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1 47 소아외과 : 제 12 권제 1 호 2006 년 Vol. 12, No. 1, June 2006 완전고환성여성화증후군 1 예 평촌대항외과, 한림대학교의과대학병리학교실 1 조마해 남은숙 1 서 론 고환성여성화증후군은 1953년 Morris가처음명명하였으며 1, 남성호르몬에대한대상장기의불응으로인하여외부생식기가정상남성형태로발달하지못하는선천성질환이며안드로겐무감응증후군 (androgen insensitivity syndrome) 이라고도한다. 불응성의정도에따라완전형과불완전형으로나누며, 이들은정상남성형염색체 (46, XY) 를가지나, 완전형에서는외부생식기형태가정상여성형태로, 불완전형에서는남성에가까운여성형태로부터요도하열 (hypospadia) 또는음경왜소를보이는형태까지다양하게나타난다. 완전형의고환성여성화증후군환자가병원을방문하는주요임상형태는소아에서는서혜부탈장, 사춘기이후에는무월경이며, 불완전형인경우신생아시기에는모호한외부성기, 사춘기에는불완전한남성화때문이다 2. 접수일 : 05 / 11 / 15 게재승인일 : 05 / 12 / 27 교신저자 : 조마해, 경기도안양시비산동 안양벤처텔 3F 평촌대항외과 Tel : 031) , Fax : 031) mcho1@chol.com 저자는양측서혜부탈장을가진완전고환성여성화증후군 1예를경험하여보고하는바이다. 증례 7세된소아가 2일전발견된우측서혜부종괴를주소로내원하였다. 환자는우측서혜부에직경 1cm 크기의원형구조물이촉지되었으며, 탈장낭이비벼지는촉감 (silkglove sign) 을느낄수있었다. 난소가돌출된우측서혜부탈장을수술전진단으로수술하였다. 수술시직경약 1cm의난소로생각되는원형의장기와이에연결된난관이탈장낭에부착된활주서혜부탈장 (sliding inguinal hernia) 으로추정하고난소를복강내로복원시키고고위결찰을시행하였다. 환자는 6개월후 2개월전부터만져지는좌측서혜부종괴로다시내원하여, 좌측서혜부탈장으로진단하고수술을시행하였으며우측서혜부탈장때와동일한소견을보였다. 난소로생각된장기가이상하여 ( 그림 1) 동결생검을시행하였고, 고환으로판명되어 ( 그림 2) 보호자와상의후수술을종료하였다.

2 48 소아외과 제 12 권 제 1 호 2006년 Fig. 1. Intraoperative findings of the left testis and hernia sac. Fig. 3. Gross appearance of the external genitalia. Fig. 2. Microscopic appearance of the gonad: The seminiferous tubules are lined with Sertoli cells only without germ cells (long arrow). Interstitial Leydig cell hyperplasia (short arrow) is also noted. (H&E, X400) Fig. 4. Both testes, which are small, measuring 1.5x1x1cm with yellowish-brown granular cut surface and attached spermatic cord. 환자의 외부 생식기는 정상 여성의 형태 miu/ml)은 0.22 miu/ml 였다. 인간 융모생 였으며 (그림 3), 수술 후 염색체 검사 상 식샘자극호르몬(human choriogonadotropin) 46, XY로 수와 구조상 정상 남자의 핵형을 을 100 Unit/kg 용량으로 투여한 자극검사에 보였으며 가족력상 특이사항은 없었다. 서는 테스토스테론과 디하이드로테스토스테 내분비 검사에서는 테스토스테론은 2차에 론이 각각 0.93 ng/ml, 0.11 ng/ml로 정상적 걸쳐 0.05 ng/ml, 0.17 ng/ml (정상범위: 20세 으로 증가하였다. 환자를 완전 고환성 여성 이상 남 ng/ml), 디하이드로테스토스 화 증후군으로 진단하였고, 6개월 후 양측 테론(DHT)은 0.03 ng/ml (정상범위: 20세 고환절제술(그림 4) 및 충수절제술을 시행하 이상 남 ng/ml)였으며, 황체형성호르 였으며, 복강 내에 자궁 및 난소가 없음을 몬(LH, 정상범위: miu/ml) 1.6 m IU/ 확인하였다. ml, 난포자극호르몬(FSH, 정상범위: 병리학적 현미경 검사에서 고환의 세정관

3 조마해외 : 완전고환성여성화증후군 1 예 49 (seminiferous tubule) 들은생식세포 (germ cell) 없이버팀세포 (Sertoli cell) 들로만이루어져있었으며, 증식된 Leydig 세포들을관찰할수있었다 ( 그림 2). 고찰고환성여성화증후군은 1953년 Morris가정상남성염색체를가지나여성의외부생식기형태를가진 80예를모아처음보고하였다 1. 발생빈도는남성출생약 2만명당 1 명정도이고 3, 완전형이불완전형보다약 3 배에서 10배정도까지많이발생한다 4. X 염색체열성으로유전되거나약 50 % 에서는가족력없이돌연변이에의해생긴다 2. 남성의외부생식기발달과이차성징은 Leydig 세포에서분비되는테스토스테론이표적세포 (target cell) 내에서디하이드로테스토스테론 (DHT) 로변환하여세포내의안드로겐수용체와결합하여발현되는데, 고환성여성화증후군은안드로겐수용체의무감응으로나타나는증후군으로안드로겐무감응증후군 (androgen insensitivity syndrome) 이라고도한다. 최근분자생물학적검사상 Xq11-12 에위치하는안드로겐수용체유전자 (Androgen receptor gene) 의염기순서가발견되고이증후군과관련된 300여부위의돌연변이가발견되었는데, 돌연변이의위치나치환되는아미노산의종류에따라완전형이나불완전형으로나뉜다 5,6. 완전고환성여성화증후군의임상증상은외부생식기의모양은여성이나, 질은맹관이고자궁및나팔관이없으며고환이복강이나서혜부에위치한다. 사춘기이후에는 정상여성의이차성징은일어나나유두, 유륜, 소음순이잘발달되지않는다. 고환성여성화증후군이의심되는환자의진단은가족력이있는경우에산전초음파와양수검사로진단할수있으나, 완전고환성여성화증후군환자는소아기에약 % 에서서혜부탈장으로병원을방문하며 2, 양측서혜부탈장여아의약 1-2 % 를차지한다 7. 이질환이의심되는환자는염색체검사, 호르몬검사, 초음파검사, 질경검사 (vaginoscopy), 성선조직검사, 세포질안드로겐수용체검사를위한생식기부위의피부생검이필요하다 8. 생식기부위의피부에서섬유아세포를배양하여세포질안드로겐수용체의이상을확인하는데최근에는중합효소연쇄반응 (Polymerase chain reaction) 과젤전기영동법 (Gel electrophoresis technique) 을이용하여안드로겐수용체의스테로이드와결합하는영역이나 DNA-binding 영역의돌연변이를확인한다 5,9. 호르몬검사소견은사춘기이전에는테스토스테론과황체형성호르몬 (LH) 은정상범위에속하며, 사춘기이후에는황체형성호르몬은증가, 난포자극호르몬 (FSH) 과테스토스테론은정상이거나증가하고에스트라디올 (estradiol) 은정상이다 고환성여성화증후군환자를확진하는데인간융모생식샘자극호르몬 (HCG) 주사후테스토스테론과디하이드로테스토스테론 (DHT) 의정상적인증가는필수적이다. 만약증가가없다면안드로겐불응성보다는테스토스테론합성에문제가있거나 5 알파-환원효소 (5alphareductase) 에결함이있는경우다 8. Wisniewski 등 14 (2000) 은완전고환성여

4 50 소아외과제 12 권제 1 호 2006 년 성화증후군의진단기준으로 46,XY 핵형과고환, 여성형외부생식기를갖고, 안드로겐수용체의염색체돌연변이가확인되고, 사춘기이후성선제거술전에테스토스테론이정상이상이면서남성화가되지않고여성화가나타나며, 사춘기이후에는액와모와치모가거의없는상태로정하였다. 신생아시기에서확진된이런환자는적절한성을선택하는것이중요한데, 이환자들은남성으로서성적능력이불가능하므로여성으로양육하는것이바람직하다. 생리가없고임신을할수없지만정상적인여성의성생활이가능하고여성으로서의만족도도높기때문이다 14. 간혹질성형술이필요한경우는협착이올수있으므로성생활이활발한이후에하는것이좋다. 이환자들에서고환의악성화는약 22 % 이며 15, 50세에는약 33 % 에이른다는보고도있다 16. 심지어생후 2개월에상피내암 (carcinoma in situ) 이발견되거나사춘기에침윤성고환종 (invasive seminoma) 이발견되기도하였다 17,18. 따라서이를예방하기위한고환제거술의필요성은인정되지만그시기에관해서는이론의여지가있다 19. 외부에서투여하는에스트로겐보다성선에서분비되는에스트로겐 (gonadal estrogen) 이정상적인여성발달을가져온다며사춘기이후의고환절제술을주장하지만, Shah 등 8 (1992) 은 41예의고환성여성화증후군환자분석에서이는사실이아니며, 조기절제가사춘기이후의절제보다정신적상처를적게주고환자추적관찰을용이하게한다고하였다. Shah 등 8 (1992) 은처음탈장수술시의심되는경우조직생검을실시하고확진후 고환절제술을실시하며, 가족력이있거나염색체검사상 XY가미리확인된경우는처음탈장수술시고환절제술을동시에시행하였다. 고환절제술이사춘기이후로미루어지는경우는세심한관찰이필요하며사춘기전이라도남성화가일어나면즉시절제술을시행하여야한다고주장하였다. 환자와부모에게무월경, 불임, 악성화가능성, 고환절제술의필요성등을통보하는것은매우어려운문제이다. 그러나완전고환성여성화증후군의경우여성호르몬이분비되지않아여성화가일어나지않으므로여성호르몬을투여하여야하며, 악성가능성때문에성선을제거하여야한다는사실을알려야한다. 불완전고환성여성화증후군의경우에도남성호르몬이불충분하여외부에서남성호르몬을투여하여도정상남성의성적기능을갖기는불가능하므로여성으로길러야한다는것에대해충분한설명이필요하다 8. 외형상여성처럼보이지만염색체가남성인완전고환성여성화증후군환자에서서혜부탈장이동반되므로탈장수술시내부장기를주의깊게관찰하여진단하도록하여야한다. 참고문헌 1. Morris JM: The syndrome of testicular feminization in male pseudohermaphroditees. Am J Obstet Gynecol 65: , Bangsboll S, Qvist I, Lebeck PE, Lewinsky M: Testicular feminization syndrome and associated gonadal tumors in Den-

5 조마해외 : 완전고환성여성화증후군 1 예 51 mark. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 71: 63-66, Viner RM, Teoh Y, Williams DM, Patterson MN, Hughes IA: Androgen insensitivity syndrome: a survey of diagnostic procedures and management in the UK. Arch Dis Child 77: , Balducci R, Ghirri P: A clinical looks at androgen resistance. Steroids 61: , Sultan C, Lumbroso S, Poujol N, Belon C, Boudon C, Lobaccaro JM: Mutations of androgen receptor gene in androgen insensitivity syndromes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 46:519-30, Lumbroso S, Wagschal A, Bourguet W, Georget V, Mazen I, Servant N, Audran F, Sultan C, Auzou G: A new mutation of the androgen receptor, P817A, causing partial androgen insensitivity syndrome: in vitro and structural analysis. J Mol Endocrinol 32:679-87, Jagiello G, Atwell JD: Prevalence of testicular feminization. Lancet 1:329, Shah R, Woolley MM, Costin G: Testicular feminization syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 27: , Gottlieb B, Beitel LK, Trifiro MA: Variable expressivity and mutation data base: the androgen recetpr genemutation data base. Human Mutat 17: , Balducci R, Adamo MV, Mangiantini A, Municchi G, Toscano V: Testicular responsiveness to a single hcg dose in patients with testicular feminization. Horm Metab Res 21:449-52, Campo S, Stivel M, Nicolau G, Monteagudo C, Rivarola M: Testicular function in post pubertal male pseudohermaphroditism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 11:481-90, Aono T, Miyake A, Kinugasa T, Kurachi K, Matsumoto K: Absence of positive feedback effect of oestrogen on LH release in patients with testicular feminization syndrome. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 87: , Cicognani A, Cacciari E, Tacconi M, Pascucci MG, Tonioli S, Pirazzoli P, Balsamo A: Effect of gonadectomy on growth hormone, IGF-I and sex steroids in children with complete and incomplete androgen insensitivity. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 121:777-83, Wisniewski AB, Migeon CJ, Meyer- Bahlburg HFL, Gearherhart JP, Berkovitz GD, Brown TR, Money J: Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: Long-term medical, surgical, and psychosexual outcome. J C Endo & M 85: , Morris JM, Mahesh VB: Further observations on the syndrome,"testicular feminization." Am J Obstet Gynecol 87: , Manuel M, Katayama KP, Jones HW Jr: The age of occurrence of gonadal tumors in intersex patients with a Y chromosome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124: , Muller J, Skakkeback NE: Testicular carcinoma in situ in children with the androgen insensitivity (testicular feminization) syndrome. Br Med J 288: , Hurt WG, Bodurtha JN, McCall JB, et al: Seminoma in pubertal patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161: , Gans AL, Rubin CL: Apparent female infants with hernias and testes. Am J Dis Child 104: , 1962

6 52 소아외과제 12 권제 1 호 2006 년 Complete Testicular Feminization Syndrome - a Case Report - Ma Hae Cho, M.D., Eun-Sook Nam, M.D. 1 Pyungchon Daehang Surgical Clinic, Anyang, Department of Pathology 1, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea Testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) is a genetic disorder due to androgen insensitivity of the target organs. The most common clinical presentation of complete TFS is inguinal hernia in the infant or primary amenorrhea in the adolescence. A 7-year old phenotypically female patient was seen with a complaint of a right inguinal mass. Under the diagnosis of right inguinal hernia, high ligation was performed. Six months later, the patient showed a left inguinal mass. On operation, the mass looked like a testis. The external genitalia were normal female, but a uterus and ovary were not identified. Chromosome study showed a 46, XY karyotype and the levels of serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were increased after HCG stimulation. The patient was diagnosed as complete TFS and underwent bilateral gonadectomy 6 months later. (J Kor Assoc Pediatr Surg 12(1):47~52), Index Words:Testicular feminization syndrome, Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Inguinal hernia Correspondence:Ma Hae Cho, M.D., Pyungchon Daehang Surgical Clinic, Bisan-dong, Anyang, Kyungki-do , Korea Tel : 031) , Fax : 031) mcho1@chol.com

< DC1F5B7CA28B1E8C1BEC7F52DC0CCB0E6C8F D E696E6464>

< DC1F5B7CA28B1E8C1BEC7F52DC0CCB0E6C8F D E696E6464> CASE REPORT Korean J Obstet Gynecol 2011;54(11):701-706 http://dx.doi.org/10.5468/kjog.2011.54.11.701 pissn 2233-5188 eissn 2233-5196 A CASE OF COMPLETE ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME WITH MALIGNANT MIXED

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