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- 인석 마
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1 대한응급의학회지제 22 권제 5 호 Volume 22, Number 5, October, 2011 원 저 응급실로내원한소아요석환자의임상적특징 연세대학교원주의과대학응급의학교실, 건국대학교의과대학응급의학교실 1 김형일 이강현 현 황성오 김윤권 1 Clinical Characteristics of Urolithiasis of Children in Emergency Department Hyung Il Kim, M.D., Kang Hyun Lee, M.D., Hyun Kim, M.D., Sung Oh Hwang, M.D., Yun Kwon Kim, M.D. 1 Purpose: The incidence of urolithiasis of children is low (<0.5%), hampering recognition of urolithiasis in children in the emergency department (ED) setting. Thus, delayed diagnosis and misdiagnosis is likely. We investigated the clinical characteristics of urolithiasis in children diagnosed in the ED. Methods: From May 2003 to September 2010, among the patients <18-year-of-age who visited the ED with suspicion of urolithiasis, 74 patients were selected. Exclusion criteria were age >18 years, trauma, and only hematuria on urine test. We included 40 patients diagnosed with abdominal ultrasonography, abdominal computed tomography, and IVP. We analyzed age, sex, past history, underlying disease, chief complaint, physical examination, treatment modality, complications, and recurrences of urolithiasis in children. This study was performed retrospectively. Results: Chief complaints were flank pain (19 cases, 47.5%), gross hematuria (15 cases, 37.5%), and abdominal pain (14 cases, 35%). No patient had abdominal tenderness, the portion of CVA tenderness was high (62.5%). The rate of recurrence was 17.5% (7 cases). Complications of urolithiasis were present in 23 cases (57.5%); among them, the rate of complications was high when a patient had a stone at mid-ureter (p=0.024) and low when the stone was at the renal pelvis (p=0.001). 책임저자 : 이강현강원도원주시일산동 162 연세대학교원주의과대학응급의학교실 Tel: 033) , Fax: 033) ed119@yonsei.ac.kr 접수일 : 2011년 8월 11일, 1차교정일 : 2011년 8월 25일게재승인일 : 2011년 9월 14일 본논문은 2010 년대한응급의학추계학회에서포스터전시되었음. 543 Conclusion: The most common symtom in the patients was flank pain and the rate of CVA tenderness was not high. The common sites of urolithiasis were renal calyx and renal pelvis. The rate of complications was 57.5% and hydroureter was most common. The rate of complication was high when they had the stone at mid-ureter. Key Words: Urolithiasis, Children, Clinical characteristics Department of Emergency Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chungju Hospital, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea 1 서 요로결석은신요로질환중에서감염다음으로흔하며점막에염증을유발하고요류장애를초래한다. 이중소아에서발생하는요석은전체소아환자의 0.5% 미만으로알려져있으며, 전체결석환자의 2~7% 로그유병률이낮다 1,2). 따라서응급실로내원한소아환자에서요석을의심하기는쉽지않으며, 이에조기진단이늦어지거나다른질환으로오진되기쉽다. 소아요로결석의원인으로는요로감염, 비뇨생식계해부학적이상, 대사성장애, 특발성원인등이알려져있으나그빈도가많지않아다수의환자를대상으로시행한연구는국내에서도드물다. 또한요로결석의원인이나진단후의치료법에대해서는소수의연구가있으나소아요로결석을의심할수있는증상및이학적검사소견등을다룬보고는없다. 이에본저자들은본원에내원하여요석으로진단받은소아들의임상증상, 발생빈도, 발생위치, 치료방법, 합병증발생유무등의임상적특징을연구하여소아요석환자의진단에도움을얻고자하였다. 론 대상과방법 2003 년 5 월부터 2010 년 9 월까지 7 년 5 개월동안원주
2 544 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 22 권제 5 호 2011 기독병원응급실로내원한 18세이하의소아환자중외상과관련된환자를제외한요로결석진단혹은의증환자 74 명을선별하였다. 진단에있어서는소변검사로만추정진단된 34명의환자는제외하였으며, 복부초음파, 복부전산화단층촬영 (Computed Tomography, CT), 경정맥신우촬영술 (intravenous pyelography, IVP), 단순신뇨관방광촬영 (kidney ureter and bladder, KUB) 등을시행하여영상의학과전문의에의해요로결석이확인된 40명을대상으로환자의성별, 나이, 과거력및기저질환, 주증상과이학적검사소견, 치료법과합병증및재발유무등에대하여후향적연구를시행하였다. 합병증의범위에는수뇨관, 수신증, 신우신염및요도염등요석과관련있다고생각되는모든질환을조사하였으며요석의재발은치료이후시행한검사에서이전과다른위치에새로발생하였거나크기가오히려커진경우로정의하였다. 요석의위치는신배, 신우, 요관신우접합부, 상부요관, 중부요관, 하부요관, 요관방광이음부로구분하였다. 통계분석에는빈도분석과기술통계, 교차분석및카이제곱의비모수검정을시행하였고모든통계분석에서 p<0.05인경우를의미있는것으로하였으며 SPSS for Window 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하였다. 결과대상환자 40명중남자는 21명 (52.5%), 여자는 19명 (47.5%) 이었고평균나이는 13.6±4.7세 (4개월 ~18세 ) 였다. 과거력이없었던경우가 26례 (65.0%) 로가장많았고, 요로결석과관련된과거력이있었던경우는면역글로불린A 신병증 1례 (2.5%), 선천성기형 2례 (5.0%) 로선천성외성기이상 (ambiguous genitalia) 1례와마제신 1례였다 (Table 1). 진단당시결석의개수는 1개였던경우가 26례 (65.0%) 로가장많았고 2개였던경우는 8례 (20.0%), 4개이상인경우는 4례 (10.0%) 였으며평균크기는 4.1± 3.0 mm(2.0~15.0 mm) 이었다 (Table 1). 주증상으로측복부통증 19례 (47.5%), 육안적혈뇨 15례 (37.5%), 복통 14례 (35.0%) 순으로많았으며, 무증상인경우가 4례 (10.0%) 였다 (Fig. 1). 무증상의경우는학교에서시행한소변검사상혈뇨가발견되어정밀검사를위해내원한경우였다. 신체검사상복부압통이있었던경우는없었고늑골척추각압통역시없었던경우가 25례 (62.5%) 로더많았다 (Table 1). 요로결석이좌측에서발생한경우가 23례 (57.5%), 우측 12례 (30.0%), 양측모두에서발생한경우는 5례 (12.5%) 로남녀 Table 1. The demographic data of the patients N (%) Age (year), mean±sd 13±4.7 4 month ~ 18 yrs Sex (M:F) 21:19 Past history Yes 14 (35). Ig A nephropathy 01 (2.5) epididymitis 01 (2.5) congenital anomaly 02 (5)0. others 010 (71.4) None 26 (65). Number of stone 1 26 (65) (20). >4 04 (10). Mean size of stone (mm), mean±sd 4.1± ~15.0 Physical examination abdominal tenderness 0 CVA tenderness (Y:N) 15 (37.5):25 (62.5) CVA: costovertebral angle range Table 2. The location of stone according to the sex, n (%) Right Left Both Male 9 (43) 12 (57) 0 (0)0 p=0.019 Female 3 (15) 11 (55) 5 (25)
3 김형일외 : 응급실로내원한소아요석환자의임상적특징 / 545 모두좌측에서호발하나남자환자에서우측의발생빈도가여자에비해높았다 (p=0.019) (Table 2). 호발장소는신배가 12례 (30.0%) 로가장많았고신우가 10례 (25.0%) 의순이었다 (Table 3). 복부전산화단층촬영으로진단한경우가 23 례 (57.5%), 복부초음파로진단된경우는 12례 (30.0%), IVP 4례 (10.0%), 그리고 KUB 1례 (2.5%) 였다 (Table 4). 치료는보존적치료를행한경우가 24례 (60.0%), 초음파쇄석술은 16례 (40.0%) 였고각각의결석크기는 3± 1.1 mm, 6.1±4 mm이었다 (Table 4). 요로결석의재발 률은 7례 (17.5%) 이었고, 요로결석에의한합병증은 23 례 (57.5%) 이었으며, 가장많은것은수뇨관이 18례 (45.0%), 수신증 8례 (20.0%), 신우신염 5예 (12.5%), 요도염 1례 (2.5%) 였다 (Table 4). 이중요석이중간요로에발생한경우에서합병증이많이발생하였고 (p=0.024), 신우에발생한경우는합병증의발생률이낮았다 (p=0.001)(table 5). 고찰 소아결석환자는과거에는지역에따라발생원인에차이가있는것으로알려져있어성인결석과다른독특한질환으로간주되었으나연구가증가함에따라최근에는성인과큰차이가없는것으로생각되고있다. 요로결석의반복과진행은신기능저하를초래하여결국만성신부전으로진행할수있고대부분정확한원인은 Table 4. The diagnostic and treatment modality, n (%) Fig. 1. The main symptoms of enrolled patients. Table 3. The location of stones, n (%) The site of stone right 12 (30).0 left 23 (57.5) both 05 (12.5) The location of stone renal calyx 12 (30).0 renal pelvis 10 (25).0 mid ureter 07 (17.5) distal ureter 6 (15). UVJ 05 (12.5) upper ureter 03 (07.5) UPJ 01 (02.5) * UVJ: ureterovesical junction UPJ: ureteropelvic junction Diagnostic modality CT 23 (57.5) US 12 (30)0. IVP 04 (10)0. KUB 1 (2.5) Treatment modality conservative manage.24 (60)0. ESWL.16 (40)0. Complications hydroureter 18 (45)0. hydronephrosis 08 (20)0. acute pyelonephritis 05 (12.5) urethritis 01 (02.5) none 17 (42.5) * CT: computed tomography US: ultrasound IVP: intravenous pyelography ** KUB: kidney, ureter and bladder *** ESWL: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy Table 5. The comparison of the complications according to the location of stone, n (%) Yes None p-value Renal pelvis 1 (10)0. 9 (90) 0.001* Renal calyx 7 (70)0. 5 (50) 0.855* UPJ 1 (100). 0 (0) * UVJ 1 (33.3) 0.2 (66.7) 0.385* Upper ureter 2 (100). 0 (0) * Mid ureter 6 (100). 0 (0) * Distal ureter 5 (83.3) 0.1 (16.7) 0.170* * Mann-Whitney u test
4 546 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 22 권제 5 호 2011 알려져있지않으나요로감염, 비뇨생식계해부학적이상, 대사성장애, 특발성원인등이알려져있다. Rho 등 1) 의연구에따르면대사성원인이 30% 정도되므로대사성원인에대한철저한검사가필요하겠으며이에속하는대사성장애로는과칼슘뇨증 (hypercalciuria), 과요산뇨증 (hyperuricemia), 시스틴뇨증 (cystinuria) 등이알려져있다. 특발성원인은국내보고에서 48~85% 까지다양하고다른나라의 12~26% 보다많게보고되고있으나이는소아결석환자에서감염이나대사성질환에대한충분한평가가이루어지지않았을가능성을배제할수없다. 이외에도염증성장질환과흡수장애증후군환자에서도소변량감소및대사성산증으로인해요석이발생할수있다 3). Vesna와 Gordana 4) 는요관신우접합부협착이있던 3세남환에서 ceftriaxone 사용후칼슘과결합하여요석이발생하였음을보고하였다. 증상에있어서도보고마다약간의차이가있는데 Lee 등 5) 이시행한연구에의하면육안적혈뇨가 25% 로가장많고측복부통증은 18% 에서만있었다고하나 Rho 1), Lee 등 6) 의연구에서는측복부통증이가장많았고이는저자들의연구에서와동일하였다. 본연구에서측복부통증이가장많았고그다음으로육안적혈뇨와복통, 구토등이있었다. 그러나 Biocic 등 7) 에의하면 5세이하의의사소통이원활하지않은아주어린아이의경우요로감염증세와안절부절하는증상이소아요로결석의가장많은증상이었다고발표했다. 신체검사소견에서도복부압통이있었던경우는없었고늑골척추각압통역시 37.5% 에서만나타났으므로늑골척추각압통이없다해도요로결석을배제할수없다. 결석의위치에서는저자들이시행한연구에서는신결석과요관결석이같은비율로나타났으나 Lee 등 6) 의연구에서는요관석 58.3%, 신석 28.3% 로발표했고 Fakhrossadat와 Leila 2) 의연구에따르면 16세이하의환자군에서신결석 85%, 요관결석 3.3% 등으로다양하게보고되고있다. 위치를세부적으로구분했을때는신배가 30% 로가장호발부위였고신우 25%, 중간요관 17.5% 등의순으로나타났다. 동남아시아에서는쌀이모유를대치하므로수산칼슘석이높은빈도로발생하는데쌀에는결석의주성분중하나인수산염의전구물질인 hydroxyproline이풍부하기때문으로생각된다. 유럽에서는소아결석의상당수가감염과관련되어나타나환자의약 50% 에서볼수있고미국에서는대사장애가흔하다 1). 치료로는대증적요법, 수술, 체외충격파쇄석기 (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ESWL) 등다양한방법이있다. 이중체외충격파쇄석기는 1980년도입되어초기에는소아에서는금기로여겨졌으나 Adams 등 8) 은충격파쇄석기치료가신성장에위해한영향을주지않는다고발표했고 Thomas 등 9) 역시비슷한발표를하였다. 국내에서도 Lee 등 6) 의발표에의하면평균 1.37회 (1~3회) 의시 술로치료하였으며각시술중 1차에서 78%, 2차에서 97%, 3차시술에서 100% 의성공률을보고하여최근성인과마찬가지로안전하고주된치료법이되고있다. 체외충격파쇄석기치료이후측복부동통, 고열, 육안적혈뇨, 신주위혈종등이발생할수있으나대부분보존적요법으로치유가능하다 10). 소아에서의충격파쇄석기치료시몇가지차이가있는데충격파를결석에집중시키기위해환자를고정시키기위한마취가필요하며몸집이작은경우폐손상방지를위해폴리스테렌판으로폐장을보호해야한다 11). 소아결석의 14~50% 는자연배출이가능하다. 본원에서는 16례 (40.0%) 에서체외충격파쇄석기치료를시행하였고 24례 (60.0%) 에서는보존적치료를하였다. 재발에관해서는 Lee 등 2) 의연구에서는 8% 에서재발하였으나저자들의연구에서는 7례 (17.5%) 에서요로결석이재발하였으며합병증은 23례 (57.5%) 에서 32가지형태의합병증이동반되었고합병증으로는수뇨관, 수신증, 신우신염, 요도염외에는발생하지않았으며합병증의발생유무는결석의생성위치와관련있는것으로나타나신우에서발생한경우는합병증이 10% 로적었던데반해중간요로에서발생한경우는합병증이 100% 발생하여요석의생성위치와합병증발생유무와의상관관계가있음을제시하고있다. Gillespie와 Stapleton 12) 에따르면요석을치료하지않은경우재발율이높다고하였다. 원발성고옥살산뇨증 (hyperoxaluria) type I 의경우치료를하더라도점차진행하는것으로알려져있는반면 type II는예후가좋아신부전을거의일으키지않는다고보고했다. 요석진단된모든환아는감염성, 대사성장애, 해부학적기형에대한검사를필요로하며이로추후재발을방지하여신기능저하를예방할수있을것으로사료된다. 본연구의제한점으로는결석성분과대사장애에대한분석이이루어지지않아그에따른상관관계는알수없다는점과 1개병원의모집단으로분석했다는점이다. 본연구에서는응급실로내원한소아요로결석환자에서의임상적특징과요로결석에의한합병증에대해조사하였고특이합병증과결석위치가상관관계가있음을제시하여치료법을선택하는데있어도움이될것이라사료된다. 결론소아요석환자에서임상증상의특성은측복부통증이가장많으며신체검사상늑골척추각압통은많지않다. 소아요석은신배와신우에서가장호발한다. 동반된합병증은수뇨관이가장많다. 합병증의발생은신우요석보다중간요로요석에서높았다.
5 김형일외 : 응급실로내원한소아요석환자의임상적특징 / 547 참고문헌 01. Rho SK, Lee CH, Kim JI. Clinical review of pediatric urolithiasis: etiology and treatment. Korean J Urol 1996;37: Fakhrossadat M, Leila M. Clinical features and risk factors of pediatric urolithiasis. Iran J Ped 2007;17: Kim, YK. Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric urolithiasis. Korean J Urol 2002;37: Vesna S. Gordana DV. Nephrolithiasis caused by ceftriaxone in a 3-year-old child with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Case Report Med 2009;10: Lee HK, Lee SH, Han KH, Lee BH, Choi HJ, Ha IS. Urinary lithiasis in children: a single center study. Korean J Ped Neph 2007;11: Lee MH, Kim SY, Lee U, Kim HS, Cheon SH, Kim KS, et al. Pediatric urolithiasis during the past 10 years: retrospective analysis. Korean J Urol 2001;42: Biocic M, Saraga M, Kuzmic AC. Pediatric urolithiasis in Croatia. Coll Antropol 2003;27: Adams MC, Newman DM, Lingeman JE. Pediatric ESWL: long term results and effects on renal growth. J Endourol 1989;3: Thomas R, Frentz JM, Harmon E, Frentz GD. Effect of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on renal function and body weight in pediatrics patients. J Urol 1992;148: Kim KD. ESWL in children. Korean J Urol 2002;17: Kroovand RL, Harrison LH, McCullough DL. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in childhood. J Urol 1987;138: Gillespie RS, Stapleton FB. Nephrolithiasis in children. Pediatr Rev 2004;25:131-9.
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