Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Initial Assessment and Management of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury Jun-Yeong Seo, M.D., Ph.D., Jeehyun Y
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1 Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Initial Assessment and Management of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury Jun-Yeong Seo, M.D., Ph.D., Jeehyun Yoo, M.D. J Korean Soc Spine Surg 2018 Jun;25(2): Originally published online June 30, 2018; Korean Society of Spine Surgery Asan Medical Center 88, Olympic-ro 43 Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea Tel: Fax: Copyright 2017 Korean Society of Spine Surgery pissn eissn The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 Review Article J Korean Soc Spine Surg Jun;25(2): Initial Assessment and Management of Patients with Spinal Cord Injury Jun-Yeong Seo, M.D., Ph.D., Jeehyun Yoo, M.D.* Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea *Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Korea Study Design: Literature review. Objectives: To summarize the most up-to-date information on the initial management and neurological examination of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Summary of Literature Review: Secondary injuries result from acute pathophysiological processes such as bleeding, hypoperfusion, inflammation, necrosis, and apoptosis around neural elements that initially survive a mechanical injury. Materials and Methods: Orthopedic surgeons must be familiar with the anatomy of the spinal cord and the initial management of a patient with SCI. A detailed neurological examination in accordance with the International Standards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury is a prerequisite. It is important to distinguish between spinal shock and neurogenic shock, which are characteristic phenomena in patients with SCI. Results: Rapid realignment of the spine and proper medical management to avoid hypoperfusion are important in the overall care of a patient with SCI. Conclusions: Patients with SCI should be managed and treated properly to enable them to return home and to their work as soon as possible. Key words: Spinal cord injury, Shock, Motor, Sensory, Reflex 서론 줄어들지않는각종안전사고와교통사고로인해척추손상이나척수손상환자들은여전히많은빈도로발생하고있으며, 수상당한환자개인적으로는신체적정신적으로심각한고통이수반되겠고, 그로인한사회적경제적손실도대단히많은실정이다. 그예방이가장중요하겠으나미처피하지못하여발생한척수손상환자에있어서초기의이송과정에서부터급성기치료및재활치료를통해그합병증을최소화시키는것이가장중요한요소일것이다. 이를위해서는이송을담당하는응급구조사에서부터응급실에근무하는의료진, 이후에치료및재활을담당하는의료진과물리치료사, 간병인들까지각자가알아두어야할기본적인지식들이있을것이다. 척수손상환자를접하는의사로서알아두어야할몇가지지식들을본종설을통해전달해보고자한다. 본론 1. 척수의해부학 척수는성인에서제 2 요추까지내려온다. 그끝지점은척수 원추부 (conus medullaris) 라고하여천추의신경이위치하고있 다. 경수와요수의척수는팽대되어있다. 척수내에는감각을 Received: March 1, 2018 Revised: April 6, 2018 Accepted: June 15, 2018 Published Online: June 30, 2018 Corresponding author: Jun-Yeong Seo, M.D., Ph.D. ORCID ID: Jun-Yeong Seo: Jeehyun Yoo: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Aran 13gil 15, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea TEL: , FAX: jys@jejunu.ac.kr * 본논문은 2017 년대한척추외과학회연수강좌에서 척수손상 의제목으로구연되었음. Copyright 2018 Korean Society of Spine Surgery Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery. pissn eissn This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 81
3 Jun-Yeong Seo et al Volume 25 Number 2 June 대뇌로전달하는상행신경로와운동을대뇌에서전달하는하행신경로가있는데로 (tract), 또는속 (fasciculus) 이라고부른다. 1) 경수의단면을보았을때특징적으로경수가중앙쪽에위치하고흉수, 요수, 천수의순으로바깥쪽으로위치한다. 2) 하행신경로를보면대뇌피질에서시작된피질척수로 (corticospinal tract) 에서 90% 는연수 (medulla) 에서교차 (decussation) 되어외측피질척수로 (lateral corticospinal tract) 가되고 8% 는전피질척수로 (anterior corticospinal tract) 가되며 2% 는교차되지않고내려가는외측피질척수로가된다. 전피질척수로는하운동신경 (Low motor neuron) 으로나갈때반대쪽신경근으로나가게된다. 상행신경로에서고유감각, 압각, 촉각의감각신호를전달하는박속 (fasciculus gracilis) 과설상속 (fasciculus cuneatus) 으로이동하는데이들을후주라고하며이러한감각은동측의속으로올라가다가연수에서교차되어시상 (thalamus) 과대뇌피질로간다. 통각과온도감각은후근신경절을지나반대측의외측척수시상로 (lateral spinothalamic tract) 로전달되어시상과대뇌피질로이동하게된다. 3) 대동맥에서기시한한쌍의분절동맥 (segmental artery) 이척추의각분절에서분지하고경막내로들어와척수의분절에대한혈액공급을보충한다. 3,4) 척수의종주동맥은 3개가있으며앞쪽으로하나의전척수동맥 (anterior spinal artery system) 과뒤쪽으로한쌍의후척수동맥 (posterior spinal artery) 으로분지되어척수에혈액을공급한다. 3,4) 대전수질동맥 (The greater anterior medullary feeder artery, Artery of Adamkiewicz) 은요수로가는가장큰혈관으로대개 T9~11사이에위치한다. 5) 이혈관이다치는경우척수의허혈이발생할수있기때문에이부위의수술적술기시에주의하여야한다. 3) 척수의회색질 (gray matter) 에대사요구량이많은경수팽대나요수팽대에는동맥이발달되어혈액공급이풍부한반면, T4에서 T9까지의흉수에는혈관분포가다소부족하기때문에허혈이발생하기쉬운부위로척수의임계지역 (critical zone) 으로부른다. 4,6) 2. 척수손상환자의초기대응척수손상을받은환자는초기이송부터주의하여야한다. 이송과정이나초기진료시의잘못으로인해척수손상이발생하는확률이 26% 나된다고한다. 7,8) 척수손상환자를이송할때에는머리와몸통을들것이나보드에고정하고수평상태로이동하는것이좋다. 몸통과머리의높이차이로인하여경추의과신전 ( 성인 ) 이나과굴곡 ( 소아 ) 이발생할수도있으므로높이를맞추어주는것도중요하다. 9) 초기평가를위해기도, 호흡, 혈관을확보하고병력을청취한뒤신체검진과신경학적검진을시행하고진단방사선검사를시행한다. 응급실에서초기검진시에척수손상을의심할수있는기준으로 National Emergency X-radiography utilization study (NEXUX) criteria 라는것이있는데, 10) 이는 (1) 경추나흉추부의뒤쪽극돌기부위를촉진하여압통이없어야한다. (2) 술냄새가난다든지, 어눌한말, 운동실조, 거리측정장애등을포함한소뇌이상증후나약물중독에의한증상이관찰되지않아야한다. (3) Glasgow coma scale score 가 14 이하이거나장소, 사람, 시간에대한인식이없는상태가아니어야하고외부자극에느린반응을보이지않아야한다. 의식수준이저하된기타소견들이없어야한다. (4) 국소적인신경학적이상이없어야한다. (5) 다른부위의심각한외상에의한극심한통증이없는상태이어야한다 의 5가지항목으로구성된다. 이항목들중에하나라도이상이있을때에는척수손상을의심해볼수있는경우로경, 흉추부의전산화단층촬영을우선적으로시행해보도록한다. 8,10,11) 3. 신경학적검사와 ISNCSCI 신경학적검사를시행하는데있어국제표준검사법이있는데 international standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (ISNCSCI) 라고한다. 12) 이는웹사이트에서쉽게다운로드받을수있는서식이며계속개정되고있다. 상지와하지각각 5개씩좌우 20개의주요근육 (key muscle) 을평가하는항목이있으며, 근력평가는도수근력측정법으로시행하는데 0 에서 5까지 6등급으로평가하여점수를기록한다. 운동을평가할때는주요근육이아닌다른근육을수축하여반동을일으키는것을주요근육이수축하는것으로착각하여양성으로기록할수있으니이를주의하여야할것이다. 골절이나화상등으로인하여근력을측정할수없는경우에는 NT (not testable) 라고표기한다. 또, 항문의운동인자발적인항문괄약근수축 (voluntary anal contraction) 을평가하는항목도있는데복압에의한항문의움직임과감별해야하며, 손가락을넣었을때전체적으로감싸쥐는듯한항문의수축을느낄때 Yes 로표기한다. 감각은 C2에서 S4-5까지 28분절에서평가하는데외측척수시상로와후주의손상을구별할수있도록가벼운촉진 (light touch) 과침검사 (pinprick test) 를평가하는항목으로구분되어있다. 감각이없으면 0점, 변화가있으면 1점, 정상이면 2점으로표기하며, 검사할수없는부분은 NT로표기한다. 비교기준 (reference point) 은뺨이다. 가벼운촉진은면봉의끝을살짝말아서피부에접촉하여검사한다. 침검사는날카로운 (sharp) 감각과무딘 (dull) 감각을구별할수있는지를파악하는검사법으로, 옷핀의날카로운바늘부위와머리부위를이용하여검사를시행한다. 날카로운감각과무딘감각을구별할수없으면 0점, 날카로운감각과무딘감각을구별할수있지만뺨의감각과는다를때 1점, 날카로운감각과무딘감각을구별할수있으며뺨과같은감각을느낄때 2점으로표기 82
4 Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Spinal Cord Injury 한다. S4-5의감각은 S4-5의피부분절 (dermatome) 항목외에도직장감각검사 (deep anal pressure) 를평가하는항목이있는데, 항문에집게손가락을넣고엄지와같이쥐어볼수도있고, 더깊게손가락을넣어직장을눌러보아누르는감각을느끼면 Yes 로표기한다. 잘평가하여기록한다음 neurological levels, neurological level of injury (NLI), complete or incomplete, ASIA impairment scale (AIS), zone of partial preservation 를평가한다. 특히, AIS는척수손상의정도를평가하는기준으로치료를결정하고예후를예측하는데중요하다. 척수손상후특히초기단계에는신경학적검사소견이변화할수있으므로매 2 시간간격으로신경학적검사를시행하여이를기록한다. AIS A는완전척수손상으로회복이불가능한상태이다. 단, 척수성쇽상태와구별하여야겠다. AIS C와 AIS D는재활치료의목적이나방법을결정하는데의의가있겠다. AIS D는재활치료를통해적어도보행기나지팡이에의한보행을기대해볼수있지만, AIS C는이러한보행을기대하기힘든상태로기립및균형을잡는재활치료등을시행해줄수있다. ISNCSCI calculator 라는웹사이트 13) 에들어가서평가한각각의항목을입력하면 neurological levels, neurological level of injury (NLI), complete or incomplete, ASIA impairment scale (AIS), zone of partial preservation 등을손쉽게계산해주긴하지만, 이것이어떻게계산되는것인지는알아놓는것이좋겠다. 가상의환자에대한평가를통해이해를해보기로하자. 예시의그림을설명하기쉽도록영문표기를쓰도록하겠다. Sensory level 은 light touch 와 pinprick 이동시에 2점인가장하위 level이다. Motor level은근력이적어도 grade 3 이상이면서바로윗 level 이정상 (grade 5) 인 level 이다. Key muscle 이없는 C2-4, T2-L1, S2-3에서는 sensory level 과 motor level 이같다고간주한다. NLI는좌우의 sensory와 motor가모두정상인가장하위 level 이므로 4개의 neurological level 에서가장상위 level 에해당한다. 다음의예제를통하면더쉽게이해할수있을것이다. Fig. 1은환자를평가한다음 ISNCSCI calculator 를통해출력한그림이다. 이환자에서우측의 sensory level 은 light touch 와 pinprick 이모두 2점인가장하위 level 인 C7이며 Fig. 1. Worksheet for an imaginary patient with a complete spinal cord injury. 83
5 Jun-Yeong Seo et al Volume 25 Number 2 June 좌측에서는 C5가되겠다. 우측의 motor level 을알아보도록하자. 근력이적어도 grade 3 이상인 level 은 C6 의상위인데 C5 가 grade 4이므로 normal level 이아니므로 sensory level 이정상인 C4를 normal level 로간주하면적어도 motor grade 3이상이면서 normal level (C4) 의바로아래 level 인 C5가우측의 motor level 이된다. 좌측에서는 C5가 grade 5이면서바로아래 level 인 C6가 grade 3이므로 motor level 은 C6가된다. 이환자의 NLI 는네개의 neurological level 중가장상위 level 인 C5가된다. Complete injury는 S4-5의 dermatome에서 light touch와 pinprick이모두나타나지않고, voluntary anal contraction 이없으며, deep anal pressure 도없을때를모두만족하는경우이다. 이때 ASIA impairment scale (AIS) 은 A가된다. Fig. 1 의환자는 complete injury이고 AIS A이다. Zone of partial preservation 은 complete injury 인 AIS A인경우에만기록하는항목으로감각이나운동이보존되어있는가장하위 level 을기록하면된다. Fig. 1에서 zone of partial preservation 을확인하면쉽게이해가가능할것이다. AIS B와 C를구별해보자. Complete injury 가아닌경우에는 AIS B (=Motor complete) 이상이되는데, voluntary anal contraction이있거나, 또는좌우측의 motor level아래로 3 level 을초과하는 level 에서 motor 가있는경우에는 AIS C 이상이된다. Fig. 2를보면 S4-5의 light touch 와 pinprick 은좌우에서모두 0이지만, deep anal pressure 가 Yes 이므로 (Sensory incomplete 상태 ) AIS B이상이라고볼수있는데, 우측의 motor level 인 C5 에서하위 3 level 을초과하는 level 인 T1에서 grade 0, 좌측의 motor level 인 C5 하위 3 level 을초과하는 level 인 T1 에서 grade 0이므로AIS B가된다. Fig. 3은 Fig. 2와거의비슷하지만우측의 motor level 인 C5하위 3 level 을초과하는 T1에서 motor grade 1으로나오고있으므로 AIS C가되는것이다. AIS C와 D를구별하기위해서는 NLI 하위의 key muscle 중적어도반이상에서 motor grade 3 이상이있는경우를 AIS D, 그렇지못하면 AIS C가된다. 3) Fig. 4에서 NLI는 T10이고 T10 하위의좌우 10개의 key muscle 에서적어도 grade 3 이상인 key muscle 이 5개 (50%) 이므로 AIS D가되는것이다. AIS E란모든 Fig. 2. Worksheet for an imaginary patient with a spinal cord injury whose American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale score is B. 84
6 Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Spinal Cord Injury Fig. 3. Worksheet of an imaginary patient with a spinal cord injury whose American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale score is C. This differs from Figure 2 in that the motor strength is grade 1 at the T1 level. sensory, motor 가정상인경우로척수손상후에신경학적이상이있었으나회복된경우에만적용한다. 즉, 수상후에신경학적이상이없었던사람을 AIS E라고하지는않으며, AIS D였던사람이신경학적으로정상으로돌아왔을때 AIS D에서 AIS E 로되었다고한다. 4. 신경인성쇽과척수성쇽자율신경계는교감신경계와부교감신경계로나뉠수있는데척수손상을입으면주로교감신경계의조절에문제가발생한다. 부교감신경은뇌신경 III, VII, IX, X 과천추신경 S2, 3, 4, 5에서주로기시되지만교감신경은척수와그인근의교감신경줄기 (sympathetic chain) 에서기시하는해부학적인차이에기인한다. 교감신경은도망치거나싸울때작동하는자율신경작용으로생각하면쉬운데심장박동을빠르게하고혈관을수축하는작용을한다. 또, 땀을분비하거나모근을수축시키는역할도한다. 경수나상부흉수 (T6상부 ) 의척수손상후에손상 받은하위의교감신경계에문제가생겨서부교감신경계만작동을하게되면심장박동이느려지고말초혈관이확장되어서맥, 저혈압이발생하여혈류역동학적으로불안정한상태가되는데, 이러한상태를신경인성쇽 (Neurogenic shock) 이라고한다. 8,14) 출혈성쇽 (Hemorrhagic shock) 상태에서저혈압과빈맥이관찰되는것과는다른모습이다. 척수손상을받은후에손상받은분절의하위에서감각, 운동, 반사기능이모두소실되는현상이발생할수있는데이를척수성쇽 (spinal shock) 이라고한다. 8,15) 대개 24시간에서 48 시간내에회복이되지만수주에서수개월까지지속되기도한다. 척수원추부상부의척수손상이있을때, 구해면체반사 (bulbocavernosus reflex) 나항문반사 (anal wink reflex) 가나타나지않는다면척수성쇽상태로생각할수있으며, 이러한반사가나타나면척수성쇽상태에서회복되었을것으로판단할수있다. 16) 85
7 Jun-Yeong Seo et al Volume 25 Number 2 June Fig. 4. Worksheet of an imaginary patient with a spinal cord injury whose American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale score is D. In regions where there is no myotome to test, the motor level is presumed to be the same as the sensory level. 5. 척수손상환자의치료척수손상환자의치료에서가장중요한것은이차손상을최소화시키는것이다. 일차손상직후부터수주에이르기까지손상받은척수주위에출혈및염증반응, 괴사와세포자멸사등이발생하면서신경조직의손상이진행하고결국에는일차손상부의공동형성과그주변부에성상아교세포흔 (astroglial scar) 이생기면서신경회복의장애물이형성되는일련의과정을이차손상이라고하는데, 17,18) 이러한이차손상을최소화시켜가능한기능을회복시켜주는것이예후에중요하다고할것이다. 17,18) 인간에서약 7% 의축색이남아있으면최소한의운동기능이가능하다고한다. 19) 이는살아남은신경의가소성 (plasticity) 에의해설명된다. 20) 이차손상은척수의허혈을주된원인으로보고있다. 8) 따라서척수손상환자의초기치료에골절및탈구된척추의정렬을정복하는것과함께, 척수의허혈을방지하기위해적정혈압을유지하는것이대단히중요하다. 이를위해서 100% 산소포화도로평균동맥압 (Mean arterial blood pressure) 을 85~90 mmhg로유지하는것을목표로한다. 8) 척수손상환자는신경인성쇽으로인한저혈압상태에있는데말초혈관의확장이그원인이므로일단생리적수액 (balanced solution) 을충분히공급해주고경우에따라수혈을같이해준다. 8) 수액을충분히주어중심정맥압 (central venous pressure) 이정상수준이되었음에도저혈압이교정이되지않을때에는혈관수축제 (pressor agents) 를투여하여평균동맥압을유지해준다. 8) 고용량스테로이드치료는자료분석에중대한오류가있었을것으로판단하고있고, 심각한합병증의위험성이있으므로최근에는추천되지않는다. 8) 그러나, 심한마비의경우고용량스테로이드치료로발생할수있는위험성과합병증을환자와가족에게충분히설명한후동의를받고시행해볼수있다. 8,18,21) 6. 척수증후군완전척수손상이아닌경우척수의손상받은위치에따라특 86
8 Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Spinal Cord Injury 징적인운동및감각소실의형태가나타나는몇가지경우를척수증후군 (spinal cord syndrome) 이라고하며, 중심성척수증후군 (central cord syndrome), 22) Brown-Séquard syndrome, 전척수증후군 (anterior cord syndrome), 후척수증후군 (posterior cord syndrome), 척수원추증후군 (conus medullaris syndrome) 등이있다. 8) 척수손상은아니지만마미손상으로인한마미증후군 (cauda equina syndrome ) 도있다. 각척수증후군에서나타나는특징적인신경학적이상은본종설의본론처음에서술한척수내의신경해부학적구조에기인한다. 8) 결론 척수손상환자의초기대응및신경학적평가법을이해하고, 적절한처치및치료를통해이차손상을최소화하여그들이가정과사회로빨리복귀할수있도록도와준다. REFERENCES 1. Barson AJ, Sands J. Regional and segmental characteristics of the human adult spinal cord. J Anat Jul;123(Pt 3): Barson AJ. The vertebral level of termination of the spinal cord during normal and abnormal development. J Anat May;106(Pt 3): Azar FM, Beaty JH, Canale ST. Campbell s Operative Orthopaedics. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2017: Di Chiro G, Fried LC, Doppman JL. Experimental spinal cord angiography. Br J Radiol Jan;43(505): DOI: / Milen MT, Bloom DA, Culligan J, et al. Albert Adamkiewicz ( )--his artery and its significance for the retroperitoneal surgeon. World J Urol Jun;17(3): DOI: /s Dommisse GF. The blood supply of the spinal cord. A critical vascular zone in spinal surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br May;56(2): DOI: / x.56b Levi AD, Hurlbert RJ, Anderson P, et al. Neurologic deterioration secondary to unrecognized spinal instability following trauma--a multicenter study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) Feb 15;31(4): DOI: /01. brs b5 8. Azar FM, Beaty JH, Canale ST. Campbell s Operative Orthopaedics. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2017: Harris MB, Sethi RK. The initial assessment and management of the multiple-trauma patient with an associated spine injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) May;31(11 Suppl):9-15. DOI: /01.brs d. 10. Stiell IG, Clement CM, McKnight RD, et al. The Canadian C-spine rule versus the NEXUS low-risk criteria in patients with trauma. N Engl J Med Dec;349(26): DOI: / x.56b2.225.: /NEJ- Moa Daffner RH, Sciulli RL, Rodriguez A, et al. Imaging for evaluation of suspected cervical spine trauma: a 2-year analysis. Injury Jul;37(7): DOI: / x.56b2.225.: /j.injury Available from: uploads/2016/02/international_stds_diagram_worksheet. pdf. 13. Available from: Delamarter RB, Coyle J. Acute management of spinal cord injury. J Am Acad Orthop Surg May- Jun;7(3): Ditunno JF, Little JW, Tessler A, et al. Spinal shock revisited: a four-phase model. Spinal Cord Jul;42(7): DOI: / x.56b2.225.: / sj.sc Nankovic V, Snur I, Nankovic S, et al. [Spinal shock. Diagnosis and therapy. Problems and dilemmas]. Lijec Vjesn Jun;117 (2 Suppl): Kwon BK, Tetzlaff W, Grauer JN, et al. Pathophysiology and pharmacologic treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Spine J Jul-Aug;4(4): doi: / j.spinee Silva NA, Sousa N, Reis RL, et al. From basics to clinical: a comprehensive review on spinal cord injury. Prog Neurobiol Mar;114: DOI: / j.pneurobio Kakulas BA. The applied neuropathology of human spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Feb;37(2): DOI: /sj.sc Ramer LM, Ramer MS, Bradbury EJ. Restoring function after spinal cord injury: towards clinical translation of experimental strategies. Lancet Neurol Dec;13(12): DOI: /S (14)
9 Jun-Yeong Seo et al Volume 25 Number 2 June Hadley MN, Walters BC, Grabb PA, et al. Pharmacological therapy after acute cervical spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery Mar;50(3 Suppl): DOI: / Morse SD. Acute central cervical spinal cord syndrome. Ann Emerg Med Aug;11(8): DOI: / S (82)
10 Review Article J Korean Soc Spine Surg Jun;25(2): 척수손상환자의초기평가및치료 서준영 유지현 * 제주대학교의학전문대학원정형외과학교실, * 인제대학교의과대학재활의학과연구계획 : 문헌고찰목적 : 척수손상을받은환자의신경학적검사와초기치료에대해알아보고자한다. 선행문헌의요약 : 일차손상주위의신경조직에서출혈, 관류저하, 염증반응, 괴사와세포자멸사같은병리적과정으로인하여이차손상이발생한다. 대상및방법 : 정형외과의사로서, 척수의해부학을이해하고척수손상환자의초기대응방법을알아두어야하겠다. 척수손상환자의국제표준신경학적검사법 (ISNCSCI) 을이해하고평가하는방법을배운다. 척수손상환자에서특징적으로나타날수있는신경인성쇽과척수성쇽을구분할수있어야겠다. 결과 : 골절되거나탈구된척주의정복과함께, 관류저하를줄이기위한적절한약물치료가척수손상환자의치료에있어서중요한요소이다. 결론 : 적절한처치및치료를통해척수손상환자가가정과사회로빨리복귀할수있도록도와준다. 색인단어 : 척수손상, 쇽, 운동, 감각, 반사 약칭제목 : 척수손상 접수일 : 2018년 3월 1일 수정일 : 2018년 4월 6일 게재확정일 : 2018년 6월 15일 교신저자 : 서준영 제주시아란 13길 15 제주대학교병원정형외과 TEL: FAX: jys@jejunu.ac.kr Copyright 2018 Korean Society of Spine Surgery Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery. pissn eissn This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 89
Lumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
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