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1 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 2 호 pp February 2018 / 157 J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 35, No. 2, pp ISSN (Print) / (Online) CMP 에서웨이퍼가장자리접촉응력에대한해석적연구 Analytical Study of Contact Stress on Wafer Edge in CMP 이종우 1, 이다솔 1, 정선호 1, 김현진 1, 박병준 1, 정해도 1,# Jong Woo Lee 1, Da Sol Lee 1, Seon Ho Jeong 1, Hyun Jin Kim 1, Byeong Jun Park 1, and Hae Do Jeong 1,# 1 부산대학교기계공학부 (School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University) # Corresponding Author / hdjeong@pusan.ac.kr, TEL: KEYWORDS: Chemical mechanical planarization ( 화학적기계적평탄화 ), Contact stress ( 접촉응력 ), Finite element analysis ( 유한요소해석 ), Polymer pressure sensor ( 고분자압력센서 ) Finite element analysis model was fabricated to confirm stress concentration phenomenon occurring in the wafer edge region in the CMP process, and it was confirmed if it corresponds to the measurement result of the actual pressure sensor. First, contact stress distribution at the edge of the wafer was calculated by the finite element analysis model in which material properties and boundary conditions were set up. As a result, an engineering contact stress distribution profile was obtained. Next, the pressure generated in the edge region of the wafer was measured using a pressure sensor that detects resistance change of the polymer. To compare with the result of the finite element analysis, the non-dimensional sensor signal unit was converted into the pressure unit, and correlation between the analysis and measurement results was obtained. As a result, the finite element analysis result, the actual pressure measurement, and the trend of the results were more than 90%. The results show that the finite element analysis model produced and modified in this study is consistent with the actual behavior trend of the components. Manuscript received: November 22, 2017 / Revised: December 27, 2017 / Accepted: January 8, 서론 CMP (Chemical Mechanical Planarization) 공정은반도체생산공정에서웨이퍼의국소및광역평탄화를위한필수적인기술로써, 연마패드와웨이퍼의직접접촉에의한기계적작용과연마입자가포함된슬러리 (Slurry) 와웨이퍼박막사이에서발생하는화학적인작용을통해웨이퍼표면의결함과요철을제거한다 (Fig. 1). CMP 공정의가장이상적인결과는웨이퍼의모든위치에서균일한재료제거율 (Removal Rate) 이나타나는것이지만, 다양한원인에의해웨이퍼가장자리에서비정상적인재료제거율이발생하게되고, 이러한현상을지칭하는에지효과 (Edge Effect) 에의해반도체소자생산이불가능한영역이형성된다. 웨이퍼의직경이커질수록한장의웨이퍼로부터생산가능한소자의개수는증가하며, 경제적인효율도증가한다. 하지만웨이퍼의직경이증가할수록한장의웨이퍼에서에지영역이차지하는 비율은줄어들지만, 에지영역의절대적인면적은늘어난다. 1 현재, 반도체산업의선도적인업체들은웨이퍼에지영역을 2-3 mm 이내로유지하고있는상황이고, 1 mm 이내로축소시키는연구개발이활발하게진행중에있다. 에지영역이웨이퍼의끝단에서부터 3mm만되어도에지영역에포함되어버려지는반도체소자의수가 30% 에달하게된다. 2 Fig. 2에서알수있듯이소자의크기가 100 mm 2 이하인모바일어플리케이션프로세서나메모리보다 mm 2 의 CPU (Central Processing Unit) 또는 GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) 는에지영역의크기가하나의웨이퍼에서생산가능한소자의생산성에결정적인영향을주는요소로작용한다. 따라서, 웨이퍼에지영역에서발생하는재료제거율의경향확인및에지영역재료제거율의균일화는필수불가결한과제이다. 이러한과제를해결하기위해 CMP 헤드내구성요소의기하학적치수등을최적화하여균일한에지영역재료제거율을 Copyright The Korean Society for Precision Engineering This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( 3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 158 / February 2018 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 2 호 Table 1 Material properties of wafer, pad and retainer ring Parameter Conditions Young s modulus (MPa) Poisson s ratio Wafer 160,000 Pad 401 Retainer ring 3,600 Wafer 0.3 Pad 0.45 Retainer ring 0.38 Fig. 1 Schematics of chemical mechanical planarization process 대상은반도체산업양산단계에서가장많이사용되는 12인치실리콘웨이퍼로설정하였다. 12인치웨이퍼와이를연마할수있는 CMP 핵심구성요소를해석하고자하였으며, 웨이퍼에지영역의접촉응력집중만을관찰하기위하여웨이퍼, 연마패드, 리테이닝링을제외한나머지구성요소는경계조건화하여생략하였다. 해석대상중리테이닝링은 12인치웨이퍼를링내부에장착할수있도록내경을 301 mm로설정하였다. 연마패드는경질폴리우레탄 (Polyurethane) 의그루브 (Groove) 가없는평면패드로정의하였으며연마패드와리테니어링, 웨이퍼간완전히밀착된상태로설정하였다. 해석시간을줄이기위하여대칭조건을부여하였다. Fig. 2 Comparison example of device productivity by device size: (a) Mobile application processer, (b) CPU 얻으려는연구가진행되어왔다. 하지만균일한재료제거율결과를얻을수있는적정분할치수를찾기위해서는매번다른치수를가진부품을제작하고실험계획법에바탕을둔반복실험이필요하며이는부품제작비용및시간, 반복실험등많은요구사항이필요함을의미한다. 이러한기구실험을대체하기위해유한요소해석 (Finite Element Analysis, FEA) 을도입하는연구또한진행중이다. 2-4 본연구에서는유한요소해석을기반으로하는웨이퍼에지영역의접촉응력분포시뮬레이션모델을제작하고시뮬레이션모델과실제 CMP 공정모델간의정합성을선행적으로확인하는것을목표로하였다. 2. 실험방법 2.1 웨이퍼접촉응력유한요소해석 유한요소해석을수행하기위하여필수적으로정의되어야할요소는해석대상의기하학적치수, 구성요소별재료물성값, 구성요소간접촉조건, 하중, 구속등의경계조건이있다 해석대상의기하학적치수정의본연구에서는정적상태에서구조해석을수행하였다. 해석 재료물성값설정유한요소해석을위해웨이퍼, 연마패드, 리테이닝링에대한재료물성치를설정하였다. 선형정적해석에서필요로하는재료물성값은탄성계수와푸아송비로대표된다. 웨이퍼와리테이닝링의경우각각실리콘, PEEK (Polyether Ether Ketone) 로제작되었으며이에대한재료물성값을해석모델에부여하였다. 연마패드는웨이퍼나리테이닝링과달리점탄성 (Viscoelasticity) 거동을보이는폴리우레탄이기때문에인장실험을통하여직접적으로탄성계수와푸아송비를얻을수는없다. 따라서동적기계분석 (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, DMA) 을통해저장계수 (Storage Modulus, E') 와손실계수 (Loss Modulus, E') 를측정해야하고이를선형유한요소해석에적용할수있게변형하는단계를거쳐야한다. Lu 5 등은 CMP 공정에서주로사용하는연마패드의점탄성특성을동적기계분석을통하여얻었다. 본연구에서대상으로하는경질폴리우레탄연마패드의저장계수는상온 25 o C 에서약 400 MPa 로나타난다. 또한손실계수와저장계수의비로표현되는 tanδ는약 0.08으로확인하였다. 정적구조해석에서점탄성재료의탄성계수 (E) 는선형거동범위내에서근사적으로식 (1) 과식 (2) 으로표현이되며이를통해경질폴리우레탄연마패드의탄성계수는약 401 MPa로표현할수있다. E = E 2 + E 2 E = E 2 + ( Etanδ) 2 (1) E (tanδ = ) (2) E 연마패드의푸아송비는대부분의고분자재료와마찬가지로

3 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 2 호 February 2018 / 159 Fig. 3 Schematics of contact conditions and boundary conditions Table 2 Specifications of I-Scan system pressure sensor Parameter Line type Plane type Dimension (mm) Pitch Length Width Columns Rows Quantity Columns - 44 Rows Sensel spatial resolution (sensel/cm 2 ) 96.9 Max pressure (psi) 50 Fig. 4 Schematics of contact conditions and boundary conditions in FEA software 이론상최대치인 0.5에근접한값을가진다. 6,7 본연구에서는경질폴리우레탄연마패드의푸아송비를 0.45로설정하였으며유한요소해석에사용한모든재료물성값을 Table 1에나타내었다 접촉조건및경계조건설정본연구에서유한요소해석을수행하고자하는모델은웨이퍼, 연마패드, 리테이닝링으로총 3개의요소로구성되어있다. 이는웨이퍼-연마패드, 연마패드-리테이닝링, 리테이닝링-웨이퍼간의접촉이발생함을의미하며이들간의접촉조건을설정해주는단계가필수적이다. 패드리바운드현상이발생했을때, 패드의상부면이변형함에따라웨이퍼는연마패드상부면의수직방향으로휠것으로예상되며이를반영하기위해웨이퍼와연마패드의계면이분리될수있는자유도를부여하였다. 경계조건은 Fig. 3과같이정의하였다. 먼저연마패드의하부면에고정구속을부여하였다. 웨이퍼의상부면에 2 psi의균일압력을부여하고리테이닝링의상부면에 2 psi에서 10 psi까지 1 psi씩압력을증가시켰을때, 웨이퍼에지영역에서웨이퍼의하부면이받는접촉응력분포를얻고자하였으며 ANSYS Workbench 소프트웨어에서경계조건이부여된상태를 Fig. 4에서확인할수있다. 2.2 웨이퍼압력측정압력의크기를읽고신호를출력하는압력중압전소자형센서는압력이가해졌을때발생하는변형량의변화를압전효과를이용하여압력의크기를계산하는방식이며, 정적인상태에서받는압력과비례하는신호출력을보여준다. 또한압력센서의크기를초소형화할수있으며센서의두께도얇게제작이가능 Fig. 5 Comparison between type of pressure sensors 하기때문에 0.5 mm의두께를가지는고분자시트에수백개의측정포인트를갖는센서도제작이가능하다. 하지만센서의제조비용이높으며신호처리를위한별도의단말기와소프트웨어가필수적이라는단점이있다. 본연구에서는 Tekscan 사의 I-Scan System 압전소자형압력센서를사용하여웨이퍼에지영역에서의접촉응력을측정하고자하였으며압력센서의사양 8 은 Table 2와같다. 라인센서는 Fig. 5와같이가로 400 mm, 세로 400 mm, 두께 0.5 mm의치수를가졌으며이크기는 12인치웨이퍼뿐만아니라 12인치캐리어에장착되는리테이닝링의외경보다도큰치수이다. 따라서압력센서를웨이퍼-패드사이에위치한상태에서압력조건을부여하면리테이닝링과웨이퍼사이의간격에의한공간및리테이닝링외부에서의센서시트구겨짐이크게발생한다. 압력센서시트에의도치않은추가변형이발생하면인근영역에인장, 압축응력을부여하게되어수직방향으로의압력영향뿐만아니라수평방향으로의응력영향도받게되어센서측정결과에악영향을미친다. 이와달리 1개의일렬센서가아닌가로 40 개세로 40 개의측정포인트를가진면센서는라인센서에비해 10배작은치수를가지고있으며 Fig. 5와같이웨이퍼에지영역에만위치할수있다. 또한모든측정포인트는완전히

4 160 / February 2018 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 2 호 Fig. 6 Schematics of pressure measurement in wafer edge area using plane sensor sheet 웨이퍼영역에만위치하기때문에리테이닝링에의한측정포인트의구겨짐등이발생하지않으므로본연구에서는면센서를사용하여웨이퍼에지영역에서의압력측정을수행하였다. 면센서를이용한압력측정실험은 Fig. 6과같이구상하여진행하였다. 먼저웨이퍼가패드와맞닿는표면에서의압력을측정하기위하여면센서를웨이퍼와연마패드사이에배치하였다. 웨이퍼에지영역에만면센서의측정영역이위치하도록면센서를위치하였으며사용한면센서는두께 0.5 mm로매우얇은편이지만그두께로인해면센서의가장자리에압력이집중되는것을막기위하여동일한두께의폴리머시트를면센서주위영역에배치하였다. 그후웨이퍼에 2 psi의균일압력을부여한상태에서리테이닝링에 2 psi에서 10 psi까지 1 psi 만큼씩점차압력을증가하였을때면센서의압력신호크기를웨이퍼중심으로부터 141 mm부터 150 mm까지총 10 개의측정포인트에서얻었다. Fig. 7 Distribution of wafer contact stress in edge area by FEA Fig. 8 Schematics of pressure measurement for convert units 3. 장실험결과및고찰 3.1 유한요소해석접촉응력분포 Fig. 7은유한요소해석을통해얻은웨이퍼에지영역의접촉응력분포도이다. 웨이퍼중심으로부터 mm 내의범위에서접촉응력의분포를도시하였다. 접촉응력분포를보았을때리테이닝링에인가된압력이증가할수록웨이퍼반경 148 mm지점에서접촉응력크기가증가하는것을확인하였다. 또한웨이퍼중심영역에서나타나는접촉응력대비최대 1.3배큰값을보여준다. 이러한결과는기존연구에서도확인이가능한결과이며본연구에서제작한유한요소해석모델이웨이퍼에지효과를보여줌을의미한다. 3.2 웨이퍼에지영역압력측정유한요소해석으로얻은접촉응력은압력단위로표현되는반면압력센서의신호크기는무차원의단위를가지기때문에상호비교를위하여추가적인조정실험을수행하였다. Fig. 8과같이웨이퍼중심영역에면센서를배치하고웨이퍼의상부면에 1 psi의압력을부여하고 1psi씩압력을증가시켰을때센서에서출력되는신호의크기를확인하였다. Fig. 9는웨이퍼인가압력변화에따른센서신호크기변화를도시한그래프이며인가압력과센서신호크기간약 99% 의높은상관관계를가짐을알수있었다. 이를바탕으로무차원단위의센서신호크기를압력단위로변환할수있는단위변환식을얻었다. Fig. 10은압전소자형 Fig. 9 Correlation between wafer input pressure and sensor output intensity 압력센서를사용하여웨이퍼에지영역의압력을측정한결과에 Fig. 8의측정을통해얻은변환식으로센서신호크기를압력단위로변환한그래프이다. 유한요소해석으로얻은접촉응력분포도와마찬가지로웨이퍼중심으로부터 mm 영역내의압력센서신호크기를 1 mm 간격으로도시하였다. 리테이닝링에인가한압력이증가할수록웨이퍼반경 148 mm 지점에서센서의신호크기가가장높게나타남을확인하였으며, 리테이닝링에점점더높은압력을부여할수록센서신호크기도비례하여증가하는경향을보였다. 3.3 접촉응력과측정압력의정합성비교 압전소자형면센서로측정한압력신호분포 (Fig. 10) 와수정된유한요소해석모델을이용하여얻은접촉응력분포 (Fig. 7) 를비교하여실제압력분포대비해석상의접촉응력분포경향이어느정도유사한지를확인하였다. Fig. 11은웨이퍼에지영역에서도주요관심영역인웨이퍼반경 mm 내의데이터들을상호비교한결과그래프이다. 각지점에서접촉응력과압력센서의신호간상관계수 (Correlation Coefficient, r) 는 의범위내에서높게나옴을확인하였다. 이를통해본연구에서

5 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 2 호 February 2018 / 161 Fig. 10 Result of pressure measurement after converting unit 결과를보이는지확인하였다. 그결과웨이퍼반경 mm 내에서유한요소해석결과와실제압력측정결과의경향이 90% 이상일치함을확인하였다. 이를통해본연구에서제작및수정한유한요소해석시뮬레이션모델이 CMP 장비내구성요소의실제거동경향과정합성이있음을증명하였다. 본연구를통해제작된유한요소해석모델은웨이퍼중심영역대비에지영역에서크게발생하는접촉응력을줄이기위한연구에활용할수있다. 특히 CMP 헤드에장착하는리테이닝링의폭, 웨이퍼와의간격을결정하는내경등을최적화하는데에기여할수있다고판단한다. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 이연구은 2016년도정부 ( 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된연구임 (No. 2016R1A2B ). REFERENCES Fig. 11 Correlation between results of FEA and measurement at 146 mm, 147 mm and 148 mm 제작하고수정한유한요소해석모델이실제 CMP 헤드내에서웨이퍼에지영역에서웨이퍼-연마패드-리테이닝링의거동을 94-97% 정도로유사하게보여줌을증명하였다. 4. 결론 CMP 공정에서연마패드의리바운드현상을주원인으로하여웨이퍼에지영역에서재료제거율이불균일하게나타난다. 본연구에서는 CMP 공정에서웨이퍼에지영역에서발생하는응력집중현상을유한요소해석상으로확인하고개선할수있는시뮬레이션모델을제작하고압력센서의측정결과와일치하는지를확인하고자하였다. 먼저선행연구등을참고하여유한요소해석에적용할재료물성치와경계조건, 접촉조건등을설정하였다. 제작한유한요소해석모델을사용하여웨이퍼에지영역에서의접촉응력분포를계산하였으며그결과공학적으로유의미한웨이퍼에지접촉응력분포프로파일을얻었다. 다음으로압전소자가내장된면타입의압력센서을사용하여웨이퍼에지영역에서발생하는압력을측정하였다. 측정한압력센서신호는유한요 소해석결과인접촉응력과비교하기위하여무차원의센서신호단위에서압력단위로변환하는과정을거쳤다. 마지막으로유한요소해석모델의접촉응력분포와상관관계를비교하여유한요소해석모델이실제웨이퍼에지영역압력분포경향과유사한 1. Tönshoff, H., Schmieden, W. V., Inasaki, I., König, W., and Spur, G., Abrasive Machining of Silicon, CIRP Annals- Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp , Eamkajornsiri, S., Narayanaswami, R., and Chandra, A., Yield Improvement in Wafer Planarization: Modeling and Simulation, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp , Wang, T., Lu, X., Zhao, D., and He, Y., Contact Stress Non- Uniformity of Wafer Surface for Multi-Zone Chemical Mechanical Polishing Process, Science China Technological Sciences, Vol. 56, No. 8, pp , Chen, K.-S., Yeh, H.-M., Yan, J.-L., and Chen, Y.-T., Finite- Element Analysis on Wafer-Level CMP Contact Stress: Reinvestigated Issues and the Effects of Selected Process Parameters, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 42, No. 11, pp , Lu, H., Obeng, Y., and Richardson, K., Applicability of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis for CMP Polyurethane Pad Studies, Materials Characterization, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp , Mott, P., Dorgan, J., and Roland, C., The Bulk Modulus and Poisson's Ratio of Incompressible Materials, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 312, No. 4, pp , Luo, J. and Dornfeld, D. A., Integrated Modeling of Chemical Mechanical Planarization for Sub-Micron IC Fabrication: From Particle Scale to Feature, Die and Wafer Scales, Springer Science & Business Media, pp , Tekscan, Pressure Mapping Sensor, products-solutions (Accessed 12 JAN 2018)

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