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1 요관결석의기대요법에서 Tamsulosin 및 Dichlozid 의효과 Effect of Tamsulosin and Dichlozid on the Expected Treatment of Ureteral Calculi Woon Yong Yoon, Tae Yoong Jeong, Sang Ik Lee, Dong Jun Kim From the Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, Goyang, Korea Purpose: We evaluated the effect of tamsulosin and hydrochlorothiazide (Dichlozid) on the expulsion of ureteral stones. Materials and Methods: A total of 132 patients with a single ureteral calculi less than 10 mm in diameter were enrolled and divided into 3 groups: group 1 (n=40) received tamsulosin (0.2 mg/day), group 2 (n=35) received Dichlozid (25 mg/day) and tamsulosin (0.2 mg/day), and group 3 (n=57) was the control. Proximal and distal ureteral stones were evaluated separately. Efficacy was evaluated in terms of the rate and duration of expulsion according to stone size (<5 mm, ) for a maximum period of 4 weeks. Results: The mean stone diameters were 4.9±1.7 mm (group 1), 4.8±1.6 mm (group 2), and 5.3±1.8 mm (group 3). The overall expulsion rates were 70%, 74.3%, and 52.6%, respectively, and showed statistical significance. The mean durations of expulsion were 14.7±1.6, 12.8±1.5, and 18.0±2.0 days, respectively, and group 2 showed a significant decrease in the duration. There were no significant differences in the expulsion rate of proximal and distal ureteral stones in any group. Distal ureteral stones in groups 1 and 2 showed a significant reduction in the mean expulsion time (<5 mm: 13.6±0.5, 11.8±0.7, and 16.7±0.8 days in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively; : 15.0±1.4, 13.0±0.6, and 17.8±0.4 days in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The mean expulsion time for smaller proximal stones (<5 mm) in groups 1 and 2 was reduced significantly (17±0.6, 15.2±0.8, and 19.3±0.6 days in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Conclusions: Medical therapy with tamsulosin is time-saving and effective for treating ureteral calculi. In addition, adjunctive treatment with Dichlozid may reduce the duration of expulsion. (Korean J Urol 2009;50: ) Key Words: Ureteral calculi, Tamsulosin, Diuretics Korean Journal of Urology Vol. 50 No. 12: , December 2009 DOI: /kju 관동대학교의과대학비뇨기과학교실 윤운용ㆍ정태융ㆍ이상익ㆍ김동준 Received:October 1, 2009 Accepted:December 2, 2009 Correspondence to: Dong Jun Kim Department of Urology, Myongji Hospital, College of Medicine, Kwandong University, , Hwajeong-dong, Deogyang-gu, Goyang , Korea TEL: FAX: urokdj@hotmail.com C The Korean Urological Association, 2009 서론요관결석은비뇨기과영역에서흔히발생하는질환으로, 전세계적으로약 5% 인구에서발병되며 5-7년내 50% 정도가재발되는것으로알려져있다 [1]. 요관결석의치료법은대기요법, 체외충격파쇄석술, 내시경적제거술, 경피적방법등다양한방법들이시행되고있으며, 특히 5 mm 미만의작은요관결석은환자의통증이 심하지않은경우대기요법을시행하는것이일반적이다. 요관결석의배출에영향을미칠수있는인자들로결석요인 ( 위치, 크기, 모양 ) 과요관요인 ( 점막의부종, 평활근수축 ) 이있으며이를경감할수있는약리적치료법에대한연구가이루어졌다 [2]. 최근에요관결석대기요법에서배출을촉진하는약물의효과에대한다양한연구결과들이보고되고있으며, 국내에서도 tamsulosin은요관결석자연배출률을증가시키며, 배출기간을단축시키는것으로보고된바있다 [3]. 또한체외충격파쇄석술후에 tamsulosin의 1213
2 1214 Korean Journal of Urology vol. 50, , December 2009 사용이파쇄된요관결석의배출을촉진하는것으로보고되었다 [4]. 최근에보고된요관결석치료방침에따르면알파차단제가결석의배출에있어다른약제보다우수하여권장하고있다 [5]. 그밖에도칼슘통로길항제, 스테로이드제제, NSAID 등에대한연구보고가있다. 하지만이러한약제들의사용이항상좋은결과를보이는것이아니기때문에효과적인약물치료에대한연구는여전히진행중이다. 요관결석의약물치료에서 thiazide계이뇨제는칼슘석의약물요법에서사용되고있다. 또한 thiazide계이뇨제의사용이결석의예방에효과가있는것으로많이알려져있지만 [6], 결석의배출에미치는효과에대한연구보고는많지않았다. 이에저자들은 thiazide계이뇨제의사용이요량및요관의내압을증가시켜결석배출을촉진시킨다는가설하에전향적연구를통하여요관결석배출에대한 tamsulosin 및 dichlozid의효과에대해알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 2007년 1월부터 2008년 6월까지 17개월동안, 급성옆구리통증을주소로본원비뇨기과로내원한환자중에서단순복부촬영및비조영증강전산화단층촬영을시행하여 10 mm 미만의단일요관결석으로진단된 60세이하환자 206 명을대상으로하였다. 206명중에서무기능신, 약물로조절되지않는심한통증이있는경우, 저혈압이있는경우, 혈중크레아틴이 2 mg/dl 이상인경우, 임산부, 기존에알파차단제, 칼슘통로차단제및스테로이드복용중인환자, 고혈압으로혈압약을복용중인환자및방사선투과성결석환자74명을제외한 132명을대상으로전향적방법으로연구를시행하였다. 모든환자는통증완화를위해각각 morniflutamate (morniflu) 350 mg을 1일 2회, phloroglucinol (flospan) 80 mg을 1 일 3회복용시켰으며, 하루 2 l 이상의충분한수분을섭취하도록하였다. 1군 (40명) 은 tamsulosin 0.2 mg, 2군 (35명) 은 tamsulosin 0.2 mg과 dichlozid 25 mg을하루한번, 3군 (57명) 은 morniflu와 flospan만경구복용시켰다. 결석의위치는영상학적검사에서천골하부변연을기준으로위쪽에있는경우근위부요관결석, 아래쪽에있을경우원위부요관결석으로분류하였고 [7], 결석크기는초기비조영증강전산화단층촬영의횡단면또는시상면에서결석이가장크게보이는면의최대직경으로하였다. 1주일간격으로 4주간단순복부촬영과소변검사를시행하여결석의유무및배출에대해추적관찰하였다. 배출일의산정은주기적으로시행한단순복부촬영에서결석의석회화음영이사라진경우를결석배출로판정하여, 환자가결석배출을인지하였을때는인지한날을기준으로하였고, 인지하지못한경우에는이전단순복부촬영시행일과의중간일로하였다. 그리고단순복부촬영에서판정이불분명한경우는같은날비조영증강전산화단층촬영을시행하여판정하였다. 4주후에도자연배출이되지않은경우에는비조영증강전산화단층촬영을시행하여배출유무를다시확인하였고, 결석이존재할경우요관경하배석술또는체외충격파쇄석술을시행하였다. 4주동안세군간에있어근위부, 원위부결석의배출률및배출기간그리고크기 (<5 mm, ) 에따른배출률과배출기간을비교하였다. 통계는 Students's t-test, chi-square test, Fisher s exact test, ANOVA test를이용하여 p값이 0.05 미만일때통계학적으로유의한것으로판정하였다. 분석은 SPSS soft ware, Window 12.0 version (SPSS, Chicago, USA) 을사용하였다. 결과 1. 전체환자요관결석의평균크기는 1군은 4.9±1.7 mm, 2군은 4.8± 1.6 mm, 3군은 5.3±1.8 mm였으며, 통계학적으로유의한차이는보이지않았다. 요관결석의위치는원위부요관결석 (84) 이근위부요관결석 (48) 보다많았으며, 세군간에요관 Table 1. Comparison of patient characteristics Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 p-value No. of patients Age (years) Male/Female Left/Right Stone size (mm) Proximal Distal Stone location (proximal/distal) ± /14 28/12 4.9± ± ±1.6 15/ ± /12 5/10 4.8± ± ±1.7 12/ ± /18 38/19 5.3± ± ±1.8 21/36 Group 1: tamsulosin, Group 2: tamsulosin+dichlozid, Group 3: control, a : ANOVA, b : chi-square test ± /44 91/41 5.0± ± ±1.7 48/ a b b a a a b
3 Woon Yong Yoon, et al:effect of Tamsulosin and Dichlozid on Ureteral Calculi 1215 Table 2. Comparison of results according to the size and location of stones Spontaneous passage rates (%) Overall Proximal <5 mm Distal <5 mm Duration of passage (days) Overall Proximal Distal <5 mm <5 mm Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 p-value 70 (28/40) 100 (6/6) 11.1 (1/9) 46.7 (7/15) 93.3 (14/15) 70 (7/10) 84 (21/25) 14.7± ± ± ± ± ± ± (26/35) 100 (5/5) 14.3 (1/7) 50 (6/12) 100 (14/14) 66.7 (6/9) 87 (20/23) 12.8± ± ± ± ± ± ± (30/57) 75 (3/4) 35.3 (6/17) 42.9 (9/21) 80 (16/20) 31.3 (5/16) 58.3 (21/36) 18.0± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.9 Group 1: tamsulosin, Group 2: tamsulosin+dichlozid, Group 3: control, a : chi-square test, b : Fisher s exact test, c : ANOVA a b b a b b a c 결석의좌우분포, 환자나이, 성별에는유의한차이가없었다 (p>0.05) (Table 1). 4주동안요관결석의배출률은 1군 70% (28/40), 2군 74.3% (26/35), 3군 52.6% (30/57) 로 3군에비하여 1, 2군의배츌률이높았으나, 통계적으로유의한차이를보이지않았고 (p=0.067) (Table 2), 1, 2군만을비교하였을때도두군간에유의한차이를보이지않았다 (p>0.05). 결석의평균배출기간은 1군이 14.7±1.6일, 2군이 12.8± 1.5일로 3군의 18±2.0일에비하여유의하게단축되었으며 (p<0.001) (Table 2), 2군의배출기간이 1군보다약 1.9일단축되었다 (p<0.001). 2. 근위부요관결석환자근위부요관결석환자총 48명중 1군이 15명, 2군이 12 명, 3군이 21명이었으며, 결석의크기는 1군이 5.3±1.8 mm, 2군이 5.1±1.5 mm, 3군이 6.2±1.5 mm로세군간에유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.103) (Table 1). 근위부요관결석의전체배출률은 1군 46.7% (7/15), 2군 50% (6/12), 3군, 42.9% (9/21) 로세군간에유의한차이를보이지않았으며, 결석의크기를 5 mm를기준으로두구간으로나누었을때도크기에따른결석의배출률에유의한차이는없었다. 근위부결석전체평균배출기간은 1군 16.7±1.1일, 2군 15.1±0.8일로 3군 20.6±1.5일보다유의하게단축되었으며, 5 mm 미만 (17.0±0.6일 vs. 15.2±0.8일 vs. 19.3±0.6일 ) 및 5 mm 이상 (15.0±0.0일 vs. 15.0±0.0일 vs. 21.2±1.5일 ) 에서도 Fig. 1. Difference in duration of passage between Group 1 (tamsulosin) and Group 2 (tamsulosin+dichlozid). *: p<0.05 (proximal <5 mm: p=0.003, distal <5 mm: p<0.001, distal 5mm: p=0.009, distal total: p<0.001). 세군간에유의한차이를보였다 (p<0.001) (Table 2). 1, 2군만을비교하였을때는 5 mm 미만결석에서만배출기간의유의한차이를보였다 (p=0.003) (Fig. 1). 3. 원위부요관결석환자 원위부요관결석환자 84명중 1군이 25명, 2군이 23명, 3군이 36명이었으며, 결석의평균크기는 1군이 4.7±1.6 mm, 2군이 4.6±1.7 mm, 3군이 4.7±1.8 mm로세군간의유의한차이는없었다 (p=0.962) (Table 1). 원위부결석전체배출률은 1 군 84% (21/25), 2 군 87%
4 1216 Korean Journal of Urology vol. 50, , December 2009 Fig. 2. Difference in spontaneous passage rate between Group 1 (tamsulosin) and Group 2 (tamsulosin+dichlozid). No significant difference (p>0.05). (20/23) 로 3군 58.3% (21/36) 보다높았으며유의한차이를보였다. 5 mm를기준으로나누어비교하였을때, 5 mm 미만결석 (99.3% vs. 100% vs. 80%) 및 5 mm 이상결석 (70% vs. 66.7% vs. 31.3%) 에서 1, 2군의배출률이 3군보다는높았으나통계적유의성은없었다 (Table 2). 1, 2군만을비교하였을때도양군간에유의한차이는없었다 (Fig. 2). 원위부결석의전체평균배출기간은 1군 14.0±1.1일, 2 군 12.2±0.9일로 3군 17.0±0.9일보다유의하게단축되었다 (p<0.001) (Table 2). 또한 5 mm 미만 (13.6±0.5일 vs. 11.8±0.7일 vs. 16.7±0.8일 ) 및 5 mm 이상 (15.0±1.4일 vs. 13.0±0.6일 vs. 17.8±0.4일 ) 에서도세군간의유의한차이를보였다 (p<0.001) (Table 2). 1, 2군만을비교하였을때전체 (14.0±1.1일 vs. 12.2±0.9 일 ), 5 mm 미만 (13.6±0.5일 vs. 11.8±0.7일 ) 및 5 mm 이상 (15.0±1.4일 vs. 13.0±0.6일 ) 에서모두 2군이유의하게빨리배출되었다 (p<0.05) (Fig. 1). 고 최근요로결석의치료에있어통증조절과결석의배출을쉽게하기위하여내과적배출치료를병행하는시도가있어왔다 [8]. 현재요로결석의효과적인배출및통증억제를위해 2007년미국비뇨기과학회 / 유럽비뇨기과학회요로결석의가이드라인에서는알파아드레날린수용체차단제사용을권장하고있다 [5]. Laird 등은인위적으로쥐의요관을결찰하여폐색에의한요관운동변화를관찰한결과요관의수축강도는 478% 증가된반면빈도는 70% 감소되어결국요관의기저압이 66% 로감소되었음을보고하였다 [9]. Jang과 Hong은 Laird 찰 등의연구보고를토대로요관결석기대요법의이론적근거로요관수축의억제 (spasmolysis), 요류량의증가 (hyperdiuresis), 그리고요관부종의감소 (anti-edema effect) 를제시하였다 [10]. Spasmolysis는요관의수축강도를낮추고, hyperdiuresis를통해기저압을상승시켜요관결석의배출을돕는다고가설을제시하였다. 본연구의가설이 tamsulosin 의 spasmolysis, dichlozid의 hyperdiuresis 효과를가정하여시행하였다는점은 Jang과 Hong이제시 [10] 한약물치료의이론과상통한다고할수있다. Singh 등에따르면알파1 차단제는요관평활근에가장많이분포하는알파1 수용체를차단하여 basal tone, 연동운동, 그리고요관의수축을줄이는효과가있다는최근의연구결과를통해많은각광을받고있다 [11]. 또한 Davenport 등은약물에대한요관압및요관연동운동의빈도와속도에대한연구에서알파아드레날린수용체길항제가요관압을감소시켜결석으로인한요관압의증가와평활근의비협조적인연동운동을방지하여결석의배출에영향을주는것으로보고하였다 [12]. 본연구에서도 tamsulosin을복용한 1, 2군이대조군에비하여높은배출률을보였고 (70% vs. 74.3% vs. 52.6%), 배출기간은유의하게단축되었다 (14.7±1.6일 vs. 12.8±1.5일 vs. 18±1.9일 ). 요관결석의대기요법으로다양한약물연구가진행되고있지만, 이뇨제를이용한연구보고는많지않았다. 또한타연구에서는대부분고리이뇨제 (loop diuretics) 인 furosemide를사용하였는데, 본연구에서는 thiazide계이뇨제인 dichlozid 25 mg을하루한번복용하도록하였다. Dichlozid 는 furosemide의짧은작용시간 (4-6시간) 에비하여긴작용시간 (12-18시간) 을가진다는장점이있다. Thiazide계이뇨제의부작용인저칼륨혈증의경우, dichlozid 25 mg 사용시칼륨농도는약 meq/l, 12.5 mg 사용시약 0.3 meq/l 떨어지기때문에저칼륨혈증의위험성은거의없는것으로보고된바있다 [13]. 또한본연구에서는이뇨제부작용의위험성이있는저혈압, 고령환자및당뇨환자를대상에서제외하였으며, 약물투여중에 dichlozid에의한부작용은나타나지않았다. 본연구는앞에서언급한이론적근거와같이, 충분한수분섭취와 dichlozid와같은이뇨제는요류를증가시켜요관결석의자연배출을촉진시킨다는가정하에시행되었다. Shin과 Moon은상부요관석의체외충격파쇄석술중의수액과이뇨제사용은 10 mm 이하의요석에서는요석의분쇄를촉진하며, 분쇄된요석의배출을용이하게하여치료성공률을높이는것으로보고하였는데 [14], 이는앞에서언급한본연구의이론과상통한다. Porpiglia 등은원위부요관결석에서 tamsulosin을사용한
5 Woon Yong Yoon, et al:effect of Tamsulosin and Dichlozid on Ureteral Calculi 1217 군과 tamsulosin과 deflazacort를병용한군모두에 furosemide 를추가하여성공률을비교하였는데, furosemide를추가한경우에서보다높은배출률을보였다고하였다 (tamsulosin 60% vs. 80.3%, tamsulosin & deflazacort 84.5% vs. 91.7%) [15]. Jang과 Hong은하부요관결석에서 tamsulosin, deflozacort, furosemide의병용요법은자연배출률을유의하게증가시켰으며 (91.7%, p=0.001), 결석을 5 mm 기준으로두구간으로나누어비교하였을때, 배출률은 5 mm 이상결석에서유의한차이를보였고 (86.4%, p=0.006), 배출기간은 5 mm 미만, 이상결석모두에서약 2-3일단축되어유의한차이를보이는것으로보고하였다 [10]. 본연구에서도원위부요관결석의배출기간은 5 mm 미만, 이상결석모두에서 tamsulosin을사용한 1, 2군이 3군보다유의하게단축되었으며 (p<0.001), dichlozid를추가로사용한 2군이 1군보다유의한단축을보였다 (Fig. 1). 배출률에있어서는전체배출률에서세군간에유의한차이를보였으나, 크기에따라서는유의한차이를보이지않았고, 1, 2군간에도유의성이없는것으로나와 Jang과 Hong의연구보고 [10] 및 Porpiglia 등의연구결과 [15] 와다소차이를보였다. 근위부결석역시원위부결석과같이세군간에배출률에는유의성이없었으나배출기간에서는유의성이있는것으로나타났으며, 1, 2군간에는 5 mm 미만결석에서 dichlozid를추가한 2군이 1군에비해유의한단축을보였다. 본연구에서원위부및근위부결석의배출률에유의성이없는것은수치적차이는있었으나, 환자수가적어통계적유의성이없었던것으로생각되며, 향후대규모환자군을대상으로연구를시행한다면배출률도유의하게증가될것으로생각한다. 또한, 배출률에있어 1, 2군간의유의성이보이지않는이유로, tamsulosin의효과가너무우세하여 dichlozid의추가적인효과가거의나타나지못했을것으로생각되며, dichlozid만사용한환자군을설정하여 tamsulosin 사용군과비교하였다면 dichlozid의독립적인효과를판정하는데도움이되었을것으로생각한다. 본연구의한계점으로는첫째, 연구대상규모를들수있으며, 이는위치및크기로세분화시키는과정에서대상의수가더줄어듦으로인해 1, 2군만을비교하는과정에서근위부 5 mm 미만에서는양군모두 100% 의배출률을보여통계적분석이불가능하였고, 배출기간에있어서는근위부 5 mm 이상에서결석이배출된대상이각군에서한명으로통계적분석이불가능하였다. 두번째는배출기간의산정으로, 추적기간중환자가결석배출을인지하지못하였으나단순복부촬영에서배출이확인된경우는이전추적검사일과의중간일을택함으로인해배출기간에오차 가발생하였을소지가있다. 향후이러한단점을보완한대규모연구를통하여요관결석의기대요법에서 thiazide계이뇨제병용의독립적인효과를평가할수있을것으로생각한다. 결 본연구결과에따르면 10 mm 이하의요관결석환자기대요법에서 tamsulosin의투여는결석의배출률증가및배출기간단축에영향을주었으며, dichlozid의병용투여로배출기간을더욱단축시키는효과를보였다. 특히원위부요관결석과 5 mm 미만의근위부요관결석의기대요법에서 tamsulosin과 thiazide계이뇨제의병용투여로치료의성공률향상과치료기간의단축효과를기대할수있을것으로생각한다. 론 REFERENCES 1. Parmar MS. Kidney stones. BMJ 2004;328: Porpiglia F, Destefanis P, Fiori C, Fontana D. Effectiveness of nifedipine and deflazacort in the management of distal ureter stones. Urology 2000;56: Kim JW, Choi DY, Lee JG. Effect of tamsulosin on the expected treatment of upper and lower ureteral stones. Korean J Urol 2007;48: Choi NY, Ahn SH, Han JH, Jang IH. The effect of tamsulosin and nifedipine on expulsion of ureteral stones after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Korean J Urol 2008;49: Preminger GM, Tiselius HG, Assimos DG, Alken P, Buck C, Gallucci M, et al guideline for the management of ureteral calculi. J Urol 2007;178: Yendt ER, Cohanim M. Prevention of calcium stones with thiazides. Kidney Int 1978;13: Kim TH, Oh SY, Moon YT. The effect of tamsulosin on expulsion of ureteral stones after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Korean J Urol 2008;49: Porpiglia F, Destefanis P, Fiori C, Scarpa RM, Fontana D. Role of adjunctive medical therapy with nifedipine and deflazacort after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of?ureteral stones. Urology 2002;59: Laird JM, Roza C, Cervero F. Effects of artificial calculosis on rat ureter motility: peripheral contribution to the pain of ureteric colic. Am J Physiol 1997;272:R Jang WK, Hong YK. The efficacy of furosemide-based medical expulsive therapy with tamsulosin and deflazacort for symptomatic distal ureter stones. Korean J Urol 2008;49: Singh A, Alter HJ, Littlepage A. A systematic review of
6 1218 Korean Journal of Urology vol. 50, , December 2009 medical therapy to facilitate passage of ureteral calculi. Ann Emerg Med 2007;50: Davenport K, Timoney AG, Keeley FX Jr. Effect of smooth muscle relaxant drugs on proximal human ureteric activity in vivo: a pilot study. Urol Res 2007;35: Weir MR, Prisant LM, Papademetriou V, Weber MA, Adegbile IA, Alemayehu D, et al. Antihypertensive therapy and quality of life. Influence of blood pressure reduction, adverse events, and prior antihypertensive therapy. Am J Hypertens 1996;9: Shin JH, Moon YT. Effects of intravenous fluid and diuretics on stone fragmentation and passage during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) of upper ureteral stone. Korean J Urol 2003;44: Porpiglia F, Vaccino D, Billia M, Renard J, Cracco C, Ghignone G, et al. Corticosteroids and tamsulosin in the medical expulsive therapy for symptomatic distal ureter stones: single drug or association? Eur Urol 2006;50:
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Tamsulosin 0.2 mg 의단기간투여가요로결석배출에미치는영향 : 다기관, 전향적, 무작위배분에의한연구 Effect of Tamsulosin 0.2 mg on the Short-Term Treatment of Urinary Stones: Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Study Korean Journal of Urology
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