한수지 48(4), , 2015 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 48(4), ,2015 곰소만바지락 (Ruditapes phillippinarum) 양식장주변퇴적물내유기물과미량금속분포특성 최민규 이인석 김
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1 한수지 48(4), , 2015 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 48(4), ,2015 곰소만바지락 (Ruditapes phillippinarum) 양식장주변퇴적물내유기물과미량금속분포특성 최민규 이인석 김청숙 김형철 황동운 * 국립수산과학원기반연구부어장환경과 Distributions of Organic Matter and Trace Metals in Surface Sediments around a Manila Clam Ruditapes phillippinarum Farming Area in Gomso Bay, Korea Minkyu Choi, In-Seok Lee, Chung-Sook Kim, Hyung-Chul Kim and Dong-Woon Hwang* Marine Environment Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 46083, Korea Organic matter and trace metals were investigated in surface sediments of Gomso Bay, where there is dense Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum farming activity, to evaluate contamination of sediments in intertidal shellfish farming area. We measured mean grain size (Mz), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ignition loss (IL), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN), and trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) in intertidal and sublittoral sediments. The intertidal sediments were mainly composed of coarser sediments (sand, silty sand, and sandy silt), with Mz values ranging from 2.61 to 4.79 Ø. Mz and the content of organic matter in sediments were lower in the intertidal zone than in the sublittoral zone. The mean metal concentrations in surface sediments decreased in the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg. The metal concentrations in surface sediments showed a significant positive correlation with Mz and organic matter content, indicating that metal concentrations in the surface sediments of Gomso Bay are controlled by Mz and organic matter. The concentrations of organic matter and trace metals in the study region were lower than or similar to those in other intertidal zones in western coast and much lower than those reported in other shellfish farming areas in Korea. Our results suggest that intertidal Manila clam farming sediments from Gomso Bay are not contaminated by organic matter and trace metals. Key words: Manila clam, Sediment, Trace metals, Organic matter, Gomso Bay 서론.., (filter feeder deposit feeder) (plankton ), (faeces) (pseudo-faeces) (Danovaro et al., 2004)., (phytoplankton depletion), (biodeposition), (Ogilvie et al., 2000; Jie et al., 2001; Beadman et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2006)., (MIFAFF, 2009; GNDI, 2012). (Ruditapes philippinarum),,, Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 48(4) , August 2015 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 24 April 2015; Revised 13 August 2015; Accepted 17 August 2015 *Corresponding author: Tel: Fax: address: dwhwang@korea.kr Copyright 2015 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 555 pissn: , eissn:
2 556 최민규ㆍ이인석ㆍ김청숙ㆍ김형철ㆍ황동운 ,600, , ,400 (MIFAFF, 2010).,,,, (Park et al., 2011)... 8 km, 20 km 100 km 2 75 km 2 (Fig. 1)., (Chang et al., 2007)..,, (Park and Yi, 2002; Hyun et al., 2003; Noh et al., 2006; Yoon et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2011),, (Choi et al., 2013)., ( ) (Cho et al., 2001; Chang et al., 2007),., KOREA Latitude ( E) Latitude ( N) ' 00" E ' 00" E 0 5km Fig. 1. Sampling locations of sediments from Gomso Bay, Korea ' 00" N 35 35' 00" N (grain size), (ignition loss, IL), (chemical oxygen demands, COD), (total organic carbon; TOC), (total nitrogen; TN), (acid volatile sulfide, AVS), (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn). 시료채취및분석 재료및방법 , , 7 10 (Fig. 1). can core sampler ( ) van Veen grab sampler ( ) (< 4 cm). COD, IL, AVS, TOC, TN,., IL, COD, AVS (MLTM, 2010), TOC TN, Hwang et al. (2014a). 입도및 IL, COD, AVS 분석 (H 2 O 2 ) (HCl) (CaCO 3 ) 4 Ø ( mm) (wet sieving), 4 Ø, 4 Ø 1 Ø,,,., (mean grain size, Mz) Folk and Ward (1957), (sedimentary type) Folk (1968). IL 550 4, COD (Na 2 S 2 O 3 H 2 O) (KMnO 4 ), AVS. TOC 및 TN 분석 TOC TN 0.5 g ml vial 1 N HCl 10 ml, mg CHN (Perkin Elmer, Model 2400, USA). 미량금속분석 1 g
3 바지락양식장퇴적물의유기물및미량금속분포 557 (HNO 3 :HF:HClO 4 ) digestion, 2% (HNO 3 ) 100 ml (ICP-MS, Perkin Elmer, ELAN DRC-e, USA), (Milestone, DMA 80, Italy). (certified reference material) Hg PACS-2, Hg MESS-3 3, Cd 89%, Hg 98%, Fe 83%, Mn 80%, Zn 82%, Cr 80%, Cu 86%, As 94%. (dry weight). 미량금속의오염도평가, (geoaccumulation index, I geo ), (enrichment factor), (concentration enrichment ratio), (metal pollution index). (sediment quality guidelines: SQGs). I geo, I geo. I geo = log 2 C n B n 1.5 C n, B n. Taylor (1964) Taylor and McLennan (1995). I geo 7 (class 0-6), class 0 (I geo 0; unpolluted), class 1 (I geo 0-1; from unpolluted to moderately polluted), class 2 (I geo 1-2; moderately polluted), class 3 (I geo 2-3; from moderately to strongly polluted), class 4 (I geo 3-4; strongly polluted), class 5 (I geo 4-5; from strongly to extremely polluted), class 6 (I geo > 5, extremely polluted) (Müller, 1981)., (threshold effects level, TEL) (MOF, 2013) (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA) ERL (effect range low) (Buchman, 2008). 통계분석 Kolmogorov-Smirmov Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U test. Pearson correlation coefficient. P- value<0.05. SPSS software (SPSS 2000). 입도분포 결과및고찰,,, Folk (1968),, (silty sand), (sandy silt) 3 (Fig. 2). 7, (silt+clay) % ( 46.8%), % ( 55.0%), Ø ( 4.41 Ø), Ø (4.95 Ø). (P<0.05, Fig. 3). 10, % ( 32.3%), Ø ( 3.86 Ø). 7 (P<0.05), (P<0.05, Fig. 3). Clay:Silt Fig. 2. The ternary diagrams showing the textures and the major sediment types of intertidal surface sediments in Gomso Bay, Korea.
4 558 최민규ㆍ이인석ㆍ김청숙ㆍ김형철ㆍ황동운 Ø (fine sand). Cho et al. (2001)., % ( 38.8%), Ø ( 4.11 Ø), Cho et al. (2001) ( Ø) Chang et al. (2007) ( Ø, 4.1 Ø). NFRDI (2010). - (sandy silt and silty sand)., ( 8.8 Ø 8.7 Ø; Choi et al., 2013),, (a) Concentration (mg/g) (b) Concentration (mg/kg) Mz (Ø) COD IL (%) Reference Farms in July Farms in Oct TOC TN AVS Fe (%) Mn Zn Cr Pb Cu As Cd Hg Fig. 3. Comparison of (a) Mean grain size (Mz), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ignition loss (IL), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN), and (b) trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) in sediments from Gomso Bay of Korea. * indicates P-value < ( 8.3 Ø 9.3 Ø; MIFAFF, 2009), - ( 5.5 Ø; Hwang et al., 2010), ( 6.9 Ø; Hwang et al., 2011), ( 5.3; Hwang and Kim, 2011), ( 1.7 Ø; Hwang et al., 2012) (Table 1)., (MIFAFF, 2012 ). 유기물농도분포 COD, IL, AVS, TOC, TN Fig. 3. COD mg O 2 /g dry ( 2.30 mg O 2 /g dry) 20 mg O 2 /g dry (Lee and Yu, 2000). 7 COD mg O 2 /g dry ( 2.13 mg O 2 /g dry) ( mg O 2 /g dry, 3.05 mg O 2 /g dry) (P<0.05), 10 COD mg O 2 /g dry ( 2.48 mg O 2 /g dry) 7 10 (P>0.05, Fig. 3)., COD,, -, -,, 1/15, 1/5-1/11, (Table 1). AVS mg S/g dry ( 0.02 mg S/g dry) 0.2 mg S/g dry (Lee and Yu, 2000) 0.5 mg S/g dry (MOF, 2014). 7 AVS, mg S/g dry ( 0.03 mg S/g dry) ( mg S/g dry, 0.05 mg S/g dry), mg S/g dry ( 0.01 mg S/g dry) 7, (P>0.05, Fig. 3). AVS, 1/25-1/30, 1/5-1/10., AVS ( mg S/g dry) (Table 1). IL % ( 1.35%). 7 IL
5 바지락양식장퇴적물의유기물및미량금속분포 % ( 1.50%) ( %, 1.97%), 10 IL % ( 1.19%) 7 10 (P<0.05, Fig. 3). IL,,, - 1/6-1/7, 1/4-1/5, 1/2-1/3. TOC mg/g dry ( 1.48 mg/g dry). TOC (20 mg/g dry, MOF, 2014) Yokoyama et al. (2004) (warning zone) 20 mg/g dry, Hyland et al. (2005) 35 mg/g dry, TOC 10 mg/g dry (Lee and Yu, 2000),. 7 TOC mg/g dry ( 1.86 mg/g dry) ( mg/g dry, 2.12 mg/g dry) (P>0.05) mg/g dry ( 1.10 mg/g dry), 7 10 (P<0.05, Fig. 3). TOC,, - 1/10-1/20,, 1/6-1/8 (Table 1). TN mg S/g dry ( 0.22 mg S/g dry). 7 TN mg/g dry ( 0.28 mg/g dry) ( mg/g dry, 0.32 mg/g dry), mg/g dry ( 0.16 mg/g dry) 7 10 (P<0.05, Fig. 3). TN,, - 1/10-1/17,,, 1/5-1/8 (Table 2).,., COD, IL, TOC, TN, AVS (r= , P<0.05)..,,.., AVS, TOC, TN, IL, 7 10.,, -, -, Table 1. Comparison of concentrations of mean grain size (Mz), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ignition loss (IL), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in sediments from Korean coastal waters Sampling area Sampling period Mz (Ø) COD (mg O 2 /g dry) IL (%) AVS (mg S/g dry) TOC (mg/g dry) TN (mg/g dry) Reference Gomso Bay (4.1) (2.30) (1.3) ND-0.07 (0.02) (1.5) (0.22) This study Yeonggwang- Muan (5.5) (8.5) (2.9) ND Hwang et al. (2010) Aphae Island (6.9) (7.4) (3.9) ND-0.53 (0.04) Hwang et al. (2011) Shinan (5.3) (5.8) (3.2) ND-0.41 (0.05) Hwang and Kim (2011) Jeju Island (1.7) (2.1) (3.9) ND Hwang et al. (2012) Gamak Bay (8.3) (18.7) (6.5) ND-2.20 (0.30) (13.3) (1.64) MIFAFF (2009) Goseung-Jaran Bay Geoje-Hansan Bay (9.3) (16.8) (7.2) ND-0.48 (0.08) (14.5) (2.03) MIFAFF (2009) (31.4) (8.0) ND-0.78 (0.13) (18.7) (2.43) MIFAFF (2008) Jinhae Bay (29.3) (9.7) (0.66) (27.7) (3.69) MIFAFF (2008) Masan Bay (21.1) (8.0) (0.49) (17.0) (2.54) MIFAFF (2009) Yeoja Bay (8.8) (10.4) (5.0) ND-0.55 (0.13) (8.4) (1.09) Choi et al. (2013) Gangjin Bay (8.7) (17.3) (6.6) (0.25) (12.6) (1.72) Choi et al. (2013)
6 560 최민규ㆍ이인석ㆍ김청숙ㆍ김형철ㆍ황동운,. 미량금속농도분포 Fe % ( 2.12%), Mn mg/kg ( 447 mg/kg), Zn mg/kg ( 60.0 mg/kg), Cr mg/kg ( 44.8 mg/kg), Pb mg/kg ( 23.2 mg/kg), Cu mg/kg ( 5.74 mg/kg), As mg/kg ( 4.64 mg/kg), Cd mg/kg ( mg/kg), Hg mg/kg ( mg/kg). Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg, - (Hwang et al., 2010), - (Hwang et al., 2013), (Hwang et al., 2014b)., ( ) Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg (NFRDI, 2013). Zn As 7, 7 10 (P>0.05, Fig. 3). Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Cd 7, 7 10 (P<0.05, Fig. 3). Cu 7, 7 10., Hg 7, 7 10 (P<0.05, Fig. 3). AVS Table 2. The average concentrations of trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn)in surface sediments from Korean Coastal Areas Mz (Ø) (%) Trace Metals (mg/kg) Fe Mn Zn Cr Pb Cu As Cd Hg Reference Gomso Bay This study Taean coast Hwang et al. (2014b) Yeonggwang-Muan coast Hwang et al. (2010) Mokpo-Haenam coast Hwang et al. (2013) Yeoja Bay Choi et al. (2015) Gamak Bay Kim et al. (2012) Gangjin Bay Choi et al. (2015) Shihwa Lake Kim et al. (2005) Ulsan Bay Hwang et al. (2014a) Background value (continental shelf) Taylor and McLennan (1995) Taylor (1964) Table 3. Pearson s correlation coefficients between mean grain size (Mz), mud (silt+clay), organic parameters (ignition loss [IL], chemical oxygen demand [COD], acid volatile sulfide [AVS], total organic carbon [TOC] and total nitrogen [TN]) and trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) in the sediment of Gomso Bay (n=46) Item As Cd Cr Cu Fe Hg Mn Pb Zn Mz ** ** ** * ** Silt+Clay ** ** ** ** * COD ** ** ** ** ** ** IL ** ** AVS ** ** ** ** ** ** TOC ** ** ** ** ** ** TN ** ** ** ** ** * ** *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed), **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).
7 바지락양식장퇴적물의유기물및미량금속분포 561 Cu Hg. (resuspension) (reworking) (Hwang et al., 2014b).,,, (Horowitz, 1991; Cho et al., 2001; Hwang et al., 2010). (Pearson s correlation coefficients) (Table 3)., (Fe, Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg) (r= , P<0.05), (TOC, IL, AVS) (r= , P<0.05).,. (Table 2), (Hwang et al., 2014b), - (Hwang et al., 2010), - (Hwang et al., 2013), (Kim et al., 2012), (Choi et al., 2015) 1/2., (Kim et al., 2005) (Hwang et al., 2014a).,. 미량금속오염도평가 Fig. 4. class 0 Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg, Class 0 Class 1 Cr, Pb, class 1 class 2 As. As (class 1-2), (class 0-1). NOAA ERL 9 (Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Ag), Percentage (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Fe (%) Mn Zn Cr Pb Cu As Cd Fig. 4. Percentage of samples in Müller s classes for trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) by using Geoaccumulation Index. (MOF, 2013) 8 (Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, As, Cd, Hg, Ni) ( TEL PEL)., ERL TEL,., TEL, Cu Zn Li, 2013 Li Cu Zn., Cu Zn 5 (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg)., ERL TEL., As.,.. 사사 Hg Calss 2 Calss 1 Calss 0
8 562 최민규ㆍ이인석ㆍ김청숙ㆍ김형철ㆍ황동운 (R ). References Beadman HA, Kaiser MJ, Galanidi M, Shucksmith R and Willows RI Changes in species richness with stocking density of marine bivalves. J Applied Ecol 41, Buchman MF NOAA screening quick reference tables, NOAA OR&R Report 08-1, Seattle, U.S.A., 34. Chang JH, Ryu SO and Jo YJ Long-term variation of tidal-flat sediments in Gomso Bay, West Coast of Korea. J Kor Earth Sci Soc 28, Cho YG, Ryu SO, Khu YK and Kim JY Geochemical composition of surface sediments from the Saemangeum tidal flat, west coast of Korea. J Kor Soc Oceanogr 6, Choi M, Kim HC, Hwang DW, Lee IS, Kim YS and Kim YJ Organic enrichment and pollution in surface sediments from shellfish farming areas of Korea: Yeoja Bay and Gangjin Bay. Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 46, dx.doi.org/ /kfas Choi M, Lee IS, Kim HC and Hwang DW Distribution of trace metals in surface sediments of Yeoja Bay and Gangjin Bay, Korea. Korean JFish Aquat Sci (in review). Cho TC, Lee SB and Kim SY Sedimentological and hydromechanical characteristics of bed deposits for the cultivation of Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum in Gomso Tidal Flat. J Kor Fish Soc 34, Danovaro R, Gambi C, Luna GM and Mirto S Sustainable impact of mussel farming in the Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea): evidence from biochemical, microbial and meiofaunal indicators. Mar Pollut Bull 49, Folk RL Petrology of Sedimentary Rock, Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin TX, USA, 170. Folk RL and Ward WC Brazos river bar: A study in the significance of grain size parameters. J Sed Petol 27, GNDI (Gyung Nam Development Institute) Strategy for Enhancement of Shellfish Farming in Gyungnam Province. GNDI, Changwon, Korea, 1-8. Horowitz AJ A Primer on Sediment Trace Element Chemistry. 2 nd Ed Lewis Publishers Inc., Chelsea MI, USA, 136. Hwang DW, Lee IS, Choi M and Choi HG. 2014a. Distribution and pollution assessment of organic matter and trace metals in surface sediment around Ulsan Harbor. J Kor Soc Environ Anal 17, Hwang DW, Lee IS, Choi M and Choi HG. 2014b. Distribution of organic matter and trace metals in sediment around Tidal-flat oyster Crassostrea gigas farming area on the Taean Peninsula, Korea. Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 47, Hwang DW, Kim PJ, JungRH and Yoon SP Distribu tions of organic matter and trace metals in intertidal surface sediment from the Mokpo-Haenam coast. Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 46, Hwang DW and Kim SG Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in intertidal surface sediments of coastal islands in the western part of Jeollanam province using geochemical assessment techniques. Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 44, Hwang DW, Park SE, Kim PJ, Koh BS and Choi HG Assessment of the pollution levels of organic matter and metallic elements in the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island. Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 44, org/ /kfas Hwang DW, Ryu SO, Kim SG, Choi OI, Kim SS and Koh BS Geochemical characteristics of intertidal surface sediments along the southwestern coast of Korea. Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 43, KFAS Hwang DW, Kim HC, Park J and Lee WC Temporal and spatial variation of nutrient concentrations in shallow pore water in intertidal sandflats of Jeju Island. Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 45, KFAS Hyland J, Balthis L, Karakassis I, Magni P, Petrov A, Shine J, Vestergaard O and Warwick R Organic carbon content of sediments as an indicator of stress in the marine benthos. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 295, Hyun S, Choi JW, Choi JS and Lee T Surface sediment characteristics and benthic environments in the mouth of Jinhae Bay, Korea. J Kor Fish Soc 36, Jie H, Zhinan Z, Zishan Y and Widdows J Differences in the benthic-pelagic particle flux (boideposition and sediment erosion) at intertidal sites with and without clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) cultivation in eastern China. J Experim Mar Biol Ecol 261, Kim PJ, Shon SG Park SY, Kim SS, Jang SJ, Jeon SB and Ju JS Biogeochemistry of metal and nonmetal elements in the surface sediment of the Gamak Bay. J Kor Soc Mar Environ Saf 18, Kim KT, Kim ES, Cho SR, Chung KH and Park JK Distribution and pollution of heavy metals in the environmental samples of the Lake Shihwa. J Kor Soc Mar Environ Engineer 8, Lee CH and Yu HJ Establishment of environmental quality guidelines for surface sediments. Korea Environment Institute Lee DS, Kim YS, Jeong SY, Kang CK and Lee WJ Environmental characteristics and distributions of marine bacteria in the surface sediments of Kamak Bay in winter and summer. J Environ Sci 17, Lee WC, Cho YS, Hong SJ, Kim HC, Kim JB and Lee SM Estimation of ecological carrying capacity for oyster
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갯벌참굴양식장퇴적물중유기물및미량금속분포 1015 (Shim et al., 2009). 1960,, (eutrophication), (red-tide), (hypoxia) (Hwang et al., 2006).,,.,,,, (Shim et al., 2009), (Yang
한수지 47(6), 1014-1025, 2014 Original Article Kor J Fish Aquat Sci 47(6),1014-1025,2014 태안반도갯벌참굴 (Crassostrea gigas) 양식장주변퇴적물의유기물및미량금속분포 황동운 * 이인석 최민규 최희구 국립수산과학원어장환경과 Distributions of Organic Matter and
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농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥
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