Original Article pissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;67(5): CT Densitometry of the Lung in Healthy Nonsmokers with Normal Pulmonary Functi
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1 Original Article pissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;67(5): CT Densitometry of the Lung in Healthy Nonsmokers with Normal Pulmonary Function 1 정상폐기능의비흡연자에서흉부전산화단층촬영덴시토메트리 1 Tack Sun Oh, MD 1, Eun Jin Chae, MD 1, Joon Beom Seo, MD 1, Young Ju Jung, MD 2, Yeon-Mok Oh, MD 3, Sang Do Lee, MD 3 1 Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, 2 Health Promotion Center, 3 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea Purpose: To investigate the upper normal limit of low attenuation area% in healthy nonsmokers. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 nonsmokers with normal pulmonary function test underwent a CT scan. Six thresholds ( HU) on inspiration CT and two thresholds (-950 and -910 HU) on expiration CT were used for obtaining low attenuation area%. The mean lung density was obtained on both inspiration CT and expiration CT. Descriptive statistics of low attenuation area% and the mean lung density, evaluation of difference of low attenuation area% and the mean lung density in both sex and age groups, analysis of the relationship between demographic information and CT parameters were performed. Results: Upper normal limit for low attenuation area% was 12.96% on inspiration CT (-950 HU) and 9.48% on expiration CT (-910 HU). Upper normal limit for the mean lung density was HU on inspiration CT and HU on expiration CT. Low attenuation area% and the mean lung density showed no significant differences in both sex and age groups. Body mass index (BMI) was negatively correlated with low attenuation area% on inspiration CT (-950 HU, r = , p = 0.016) and positively correlated with the mean lung density on inspiration CT (r = 0.539, p = 0.001) and expiration CT (r = 0.432, p = 0.009). Age and body surface area were not correlated with low attenuation area% or the mean lung density. Conclusion: Low attenuation area% on CT densitometry of the lung could be found in healthy nonsmokers with normal pulmonary function, and showed negative association with BMI. Reference values, such as range and upper normal limit for low attenuation area% in healthy subjects could be helpful in quantitative analysis and follow up of early emphysema, using CT densitometry of the lung. Index terms Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Function Test Tomography, X-Ray Computed Received August 14, 2010; Accepted October 4, 2010 Corresponding author: Eun Jin Chae, MD Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul , Korea. Tel Fax ejinchae@amc.seoul.kr This work was supported by the grants of the Korean Health 21 R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (A040153, A084305). Copyrights 2012 The Korean Society of Radiology 서론 만성기도폐쇄성질환 (chronic obstructive lung disease; 이하 COPD) 은불완전한가역성을가지는진행성의기류제한을특징으로하는질환으로, 주로흡연시의유해입자나가스의흡입으로인한폐의비정상적인염증반응에의한질병으로정의된다 (1). 만성기도폐쇄성질환환자의진단및경과관찰에서병력과폐기능검사에더불어영상진단은폐기종의정도와범위를판단하는데있어서중요한진단도구로사용된다. 특히 전산화단층촬영 (CT) 을이용하면폐기종의범위와중증도를정량적으로분석할수있으며 (2-10), 이러한전산화단층촬영상의덴시토메트리 (densitometry) 의결과는병리조직의육안적, 현미경적폐기종의범위와잘일치하는것으로알려져있다 (3, 4). 그러나덴시토메트리는특정역치를사용하므로폐기종과유사하게역치미만의 CT값을나타낼수있는폐의과팽창, 노령화에따른폐포크기의증가, 저관류, 혹은다른기도폐쇄성질환에의한공기포획부위가모두폐기종으로과평가될수있다. 따라서특정역치사용시정상폐에서도나타날 submit.radiology.or.kr 대한영상의학회지 2012;67(5):
2 정상폐기능의비흡연자에서흉부전산화단층촬영덴시토메트리 수있는덴시토메트리상의저감쇠영역 % 의정도를아는것은 조기폐기종의진단에서가양성판정을줄이고전산화단층촬 영을이용한폐기종의추적검사에서폐기종의진행정도를정 확히평가하는데중요하다. 이전향적연구의목적은정상폐기능의비흡연성인에서흡 기와호기전산화단층촬영에서나타나는저감쇠영역 % 를정량 적으로분석하여그범위를알아보고, 폐기종의가양성판정을 줄이기위한정상인에서의정상상한치를제시하고자하였다. 대상과방법 이연구는임상연구심의위원회 (Institutional Review Board) 의승인을받았으며연구에포함된모든대상자로부터연구참 여에대한서면동의서를받았다. 대상군 건강검진센터를방문하여폐결절조기발견을목적으로흉부 전산화단층촬영검사를시행받는 20 세이상의정상성인을 전향적으로모집하였다. 현재또는과거에호흡기질환의병력 이없고흡연한적이없으며폐기능검사상정상소견을보이는 대상자만포함되었다 년 5 월부터 2008 년 1 월까지의기 간동안총 36 명 ( 남자 15 명, 여자 21 명 ) 이모집되었고, 그들의 평균연령은 55.4 세 (28~72 세 ) 였다. 대상자의인구학적정보 는 Table 1 에나타내었다. 전산화단층촬영 16 채널다중검출전산화단층촬영기기 (Somatom Sensation; Siemens Healthcare, Forcheim, Germany) 를이용하여최대 흡기와호기시에촬영을시행하였다. 촬영조건은 0.75 mm 의 collimation, 100 effmas, 140 kvp, 1.0 pitch 를사용하였다. 본 연구에서사용된전산화단층촬영기기는 Hounsfield unit (HU) 에서 3071 HU 까지의감쇠계수 (attenuation coefficients) 범위를가지고있다. 전산화단층촬영은앙와위 (supine) 에서종 축방향 (craniocaudally) 으로시행되었으며, 정맥조영제는투여 하지않았다. 흉곽입구에서폐기저부까지표준커널 (Standard Table 1. Demographic Information of Subjects Mean ± SD Range Age (y) ± Weight (kg) ± Height (cm) 166 ± Body surface area (m 2 ) 1.65 ± Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) ± Note.-SD = standard deviation kernel, B30f; Siemens Medical Systems, Forchheim, Germany) 을이용하여절편두께 0.75 mm, 절편간격 0.75 mm 로영상을재구성하였다. 흉부영상의학전문의한명 (E.J.C.) 이모든대상자의전산화단층촬영영상에서 CT 덴시토메트리에영향을줄수있는폐실질의국소적혹은미만성이상소견유무를평가하였고, 이상소견을보이는대상자는없었으며폐기종을보이는대상자도없었다. 흡기와호기영상에서자체적으로개발한소프트웨어 (inhouse software) 를사용하여 -400 HU 미만을폐로정의하고자동으로전체폐를뽑아낸후흡기와호기시전체폐용적을구하고각화소 (pixel) 의감쇠계수를측정하였다. 전체폐용적중특정역치이하를보이는화소들의용적의백분율을저감쇠영역 %(low attenuation area%) 로정의하였다. 흡기영상에대해서는 -930 HU 부터 -980 HU 까지 10 간격으로 6개의역치를사용하였고, 호기영상에대해서는 -950 HU 와 -910 HU 의 2개의역치를사용하였다. 또한, 전체폐의모든화소의평균감쇠계수를구하여폐실질평균농도 (mean lung density) 로정의하였고흡기와호기영상모두에서각각폐실질평균농도를구하였다. 폐기능검사표준폐기능검사법인폐활량측정법을통해폐기능검사를시행하였다 (11). 1초간강제호기량 (forced expiratory volume at one second; 이하 FEV1), 1초간강제호기량과노력성폐활량의비 [FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC)], 일산화탄소확산능 (carbon monoxide diffusing capacity) 을측정하였으며, 모든측정값은예상치에대한실측치의비율로나타내었다. 일산화탄소확산능은일호흡일산화탄소흡입법 [single-breath carbon monoxide uptake (Vmax 22, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA, USA; PFDX, MedGraphics, MN, USA)] 을통해측정하였다. 폐기능검사상 1초간강제호기량과노력성폐활량의비 (FEV1/FVC) 가 70% 이상이고 1초간강제호기량이 80% 이상인경우를정상범위로간주하였으며이에해당하는대상자만이연구에포함되었다. 통계분석모든통계분석은 SPSS 통계패키지 (statistical package) 를사용하였다 (SPSS ; SPSS; Chicago, IL, USA). 결과값은평균값 ± 평균오차로나타내었으며 p값이 0.05 미만이면유의한것으로판단하였다. 정상성인에서나타날수있는저감쇠영역 % 의범위를알아보고정상성인에서의저감쇠영역 % 의정상상한치를제시하기 342 대한영상의학회지 2012;67(5): submit.radiology.or.kr
3 오탁선외 위하여다양한역치별저감쇠영역 % 와폐실질평균농도의기술통계를시행하였다. 성별에따라서저감쇠영역 % 와폐실질평균농도가차이를보이는지단일표본 t검증 (t-test) 을이용하여비교하였다. 연령을 20~39, 40~59, 60~79 세의구역별로세분한후연령구역에따라서저감쇠영역 % 와폐실질평균농도가차이를보이는지분산분석 (analysis of variance) 을이용하여비교하였다. 연령, 체표면적, 체질량지수와다양한역치별저감쇠영역 % 와폐실질평균농도의상관성을피어슨분석 (Pearson analysis) 을이용하여분석하였다. 결과 흡기와호기시에시행된전산화단층촬영에서의각각의역치 에따른저감쇠영역 % 와폐실질평균농도의기술통계값들을 Table 2와 Fig. 1에나타내었다. 흡기영상에서 -950 HU 역치의저감쇠영역 % 의최소값은 0.43%, 최대값은 16.17% 였고, 평균은 5.24 ± 4.25%, 중앙값은 4.41% 였다. 정상상한치값 (95th percentile) 은 12.96% 였다. 호기영상에서 -910 HU 역치의저감쇠영역 % 의최소값은 0.05%, 최대값은 19.41% 였고, 평균은 2.06 ± 3.58%, 중앙값은 1.14% 였다. 정상상한치값은 9.48% 였다. 흡기영상에서폐실질평균농도의최소값은 HU, 최대값은 HU 였고, 평균은 HU, 중앙값은 HU였다 (Fig. 2). 정상상한치값은 HU였다. 호기영상에서폐실질평균농도의최소값은 HU, 최대값은 HU 였고, 평균은 HU, 중앙값은 HU 였다. 정상상한치값은 HU 였다. Table 2. Results of CT Densitometry in All Subjects Mean ± SD Median Range 25%/75% Quartile 95th Percentile LAAi980 (%) 0.50 ± / LAAi970 (%) 1.14 ± / LAAi960 (%) 2.52 ± / LAAi950 (%) 5.24 ± / LAAi940 (%) 9.89 ± / LAAi930 (%) ± / LAAe950 (%) 0.27 ± / LAAe910 (%) 2.06 ± / MLDi (HU) ± / MLDe (HU) ± / LVi (ml) ± / Note.-LAAe = low attenuation area on expiratory image, LAAi = low attenuation area on inspiratory image, LVi = inspiratory lung volume, MLDe = mean lung density on expiratory image, MLDi = mean lung density on inspiratory image, SD = standard deviation LAA (%) Threshold (HU) Threshold (HU) A B Fig. 1. Box and whisker plot of low attenuation area (%) along each thresholds on inspiratory CT (A) and expiratory CT (B). Note.-central line = median, ends of boxes = interquartile boundaries, whiskers = data point closest to inner fence (1.5 x interquartile range), = mild outlier, = severe outlier, HU = Hounsfield unit, LAA (%) = low attenuation area % LAA (%) submit.radiology.or.kr 대한영상의학회지 2012;67(5):
4 정상폐기능의비흡연자에서흉부전산화단층촬영덴시토메트리 성별에따른비교시, 흡기영상에서 -950 HU 역치의저감쇠영역 % 의평균값은남성은 6.17 ± 4.83%, 여성은 4.58 ± 3.77% 였으며 (p = 0.184), 흡기영상에서폐실질평균농도의평균값은남성은 ± 23 HU, 여성은 ± HU 였다 (p = 0.548). 이들은통계학적으로유의한차이를보이지않았다. 연령구역에따른비교시, 흡기영상에서 -950 HU 역치의저감쇠영역 %(p = 0.207) 와흡기영상에서폐실질평균농도 (p = 0.265) 의평균값은구역별로유의한차이를보이지않았다. 상관분석결과에서체질량지수가흡기 -930~-970 HU 역치저감쇠영역 % 들과음의상관성을보였다 (Table 3, Fig. 3). 또체질량지수는흡기와호기폐실질평균농도와양의상관성을보였다 (r = 0.539, p = 0.001; r = 0.432, p = 0.009). 체표면적은흡기폐용적과양의상관성을보였다 (r = 0.298, p = 0.078). 그러나저감쇠영역 % 나폐실질평균농도와는유의한상관성을보이지않았다. 연령은모든변수와통계학적으로유의한상관성을보이지않았다. 고찰 만성기도폐쇄성질환에서흉부전산화단층촬영은폐기능의이상이나타나기전의경증폐기종을발견할수있을뿐아니라덴시토메트리를이용하여소위 폐기종지수 (emphysema index) 를구함으로써폐기종의중증도를정량화할수있다 (2-10). 또한, 최근의연구들에서는폐기종의진행정도를폐기능검사보다더욱민감하게진단할수있다고알려지고있다 (12). 전산화단층촬영을이용한폐기종정량화에서가장중요한것은폐기종지수를구하는적절한역치를정하는것이며이 Table 3. Results of Correlation Analysis between CT Densitometry and Demographic Information Age BMI BSA r p r p r p LAAi980 (%) LAAi970 (%) LAAi960 (%) LAAi950 (%) LAAi940 (%) LAAi930 (%) LAAe950 (%) LAAe910 (%) MLDi (HU) MLDe (HU) LVi (ml) Note.-Statistically significant result. BSA = body surface area, BMI = body mass index, LAAe = low attenuation area on expiratory image, LAAi = low attenuation area on inspiratory image, LVi = inspiratory lung volume, MLDe = mean lung density on expiratory image, MLDi = mean lung density on inspiratory image, SD = standard deviation A B Fig. 2. Example of quantitative densitometry in a patient with mild emphysema and a healthy subject. A. A 54-year-old male who have mild degree of centrilobular emphysema. A coronal CT image (window level: -750 HU, width: 1500 HU) shows some areas of centrilobular emphysema in both upper lobes. Low attenuation area (%) is shown on a color-coded image demonstrating pixels having CT density below the threshold -950 HU and the value was 4.01%. B. A 59-year-old male who is one of healthy nonsmokers in this study. Emphysema is not evident on a coronal CT image (window level: -750 HU, width: 1500 HU). However, on a color-coded image, there are color-coded areas representing low attenuation area at -950 HU which value was 13.45%. 344 대한영상의학회지 2012;67(5): submit.radiology.or.kr
5 오탁선외 에대한많은연구가진행되어왔다 (3-5, 7, 9). 10 mm 두께의조영증강전산화단층촬영을이용한초기의연구에서는적절한역치가 -910 HU 였다 (5, 8). 이후 1 mm 두께의얇은절편영상에서의적절한역치의연구들결과가보고되었는데, Gevenois 등 (5) 은흡기시에는 -950 HU 를역치로하였을때그이하의폐영역이육안적 (macroscopic), 현미경적 (microscopic) 폐기종의범위와잘일치한다고하였고, Madani 등 (13) 의연구에서는 -960 HU 가가장높은일치도를보였다. 또한, 폐기종지수와폐기능검사와의연관성을분석한연구에서는 -940 HU 부터 -970 HU 역치구간에서폐기능검사값들과큰상관성을보였다 (14). 덴시토메트리의결과가병리학적폐기종범위혹은폐기능과의높은상관성을보임에도불구하고덴시토메트리는몇가지한계점을가지고있는데, 과다호흡, 과팽창, 저관류, 혹은소기도폐쇄에의한공기포획 (air trapping) 등도폐기종으로과평가될수있다는점이다. 이러한제한점으로인하여정상성인에서도폐기종지수가높게나타날수있고, 만성기도폐쇄성질환환자에서는추적검사상폐기종의진행정도를평가하는데에이러한과평가가폐기종의악화로오인될가능성이있다. 따라서특정역치를사용한덴시토메트리를시행하였을때정상에서도나타날수있는저감쇠영역 % 의범위를알고이결과를바탕으로정상상한치를제시한다면조기폐기종진단의특이도를높이고추적검사시폐기종진행평가에도도움을줄수있을것이다. 최근몇몇연구에서비흡연정상성인에서나타날수있는저감쇠영역 % 의범위에대한결과들이보고되었다 (4, 15, 16). Gevenois 등 (4) 은 23~71 세범위의정상성인 42명을대상으로분석시흡기시평균저감쇠영역 % 는 7.8% 라고보고하였다. Irion 등 (16) 의연구에서는 19~41 세범위의정상성인 30명에서 -950 HU 의역치를사용할때흡기시평균저감쇠영역 % 는 19% 이고호기시 4% 였다. Irion 등은 -950 HU 의역치를사용할때정상성인에서의흡기시저감쇠영역 % 의정상상한치는 35% 라고제시하였다. Marsh 등 (15) 은 25~75 세범위의정상성인 185 명에서세축상영상 (axial images) 분석결과고해상도 (high resolution) 영상에서평균 15%, 평균해상도 (standard resolution) 영상에서평균 1.4% 의저감쇠영역 % 를보고하였다. 본연구에서는 -950 HU 역치이용시평균저감쇠영역 % 는 5.24% 였고정상상한치는 12.96% 였다. 이전연구들과본연구에서전체영상으로부터폐영역을분할하는과정에서사용된역치가 -250 HU(16), -300 HU(15), -400 HU( 본연구 ) 등으로다양하고또한용량자료 (volume data) 전체를분석에사용한경우와특정수준 (level) 의몇축상영상 (axial images) 만 LAA (%) 을분석에사용한경우가있는등방법론의차이가있어서, 그 결과를단순히비교하는것은의미가없을것으로생각한다. 향후동일한폐분할방법과용량자료를이용한보다많은연 구결과가필요하겠다. 현재국내외적으로여러개의만성기도 폐쇄성질환의코호트연구들이진행되고있으며 ( 예, 한국의 Korean Obstructive Lung Disease Cohort, 미국의 COPD gene study, 미국의 National Emphysema Treatment Trial 등 ), 각각의코호트에서사용되는정량화방법에따라정상상 한치의기준을마련해야할것이다. r = p = BMI (kg/m 2 ) Fig. 3. Correlation between low attenuation area (%) at -950 HU on inspiration and body mass index. Note.-BMI = body mass index, LAA (%) = low attenuation area % 경한정도의폐기종을진단하는데있어서역치기반의저감 쇠영역 % 는그진단적민감도가어떤역치를사용하느냐에매 우의존적이게된다. 그이유는폐의 CT 값의히스토그램은단 봉커브 (unimodal curve) 이고, 이커브에서증가하는부분은 S- 자모양 (sigmoidal shape) 을보이므로 y = 0% 와 y = 100 % 에서안정기 (plateau) 가형성된다. 따라서 y = 0% 에가까운 영역에서는곡선아래면적 (area under the curve) 이역치값에 매우의존적이게됨으로써진단의민감도가낮다 (17). 반면백 분점 (percentile point) 을이용하여폐기종을정량화하는방법 에는이러한단점이없는데, 특히 15 번째백분점 (15th percentile point) 을사용할경우 -900~-800 HU 범위의변화도민 감하게잘반영하는것으로알려져있다 (17). 실제 Stolk 등 (18) 은알파항트립신결핍 (α1-antitrypsin deficiency) 환자에 서조기폐기종의추적관찰에서 15 번째백분점이 -950 HU 를이용한저감쇠영역 % 보다폐기종지수의작은변화를더욱 submit.radiology.or.kr 대한영상의학회지 2012;67(5):
6 정상폐기능의비흡연자에서흉부전산화단층촬영덴시토메트리 민감하게보여주었다고보고하였다. 역치기반의저감쇠영역 % 가경한폐기종을진단하는데있어민감도가상대적으로낮은반면, 백분점에비해수치를제시하였을때폐기종정도를보다직관적으로인식할수있는등의장점이있어, 실제로는저감쇠영역 % 가보다많이사용되고있다. 따라서폐기능검사상이상소견을보이지않는단계의경증의폐기종을진단하는데있어저감쇠영역 % 를사용할때이와같은저감쇠영역 % 의특성에대한이해가필요하다. 흡연과같은폐기종유발요인이없는정상성인에서나타나는저감쇠영역 % 의원인으로여러가지요인들을들수있는데크게전산화단층촬영상의요인과대상에의한요인들로나뉜다. 촬영상의요인으로는관전압, 관전류, 영상재구성알고리즘, 스캐너의종류, 환자의부적절한체위등의다양한요인들이있을수있다. 대상에의한요인으로는호흡의정도, 폐용적, 나이, 체표면적, 체질량지수등이요인이될수있다. 본연구에서는연령이증가함에따라저감쇠영역 % 가감소하는경향성을볼수있었으나이는통계학적으로유의하지않았다. 이러한음의상관성은보다젊은성인일수록과다호흡으로인한폐의과팽창이흔히발생하는것에기인할것으로추정할수있지만, 연령이증가하면서폐포의크기가증가하여저감쇠영역 % 가오히려증가한다고보고한연구결과도있어서아직논란이있다 (19, 20). 본연구에서성별에따른저감쇠영역 % 의차이는없는것으로나타났고이는이전연구들의결과와같다 (16, 19). 체표면적이증가할수록흡기와호기시폐용적이큰것으로나타났으나체표면적의증가그자체가저감쇠영역 % 의증가와상관성을보이지는않았다. 상관분석에서흥미로운결과중하나는체질량지수가감소할수록저감쇠영역 % 는증가하였고폐실질평균농도는감소하는것이었다. 본연구진에의해시행된만성기도폐쇄성질환환자코호트연구에서도체질량지수와폐기종지수는강한음의상관성을보였다 (r = -0.68, p < 0.001)(8). Ogawa 등 (21) 도만성기도폐쇄성질환환자에서체질량지수와피하지방질량이모두폐기종지수와음의상관성을보인다고보고하였다 (r = -0.56, p < 0.001; r = -0.31, p < , 각각 ). 만성기도폐쇄성질환환자에서의체질량지수와폐기종지수와의이러한음의상관성에대해서인과관계의방향 ( 폐기종이저체중유발혹은저체중이폐기종유발 ) 은아직밝혀지지않고있다. 또 Coxson 등 (22) 은신경성식욕부진 (anorexia nervosa) 환자에서폐기종지수가증가되어있는데이는체질량지수와음의상관성을보인다고보고하였으며만성적인영양실조와폐조직감소의상관성을입증하였다. 그러나본연구결과에의하면, 만성기도폐쇄성질환환자와신경성식욕부진과같이체질량지 수가비정상적으로낮은경우가아닌정상성인에서도, 체질량지수와저감쇠영역 % 가음의상관성을보이므로, 신체의전체조직양혹은지방의양과폐조직의양이비례함으로써, 체질량지수가낮으면동시에폐의간질조직의양도적고이에따라덴시토메트리상저감쇠영역 % 가증가한다는가설을세울수도있겠다. 체질량지수와저감쇠영역 % 가음의상관성을보이는것의기전에대해서는향후보다많은연구가필요하겠다. 본연구의제한점은첫째, 대상표본의크기가작아서결론의일반화에한계가있다는점이다. 둘째, 비록흉부영상의학전문의에의해전산화단층촬영영상에서폐실질에이상소견이없다고판단되었지만, 소기도폐쇄에의한공기포획등저감쇠영역 % 를일으키는병변이포함되어있을가능성을완전히배제하기어렵다. 셋째, 전산화단층촬영시호흡수준을조절하지않았으므로이에의한제한점이발생하였다. 본연구에서는흡연과같이폐기종의유발요인이없고폐기능이정상인건강성인에서도특정역치를이용한폐덴시토메트리에서저감쇠영역 % 가나타날수있음을보여주었다. 흡기영상에서 -950 HU 를역치로하였을때저감쇠영역 % 의평균은 5.24% 였고정상상한치는 12.96% 였다. 정상성인에서나타나는이런저감쇠영역 % 는체질량지수와반비례하여증가하였다. 정상성인에서나타나는저감쇠영역 % 의범위와이를통한정상상한치를이용하면덴시토메트리를이용한조기폐기종의정량분석그리고추적관찰에서의진행정도를평가하는데에도움을줄수있을것으로기대된다. 참고문헌 1. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152(5 Pt 2):S77- S Bankier AA, De Maertelaer V, Keyzer C, Gevenois PA. Pulmonary emphysema: subjective visual grading versus objective quantification with macroscopic morphometry and thin-section CT densitometry. Radiology 1999;211: Gevenois PA, de Maertelaer V, De Vuyst P, Zanen J, Yernault JC. Comparison of computed density and macroscopic morphometry in pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152: Gevenois PA, De Vuyst P, de Maertelaer V, Zanen J, Jacobovitz D, Cosio MG, et al. Comparison of computed density 346 대한영상의학회지 2012;67(5): submit.radiology.or.kr
7 오탁선외 and microscopic morphometry in pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154: Gevenois PA, De Vuyst P, Sy M, Scillia P, Chaminade L, de Maertelaer V, et al. Pulmonary emphysema: quantitative CT during expiration. Radiology 1996;199: Chae EJ, Seo JB, Song JW, Kim N, Park BW, Lee YK, et al. Slope of emphysema index: an objective descriptor of regional heterogeneity of emphysema and an independent determinant of pulmonary function. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;194:W248-W Kinsella M, Müller NL, Abboud RT, Morrison NJ, DyBuncio A. Quantitation of emphysema by computed tomography using a density mask program and correlation with pulmonary function tests. Chest 1990;97: Lee YK, Oh YM, Lee JH, Kim EK, Lee JH, Kim N, et al. Quantitative assessment of emphysema, air trapping, and airway thickening on computed tomography. Lung 2008;186: Müller NL, Staples CA, Miller RR, Abboud RT. Density mask. An objective method to quantitate emphysema using computed tomography. Chest 1988;94: Park KJ, Bergin CJ, Clausen JL. Quantitation of emphysema with three-dimensional CT densitometry: comparison with two-dimensional analysis, visual emphysema scores, and pulmonary function test results. Radiology 1999;211: Standardization of Spirometry, 1994 Update. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152: Stolk J, Putter H, Bakker EM, Shaker SB, Parr DG, Piitulainen E, et al. Progression parameters for emphysema: a clinical investigation. Respir Med 2007;101: Madani A, Zanen J, de Maertelaer V, Gevenois PA. Pulmonary emphysema: objective quantification at multi-detector row CT--comparison with macroscopic and microscop- ic morphometry. Radiology 2006;238: Lee HJ, Lee YK, Seo JB, Kim N, Oh YM, Lee SD. A study of the relationship between the pulmonary function test and the threshold value for the emphysema index at volumetric inspiration and expiration CT in cases of chronic obstructive lung disease. J Korean Radiol Soc 2008;59: Marsh S, Aldington S, Williams MV, Nowitz MR, Kingzett- Taylor A, Weatherall M, et al. Utility of lung density measurements in the diagnosis of emphysema. Respir Med 2007;101: Irion KL, Marchiori E, Hochhegger B, Porto Nda S, Moreira Jda S, Anselmi CE, et al. CT quantification of emphysema in young subjects with no recognizable chest disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009;192:W90-W Stoel BC, Stolk J. Optimization and standardization of lung densitometry in the assessment of pulmonary emphysema. Invest Radiol 2004;39: Stolk J, Ng WH, Bakker ME, Reiber JH, Rabe KF, Putter H, et al. Correlation between annual change in health status and computer tomography derived lung density in subjects with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Thorax 2003;58: Gevenois PA, Scillia P, de Maertelaer V, Michils A, De Vuyst P, Yernault JC. The effects of age, sex, lung size, and hyperinflation on CT lung densitometry. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996;167: Gillooly M, Lamb D. Airspace size in lungs of lifelong nonsmokers: effect of age and sex. Thorax 1993;48: Ogawa E, Nakano Y, Ohara T, Muro S, Hirai T, Sato S, et al. Body mass index in male patients with COPD: correlation with low attenuation areas on CT. Thorax 2009;64: Coxson HO, Chan IH, Mayo JR, Hlynsky J, Nakano Y, Birmingham CL. Early emphysema in patients with anorexia nervosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170: submit.radiology.or.kr 대한영상의학회지 2012;67(5):
8 정상폐기능의비흡연자에서흉부전산화단층촬영덴시토메트리 정상폐기능의비흡연자에서흉부전산화단층촬영덴시토메트리 1 오탁선 1 채은진 1 서준범 1 정영주 2 오연목 3 이상도 3 목적 : 정상폐기능비흡연성인의흉부전산화단층촬영에서다양한역치의저감쇠영역 % 의범위와정상상한치를제시하고자하였다. 대상과방법 : 흉부전산화단층촬영을시행받은정상폐기능비흡연성인 36명에대해흡기시 6개의역치 (-980~-930 HU) 와호기시 2개의역치 (-950, -910 HU) 에서의저감쇠영역 % 와흡기, 호기시폐실질평균농도를구하였다. 저감쇠영역 % 와폐실질평균농도의기술통계를시행하고성별과연령구역에따른차이를비교하였으며, 연령, 체표면적, 체질량지수와의상관성을분석하였다. 결과 : 흡기시 -950 HU 역치의저감쇠영역 % 의평균, 정상상한치값 (95th percentile) 은 5.24%, 12.96%, 호기시 -910 HU 역치에서는 2.06%, 9.48%, 흡기시폐실질평균농도는 HU, HU, 호기시폐실질평균농도는 HU, HU 였다. 성별과연령구역간저감쇠영역 % 와폐실질평균농도는통계학적차이가없었다. 체질량지수는흡기시 -970~-930 HU 역치의저감쇠영역 % 들과음의상관성을 (-950 HU, p = 0.016), 흡기와호기폐실질평균농도와양의상관성을보였다 (p = 0.001, p = 0.009). 결론 : 정상폐기능의비흡연자에서도특정역치를이용한덴시토메트리에서저감쇠영역 % 가나타날수있고, 체질량지수와반비례하여증가하였다. 정상성인에서저감쇠영역 % 의범위와정상상한치의정보가덴시토메트리를이용한조기폐기종의정량분석과추적관찰에서의진행정도를평가하는데에도움을줄것으로생각한다. 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원 1 영상의학과영상의학연구소, 2 건강증진센터, 3 호흡기내과 348 대한영상의학회지 2012;67(5): submit.radiology.or.kr
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