directors. Acad Radiol 1999;6: Knopp MV, Balzer T, Esser M, Kashanian FK, Paul P, Niendorf HP. Assessment of utilization and pharmacovigilance based on spontaneous adverse event reporting of gadopentetate dimeglumine as a magnetic resonance contrast agent after 45 million administrations and 15 years of clinical use. Invest Radiol 2006;41: Abujudeh HH, Kosaraju VK, Kaewlai R. Acute adverse reactions to gadopentetate dimeglumine and gadobenate dimeglumine: experience with 32,659 injections. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;194: Morgan DE, Spann JS, Lockhart ME, Winningham B, Bolus DN. Assessment of adverse reaction rates during gadoteridolenhanced MR imaging in 28,078 patients. Radiology 2011;259: Forsting M, Palkowitsch P. Prevalence of acute adverse reactions to gadobutrol--a highly concentrated macrocyclic gadolinium chelate: review of 14,299 patients from observational trials. Eur J Radiol 2010;74:e Bluemke DA, Sahani D, Amendola M, et al. Efficacy and safety of MR imaging with liver-specific contrast agent: U.S. multicenter phase III study. Radiology 2005;237: Lalli AF. Contrast media reactions: data analysis and hypothesis. Radiology 1980;134: Gonen M, Panageas KS, Larson SM. Statistical issues in analysis of diagnostic imaging experiments with multiple observations per patient. Radiology 2001;221:
7 자기공명영상검사용가돌리늄경정맥조영제의급성부작용 J. Korean Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. 15: (2011) Acute Adverse Reactions to Gadolinium-based Intravenous Contrast Agents for MRI : Retrospective Analysis Using Computed Reporting System Moon Hyung Choi, Joon-Il Choi, Seung Eun Jung, Kook-Jin Ahn, Hae Giu Lee Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea Purpose : To assess the frequency and severity of acute adverse reactions to intravenous administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents using computerized reporting system at a single large academic institution. Materials and Methods : We assessed data from electronic hospital information system from October 2008 to December Reactions were classified as mild, moderate, or severe. We compared the frequency of adverse reactions among three contrast agents (Gd-BT-DO3A, Gd-DTPA and Gd-EOB-DTPA). Results : The total number of administrated contrast agents was 33,600, and the number of administration of Gd-BT-DO3A, Gd-DTPA and Gd-EOB-DTPA were 20,824 (62%), 10,417 (31%) and 2,359 (7%), respectively. Total 39 adverse reactions were reported accounting for % of all administrations. The incidences of adverse reactions were % (26/39, 67%) for Gd-BT-DO3A, % (8/39, 21%) for Gd-DTPA, and % (5/39, 13%) for Gd-EOB-DTPA. The difference of frequencies of adverse reaction among three contrast agents was not significant. Most cases of the adverse effect were mild (35/39, 89.7%). Moderate and severe adverse reactions were encountered in two patients, respectively. Conclusion : Among Koreans, adverse effects were rare, and especially, moderate to severe adverse reactions were much rarer. There was no difference among the frequencies of adverse reactions caused by three different contrast agents. Index words : Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Contrast agents Adverse reaction Reporting system Address reprint requests to : Joon-Il Choi, M.D., Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul , Korea. Tel Fax dumkycji@gmail.com
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