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1 Korean Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Vol. 48 No. 1 January 2005 동시항암화학방사선요법을시행받은자궁경부암환자에서빈혈이예후에미치는영향 연세대학교의과대학산부인과학교실 조정미 김영태 김성훈 노종환 김재훈 김재욱 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Objective: Many studies suggested the negative impact of anemia on cervical cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy. However during the past several years, concurrent chemoradiotherapy was recognized as the standard therapy of locally advanced cervical cancer. The purpose of study was to evaluate the effect of anemia on disease free survival in cervical cancer patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Methods: 116 patients were selected, who were diagnosed as cervical cancer at Yonsei University Medical Center from October 1998 to June 2003 and treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Medical record was retrospectively reviewed for patient characteristics, hemoglobin, hematocrit and disease free survival. Disease free survival was analysed by univariate analysis, multivariate analysis and Kaplan-Meier method. Patients with hemoglobin value under 10 g/dl, hematocrit value under 30% were considered anemic. Results: After mean follow up duration of 27 months, among 116 patients, 26 patients experienced recurrence or progression and 10 of these patients died. Univariate and multivariate analysis reveals that stage (P=0.00, P=0.03), lesion size (P=0.01, P=0.01) and the 6 th cycle hematocrit (P=0.01, P=0.01) were determinants of disease free survival. Conclusion: In cervical cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy, initial hemoglobin level was not related to the prognosis. However the higher stage, greater lesion size, and lower level of 6th cycle hematocrit were related to the poor prognosis. Key Words: Anemia, Cervix cancer, Concurrent chemoradiotherapy, Prognostic factor 서 론 빈혈은암환자를치료하면서의사들이쉽게접할수 있는증상으로악성종양의초기증상으로나타나암의조기진단을가능하게하기도하고항암치료중에합병되어환자의치료에장해가되기도한다. 또한빈혈은암환자의치료에서불량한예후를예측하는예후인자로서의역할도한다. 1,2 Maria 등은빈혈이자궁경부암에서도예후인자로중요한역할을한다고보고하였고그외에도여러저자들
2 대한산부회지제 48 권제 1 호, 2005 이방사선치료를시행받는자궁경부암환자에서빈혈이종양의국소적치료나환자의생존률에불량한영향을미치는예후인자가된다고보고하였다. 3-7 이처럼빈혈이방사선치료를시행받는자궁경부암환자의예후에부정적인영향을미치는기전은아직정확히알려져있지않으나빈혈로인해종양의산소공급이원활하지못해종양의방사선에대한감수성이감소하기때문인것으로생각되고있다. 1980년대이후국소적으로진행된 (locally advanced) 자궁경부암치료의표준요법은동시항암화학방사선요법이사용되고있으며 5 동시항암화학방사선요법을시행할경우항암제의골수억제효과때문에방사선요법단독으로치료할경우보다빈혈이더심하게나타날수있다. 그러나동시항암화학방사선요법으로치료받는자궁경부암환자에서빈혈이환자의예후에미치는영향에대해서는아직명확히알려진바가없다. 따라서본연구는동시항암화학방사선요법을시행받는자궁경부암환자에서빈혈이환자의예후에미치는영향을알아보고자시행하였다. 연구대상및방법 1. 연구대상 1998 년 1월부터 2003 년 6월까지연세대학교의과대학부속세브란스병원산부인과에내원하여자궁경부암으로진단받고동시항암화학방사선요법을시행받은환자들을대상으로이들의의무기록을검토하여후향적으로조사하였다. 일차적으로수술을시행받고보조적으로항암화학방사선요법받은환자들을제외한 116명의환자들을대상으로연구를시행하였다. 연령, 산과력, 체질량지수등의환자들의일반적인특징과자궁경부암병기, 병소크기, 종양의조직형, 항암제와초기혈색소 (initial hemoglobin), 초기적혈구용적 (initial hematocrit), 항암치료주기에따른혈색소, 적혈구용적등을조사하였다. 또항암화학요법치료주기가운데최저혈색소 (nadir hemoglobin) 및최 저적혈구용적 (nadir hematocrit) 이가장많이나타나는항암주기를조사하였고항암치료동안수혈을받은환자의수와이들의수혈량등을조사하였다. 빈혈은혈색소 10 g/dl 이하, 적혈구용적 30% 이하를기준으로정의하였고병기는 1995 년 FIGO Staging system 에따라정하였으며조직형은편평상피암과그외기타종양으로분류하였다. 2. 치료방법방사선치료는외부조사로하루에 180 cgy 를, 1주일에 5회씩 3-4주에걸쳐서 cgy 를시행받았다. 이어서내부조사를일주일에 2회 500 cgy 씩총 3000 cgy 를시행받았다. 이후 1-2 주간외부치료를시행하여총 4500 cgy 의외부조사를시행하였다. 골반림프절의전이가있는경우에는림프절전이부위에추가로 180 cgy 씩 5일간 900 cgy 를추가로조사하였다. 항암제는 cisplatin 단독요법으로사용한경우가 97명, cisplatin과 vincristine 병합요법이 16명, cisplatin과 cyclophosphamide 병합요법이 1명, carboplatin 과 cyclophosphomide 병합요법이 1명, paclitaxel 단독요법이 1명이었다. 항암화학치료는 1주일간격으로시행하였고환자들의반응정도및합병증에따라 1주기에서 9주기까지평균 5.4±1.6 주기사용하였다. Cisplatin 단독요법을시행받은환자의경우항암제전처치로 diphenhydramine 을경구투여하고 dexamethasone, cimetidine 을주사하였으며 2리터 crystalloid 용액으로 prehydration한후, cisplatin 40 mg/m 2 을투여하였다. Cisplatin 투여후 posthydration으로 1리터 crystalloid 용액을투여하였다. 항암화학치료는절대과립구수가 (absolute neutrophil count) 1500/mm 3 미만일때, 혈소판수가 10 5 /mm 3 미만일때중단하였다. 또빈혈이심할경우환자의빈혈로인한부작용을줄이기위해수혈을시행하였으며수혈의기준은혈색소 10 g/dl 미만, 적혈구용적 30% 미만을기준으로정하였다
3 조정미외 5 인. 빈혈과자궁경부암환자의예후 병이재발한환자는무병생존기간 (disease free survival) 을처음으로암을진단받은날짜부터재발한기간까지로정의하였고재발하지않은환자는진단받은날짜부터외래에마지막으로내원한날짜까지로정의하였다. 3. 통계학적분석단변량분석과다변량분석을통해재발유무에대한독립변수를확정하였다. 각각의변수와무병생존기간에대한분석은 Kaplan-Meier method를이용하였고 log rank test 로통계학적유의성을검증하였다. P 값이 0.05 미만일때통계학적으로유의한것으로보았고통계학적분석은 SPSS software windows version 10.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill) 를이용하였다. 결과환자들의평균연령은 53.2±9.6세, 평균추적관찰기간은 27개월이었으며환자들의자궁경부암병기는 1기가 12명 (12.3%), 2기 78명 (67.2%), 3기 25명 (21.6%), 4기 1명 (0.9%) 였으며병소의크기가 4 cm 이상인환자는 85 명 (73%) 이었고치료기간중수혈을받은환자는 76명 (65.5%) 이었다. 116 명의환자중 26 Table 1. Disease free survival according to patient characteristics, hemoglobin and hematocrit No. (%) DFS (months) P P I 12 (10.3%) 27.5±8.7 Stage II 78 (67.2%) 49.3±2.8 III 25 (21.6%) 44.2± IV 1 (0.9%) 1.0±0 Tumor size <4 cm 31 (26.7%) 59.0±2.7 4 cm 85 (73.3%) 45.0± Cell type Squamous cell 81 (69.8%) 47.7±2.8 Other cell 35 (30.2%) 50.9± Tranfusion Transfused 76 (65.5%) 48.5±2.9 Not transfused 40 (34.5%) 45.3± Initial Hb 10 g/dl 95 (18.1%) 48.8±2.6 <10 g/dl 21 (81.9%) 51.8± Initial Hct 30% 93 (80.2%) 49.7±2.3 <30% 23 (19.8%) 47.6± Nadir Hb 10 g/dl 57 (49.1%) 47.2±3.4 <10 g/dl 59 (50.9%) 45.5± Nadir Hct 30% 43 (37.1%) 47.1±2.6 <30% 73 (62.9%) 47.3± Hb at 6th cycle chemotherapy 10 g/dl 55 (72.4%) 39.5±2.1 <10 g/dl 21 (27.6%) 32.1± Hct at 6th cycle chemotherapy 30% 44 (37.9%) 42.4±1.9 <30% 36 (62.1%) 31.6± DFS : Disease Free Survival, P : Univariate analysis, P : Multivariate analysis
4 대한산부회지제 48 권제 1 호, 2005 Table 2. Hemoglobin and hematocrit level according to patient characteristics Initial Hb (g/dl) Initial Hct (%) Nadir Hb (g/dl) Nadir Hct (%) Hb at 6 th cycle chemotherapy (g/dl) Hct at 6 th cycle chemotherapy (%) I 11.7± ± ± ± ± ±3.0 Stage II 11.3± ± ± ± ± ±3.0 III 11.0± ± ± ± ± ±2.8 IV Tumor size Cell type Transfusion 4 cm 11.1± ± ± ± ± ±2.9 <4 cm 11.9± ± ± ± ± ±3.0 Squamous cell 11.1± ± ± ± ± ±3.2 Other cell 11.6± ± ± ± ± ±2.8 Transfused 10.7± ± ± ± ± ±3.3 Not transfused 12.4± ± ± ± ± ±2.1 명의환자에서재발암이나진행암소견을보였으며 80 명의환자가 6주기까지동시항암화학요법을시행받았다 (Table 1). 환자의특징에따른혈색소와적혈구용적은 Table 2 에서보는바와같다. Table 3. The cycle of chemotherapy showing nadir hemoglobin Cycle Frequency Percent Total 동시항암화학요법을시행받는동안가장심하게빈혈이나타난항암화학요법주기는항암화학요법제 6주기로 41명 (35.3%) 의환자가 6주기에서가장심한빈혈소견을보였으며다음은 1주기로 20 명 (17.2%) 의환자들이 1주기에서가장심한빈혈소견을보였다 (Table 3). 자궁경부암의병기, 병소의크기, 자궁경부암의세포형, 수혈유무, 환자의초기혈색소, 초기적혈구용적, 치료중최저혈색소, 최저적혈구용적, 항암화학요법제 6주기혈색소및 6주기적혈구용적등에대한단변량분석을시행한결과, 환자의병기 (P=0.00) 와병소의크기 (P=0.01), 항암화학요법제 6주기의적혈구용적 (P=0.01) 만이환자의무병생존기간에영향을미쳤으며환자의초기혈색소및적혈구용적과치료중최저혈색소및적혈구용적등은무병생존기간에영향을주지않았다. 다변량분석결과에서도환자의병기 (P=0.00) 와병소의크기 (P=0.01), 항암화학요법 6주기의적혈구용적 (P=0.04) 이세인자모두환자의무병생존기간에영향을주는인자로나타났다 (Table 1, Fig. 1-3)
5 조정미외 5 인. 빈혈과자궁경부암환자의예후 Fig. 1. Comparison of the disease free survivals according to lesion size. Fig. 2. Comparison of the disease free survivals according to cervical cancer stage. Fig. 3. Comparison of the disease free survivals according to 6th cycle chemotherapy. 고찰그동안자궁경부암의치료와예후에있어서빈혈이미치는영향에대해서많은연구가이루어져왔다. Grogan 등은방사선치료를시행받은 605 명의자궁경부암환자를대상으로한연구에서치료기간동안의최저혈색소수치가 5년생존률에영향을준다고보고하였고 Haensgen 등은방사선치료를시행받은자궁경부암환자에서치료전혈색소가환자의예후에영향을 준다고보고하였다. 2,8 Kapp 등은방사선치료중빈혈을교정함으로써환자의예후를향상시킬수있다고보고하였고 Fyles 등과 Martin-Loeches 등은혈색소가종양의크기와연관이있다고보고하였다 이와같이빈혈이방사선치료를시행받는자궁경부암환자에서치료나예후에부정적인영향을미치는기전으로는급성빈혈로인해생기는저산소증이종양세포의생존및분화, 혈관의신생등에영향을주어종양조직의방사선에대한감수성을감소시키거나, 저산소
6 대한산부회지제 48 권제 1 호, 2005 증이게놈 (genome) 의취약한부위 (fragile site) 의재배열 (genomic rearrangement) 을유도하여돌연변이 (mutation) 가발생할확률을증가시켜방사선치료에대한종양의저항성이나전이를증가시키게된다는등의이론이제시되고있다. 이이외에도진행된암일수록출혈이심하고이로인해이차적으로빈혈이더심하게나타나는경우, 종양에서분비되는사이토카인 (cytokine) 이적혈구생성에영향을주는경우등도빈혈이자궁경부암의예후에영향을미치는기전으로생각할수있다. 5,12-19 여러연구들에서빈혈이자궁경부암환자에서중요한예후인자가된다고보고하였으나 1980 년대이후국소적으로진행된자궁경부암에서폭넓게시행되고있는동시항암화학방사선요법에서빈혈이예후인자로서어떤의미를갖는지에대해서는아직명확히정의된바가없다. 이에본저자들은동시항암화학요법으로치료를받는환자들을대상으로빈혈이예후에미치는영향을조사하였다. 연구결과에서초기혈색소, 최저혈색소및항암치료 6주기혈색소등은환자의무병생존기간과관련이없었으며환자의병기와병소의크기, 항암치료 6주기적혈구용적등이환자의무병생존기간과관련이있었다. 이중환자의병기와병소의크기는이미알려진자궁경부암의예후인자로서 20 이를통해본연구결과의신뢰도를간접적으로나마예측해볼수있는결과이다. Obermair 등은동시항암화학방사선요법을시행받은환자들에서치료기간동안의최저혈색소가중요한예후인자라고보고하였다. 21,22 그러나이는본저자들과차이가있는결과로이러한연구결과의차이는연구자들간의빈혈의기준, 연구자들간의치료방법, 빈혈의교정방법이나빈혈을교정하게되는기준등에있어서연구자들간에서로다른기준을적용하였기때문으로생각된다. 그러나동시항암화학방사선요법에서빈혈이환자의예후에미치는영향을조사한연구들간의차이이외에도동시항암화학방사선요법을시행받은환자와방사선치료만을시행받은환자사이에도빈혈이예후에미치는영향에는차이가있었다. 본연구결과에서처럼동 시항암화학방사선요법을시행할때빈혈이환자의예후에미치는영향은방사선요법만을시행할때보다적을것으로사료된다. 이러한원인으로는먼저동시항암화학방사선요법을시행할경우방사선단독요법만을시행할때보다항암제의골수억제작용으로인해빈혈이합병되는빈도가높기때문으로생각된다. 즉방사선단독치료를시행할때보다빈혈의유병율이높아지고예후가좋은환자들이빈혈에이환되는경우가많아지기때문이다. 다음으로는동시항암화학방사선요법을시행하면서환자의예후가향상되었기때문으로생각된다. 20 방사선치료를시행받는환자에서추가로항암제를투여할경우항암제가방사선민감제 (radiosensitizer) 의역할을하게된다. 이러한항암제의역할은빈혈이방사선치료시에환자에게미치는부정적인영향을상쇄시킬수있을것으로생각된다. 본연구결과에서항암화학요법제 6주기의적혈구용적이환자의예후와관련있었으나초기혈색소, 최저혈색소, 항암치료 6주기의혈색소는예후와관련이없었다. 따라서이결과만으로는빈혈이동시항암화학방사선치료를시행받는자궁경부암환자에서예후에부정적인영향을미칠것으로단정지을수는없다. 오히려동시항암화학방사선요법에서는항암제투여로인해빈혈이예후에미치는영향이감소할가능성을고려하고이에대한추가적인연구가이루어져야할것으로생각되며이를통해보다명확한결과를얻어야동시항암화학방사선요법을시행받는환자에서불필요한수혈이나투약을감소시키거나, 반대로빈혈이합병된환자에서수혈등의적극적치료에대해환자를이해시키는데도움을얻을수있을것으로사료된다. 참고문헌
7 조정미외 5 인. 빈혈과자궁경부암환자의예후 = 국문초록 = 목적 : 본연구의목적은동시항암화학방사선요법을시행받은자궁경부암환자에서빈혈과예후간의연관성을분석하는것이다. 연구방법 : 1998년 10월에서 2003년 6월까지연세대학교부속세브란스병원에내원하여자궁경부암으로진단받은환자들중동시항암화학방사선치료를받은 116 명의환자를대상으로환자의특징, 혈색소, 적혈구용적및무병생존기간을후향적으로조사하였다. 통계학적분석은단변량분석, 다변량분석및 Kaplan-Meier 방법을이용하여시행하였다. 결과 : 평균추적관찰기간은 27개월이었으며 116 명중 26명의환자에서재발암이나진행암의소견을보였다. 환자의병기 (P=0.00) 와병소크기 (P=0.01), 제 6주기적혈구용적 (P=0.01) 만이무병생존기간에영향을미쳤으며항암치료기간동안의초기혈색소와적혈구용적, 최저혈색소와적혈구용적등은무병생존기간에영향을주지않았다. 결론 : 동시항암화학방사선치료를받은자궁경부암환자에서초기혈색소나적혈구용적등은무병생존기간과관련이없으며환자의병기, 병소크기, 제 6주기적혈구용적만이예후의상관성을나타내었다. 중심단어 : 자궁경부암, 동시항암화학방사선요법, 빈혈, 예후인자
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