Original Article Ewha Med J 2018;41(4): eissn 단일기관에서경험한소아청소년기 Kikuchi-Fujimoto 병의임상적고찰 강희원, 김
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1 Original Article Ewha Med J 2018;41(4): eissn 단일기관에서경험한소아청소년기 Kikuchi-Fujimoto 병의임상적고찰 강희원, 김한울, 이소영, 유경하, 김혜순, 유은선, 최희정 1, 김경효 이화여자대학교의과대학소아과학교실, 1 내과학교실 Clinical Observations of Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease in Children and Adolescents: A Single Center Experience Hee Won Kang, Han Wool Kim, Soyoung Lee, Kyung Ha Ryu, Hae Soon Kim, Eun Sun Yoo, Hee Jung Choi 1, Kyung-Hyo Kim Departments of Pediatrics and 1 Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Objectives: Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) is characterized by lymphadenopathy and fever, and is usually self-limited. This study analyzed the clinical characteristics of pediatric patients with KFD. Methods: This retrospective, observational, single-center study was conducted in South Korea from March 2008 to October KFD was diagnosed based on clinical, radiological or histological findings and excluded when there were any other causes of lymphadenopathy. Medical records were reviewed for clinical and laboratory manifestations. Results: A total of 35 cases were included. The mean patient age was 12.1±2.9 years (range, 5 to 17 years); the male-to-female ratio was 1:0.8. The main clinical manifestations were cervical lymphadenopathy and fever in 34 cases (97%). The mean duration of fever was 12.2±8.3 days (range, 2 to 37 days). We noted enlargement of lymph nodes in the cervical, mesenteric (n=5, 14%), axillary (n=2, 6%), and inguinal (n=1, 3%) regions. Hepatosplenomegaly, loss of appetite, and rash were observed. On laboratory examinations, elevation of ferritin, leukopenia, and positivity for anti-nuclear antibodies were frequently observed. Twelve patients underwent biopsy and 23 cases were diagnosed by radiological findings. The mean duration of hospitalization for all cases was 7.9±2.9 days (range, 3 to 13 days) and steroids were administered in 10 cases. KFD recurrence was observed in 2 cases (5.7%) with the time to relapse of 7 months and 4 years. There were no cases with systemic lupus erythematous or other autoimmune disease. Conclusion: KFD should be considered in pediatric patients with lymphadenopathy and prolonged fever. Patients with KFD should be monitored for recurrence and the development of autoimmune disease. (Ewha Med J 2018;41(4):75-81) Received March 8, 2018 Revised August 14, 2018 Accepted August 16, 2018 Corresponding author Kyung-Hyo Kim Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 07985, Korea Tel: , Fax: kaykim@ewha.ac.kr Key Words Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis; Lymphadenopathy; Pediatrics; Fever This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL 75
2 Kang HW, et al 서론조직구괴사성림프절염으로알려진 Kikuchi-Fujimoto 병 (Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, KFD) 은드문양성질환으로 1972 년 Kikuchi [1] 와 Fujimoto 등 [2] 에의하여처음보고되었으며주로젊은여성에서발생하고소아에서는매우드문것으로알려져있다. KFD 의정확한발병률은알려져있지않지만림프절질환으로생검한병리결과상 5.7% 까지 KFD 가차지하는것으로보고되었다 [3]. 이질환은주로경부림프절비대와발열을동반하며, 이외에도피로, 관절통, 간비장비대, 피부발진, 체중감소, 빈혈등의증상도함께나타날수있다. 현재까지병인은뚜렷하게밝혀진바없으나특정감염원에대한 T세포와조직구등의면역반응으로인한것으로추정되고있으며, 특정치료법없이대개 1개월에서 4개월이내에자연호전되는경과를보인다 [4]. KFD 는임상양상이나조직학적특징들이림프종이나결핵성림프절염등의질환과유사한경우가많으며, 전신성홍반성낭창을포함한기타면역질환과동반되거나면역질환으로이행되는경우도있어초기감별진단과추적관찰이중요하다 [2,5,6]. 본논문에서는최근 8년동안단일기관에서진단된 KFD 의임상적특징및검사결과의특성을분석하였으며이를통해향후이질환의정확한초기감별진단및치료의선택과추적관찰계획수립에도움이되고자한다. 방법 1. 대상및연구설계본연구는후향적의무기록분석연구로피험자동의면제에대해이대목동병원기관생명윤리심의위원회 (EUMC ) 의승인을받아진행되었다 년 3월부터 2015 년 10 월까지이화여자대학교목동병원에서 KFD 로진단받고입원치료후외래에서추적관찰이가능했던 18 세이하의환아를대상으로하였다. 대상자선정기준은 KFD 가퇴원시최종진단명으로기재된입원환자의의무기록을분석하여진단당시다음과같은임상, 조직학적또는영상학적기준을만족시키는경우로하였다. KFD 진단기준은 1) KFD 에합당한임상증상 ( 발열, 식욕부진, 피로, 두통, 근육통등 ) 과림프절종대, 간비장비대, 발진등의신체진찰소견 ; 2) KFD 를시사하는림프절의조직학적 ( 림프절의피질혹은부피질의조직구, 림프구성세포, 형질양단핵세포등의침윤, 중심부괴사 ) 또는영상학적소견 ( 피막주위침윤, 중심부저음영병변등 ) 을충족시키는경우로하였다 [7,8]. 배제기준은 1) 림프절염을일으키는다른원인이확인된경우, 2) 치료중타병원으로전원되거나외래경과관찰이이루어지지않아증상경과를확인할수없는경우로하였다. 2. 분석방법총 35 명환자의의무기록을후향적으로검토하였으며, 진단시환아의나이, 성별, 임상증상, 혈액검사결과, 치료, 및예후등을분석하였다. 임상증상으로는내원시환자의주증상, 입원시까지의발열기간, 총발열기간, 림프절비대양상, 및기타호소증상을수집하였다. 예후분석을위해추적관찰기간과재발, 자가면역질환진단여부를확인하였다. 진단시시행한혈액검사의경우, WBC, 혈색소, 혈소판, AST, ALT, ESR, CRP, LDH, ferritin, antinuclear antibody (ANA) 와 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) 에대한항체결과를수집하였다. 결핵성림프절염을감별하기위해인터페론감마분비능검사 (interferon gamma release assay, IGRA), 투베르쿨린피부검사 (tuberculin skin test, TST), 조직검사검체에서결핵균 PCR 이시행된경우이에대한결과를수집하였다. 내원시시행한 CT, 초음파스캔은본원영상의학과의사가판독한결과를바탕으로분석하였다. KFD 의조직학적진단을위해시행한림프절의생검방법및결과를수집하여분석하였다. 또한환아의임상경과에따라사용한항생제, 스테로이드, 면역글로불린등의치료제종류및사용기간과이에따른해열기간, 외래추적관찰결과에대하여분석하였다. 3. 통계학적분석법연속변수의기술은평균값과표준편차구간으로나타냈고일부변수는최소값, 최대값으로변수의범위를제시하였다. 범주변수는백분율로제시하였다. 발열기간과혈액검사지표간의상관관계분석은 Pearson s correlation analysis 방법으로분석하였고, 그외연속변수의비교는 Mann-Whitney U-test, 범주변수는 Pearson s chi-square test 방법으로분석하였다. 모든통계분석은 IBM SPSS Statistics ver (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) 을이용하여수행하였다. 결과 1. 임상양상연구기간동안 KFD 로진단받은환아는총 35 명이었으며, 평균연령은 12.1±2.9세, 중앙값은 13 세로범위는 5세에서 17 세까지분포해있었고, 남녀성비는 1:0.8로남아가더많았다. 발열과림프절비대가주된증상으로, 발열의경우 35 명중 34 명으로 97% 에서나타났다 (Table 1). 발열기간중최대체온은 39.0±0.7 o C 였으며, 최고 40.0 o C까지발생하였다. 39 o C 이상의고열은 20 명으로 57% 에서발생하였다. 증상발생시작시점부터평균 8.1± 7.6( 범위 1 30) 일만에입원을하였고, 열이완전히떨어질때까지의총발열기간은 12.2±8.3( 범위 2 37) 일이었다. 76 THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL
3 Clinical Observation of Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease in Children and Adolescents Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with Kikuchi- Fujimoto disease Characteristics Value (n=35) Epidemiological features Age (yr) Mean±SD 12.1±2.9 Median (range) 13 (5 17) Female 16 (46) Systemic symptom Fever 34 (97) Total duration (day) 12.2±8.3 (2 37) Duration before admission (day) 8.1±7.6 (1 30) Fever peak >39.0 C 20 (57) Loss of appetite 7 (20) Loss of weight 5 (14) Fatigue 5 (14) Physical findings Cervical lymph node enlargement 34 (97) Unilateral 26 (74) Bilateral 8 (23) Lymph node tenderness 21 (60) Diameter of the largest lymph node (mean±sd) (mm)* 26.3±18.1 Other lymph node enlargement 7 (20) Mesenteric 5 (14) Axillary 2 (6) Inguinal 1 (3) Splenomegaly 14 (40) Hepatomegaly 4 (11) Rash 4 (11) Values are presented as number of cases (%) or mean±sd (range) unless otherwise indicated. *Not recorded in 13 cases. Accompanied by cervical lymphadenopathy except only one case of axillary lymphadenopathy. The mesenteric lymph node involvement was examined by imaging studies (computed tomography or sonography) on 14 patients, five of them were detected. KFD 로입원한전체환아중 34 명 (97%) 에서경부림프절비대 가나타났으며, 이중다른부위림프절비대없이경부림프절비 대만을보인경우는 27 명 (77%) 였다. 경부림프절비대의경우단 측침범이 74%, 양측침범이 23% 로단측을침범한경우가더많 았다. 다른부위의림프절비대는주로경부림프절비대와동반되 어장간막림프절비대가 35 명중 5 명 (14%), 액와림프절비대 2 명 (6%), 서혜부림프절비대가 1명 (3%) 으로나타났다. 이중액와림프절비대 1례는경부림프절비대동반없이단독으로나타났다. 경부, 장간막, 액와, 서혜부림프절모두비대가확인된경우도 1례있었다 (Supplementary Table 1). 림프절의압통은 60% 인 21명에게서확인되었고가장큰림프절의직경은 26.3 (±18.1) mm 로확인되었다. 그이외의증상은빈도순으로비장비대, 식욕부진, 피로, 체중감소, 피부발진, 간비대증상이나타났다 (Table 1). 2. 검사소견백혈구감소증 (WBC <4,000/mm 3 ) 을보이는환자는전체의 65.7% 를차지하였고, 빈혈, 혈소판감소증은각각 28.6%, 22.9% 에서확인되었다 (Table 2). ESR 의증가는 24.1% 에서보이는반면 CRP 가 5 mg/dl 이상증가된경우는 5.7% 였다. 그외 ferritin 은평균 376±448 ng/ml (25 2,132) 이었고 500 ng/ml 이상의증가는 21.2% (7/33) 에서있었다. LDH 는평균 437±271 IU/L이며 500 IU/L 이상의증가는 24.2% (8/33) 에서확인되었다. AST, ALT 의상승은 11.4%, 14.3% 에서확인되었다. ANA 는총 29 명에게서시행되었는데이중 18 명 (62.1%) 에게서양성이확인되어높은빈도의양성률을보였다. 이러한혈액학적지표들과발열기간과의상관관계분석에서모두유의한상관관계는보이지않았다 (P>0.05). 발열, 림프절비대의감염성원인을확인하기위해시행된 EBV, CMV 항체검사는각각 20 명 (57%), 12 명 (34%) 에서시행되었고모두음성이었다 (Table 2). 결핵성림프절염감별을위한 IGRA, TST 또는조직검체에서의결핵균 PCR 검사가시행된경우는 19 명 (54%) 이었고모두음성이었다. 영상학적검사는 35 명의환자모두에게초음파또는 CT가시행되었으며, 경부초음파는 9명 (26%) 에서시행되었고, 경부 CT 는 29 명 (82.9%) 에서시행되었다. 경부림프절염의경우 34 명의증례모두 level II-V에서확인되었고쇄골상림프절염이함께있는경우는 6례에서확인되었다. 복부초음파또는 CT는총 14 명에게서시행되었으며액와림프절염이있었던환자 1명은해당부위의초음파가시행되었다. 흉부 CT는 2명에게서시행되었으나종격림프절염은확인되지않았다. 영상학적소견은림프절주위의침윤소견이 68.9%, 림프절내의저밀도소견이 65.5%, 불균일한조영증강이 34.5% 에서나타났다 (Table 2). 본연구에서는 KFD 진단을위해림프절의생검을시행하지않고영상학적검사및임상증상을토대로진단한경우가 23 명으로 65.7% 였다. 림프절생검은총 12 명 (34.3%) 에서시행하였고, 4명에서미세침흡인생검검사를시행, 8명에서절제생검을통하여진단하였다. 생검을시행한환자들과그렇지않은환자들사이에유의한임상양상 ( 발열기간, 최대체온, 입원기간 ) 의차이는없었다. 혈액검사지표들도유의한차이를보이지않았다. THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL 77
4 Kang HW, et al Table 2. Laboratory and radiologic findings of patients diagnosed with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease No. of cases/no. of Parameters performance (%) Laboratory findings 3. 치료및경과 KFD 로진단받은전체 35 명의환자의입원기간은평균 7.9 ±2.9( 범위 3 13) 일이었다. 환아중 30 명 (85.7%) 에서초기진 단이불명확하여경험적정맥항생제를사용하였다. 이중 23 명 (65.7%) 은추가치료없이증상이호전되었고입원기간은평균 7.3±2.7 일이었다. 7 명 (14.3%) 에서정맥항생제를사용하다가 스테로이드를추가하여사용하였으며, 입원기간은평균 9.8± 2.8 일이었다. 3 명 (8.6%) 에서스테로이드를사용하였고, 입원기 간은평균 8.3±2.1 일이었다. 2 명 (5.7%) 에서특별한치료약제 를사용하지않았으며, 입원기간은평균 6.5±2.1 일이었다 (Table 3). Leukopenia (WBC < /mm 3 ) 23/35 (65.7) Anemia (hemoglobin <11 g/dl) 10/35 (28.6) Thrombocytopenia (platelet < /mm 3 ) 8/35 (22.9) AST >40 IU/L 4/35 (11.4) ALT >40 IU/L 5/35 (14.3) LDH 500 IU/L 8/33 (24.2) ESR 30 mm/hr 7/29 (24.1) CRP 5 mg/dl 2/35 (5.7) Ferritin 500 ng/ml 7/33 (21.2) ANA positivity 18/29 (62.1) Anti-EBV capsid antigen IgM positivity 0/20 (0) Anti-CMV IgM positivity 0/12 (0) Interferon gamma release assay positivity 0/13 (0) Tuberculin skin test 0/5 (0) PCR for MTBC in tissue samples 0/5 (0) Radiologic findings Perinodal infiltration 20/29 (69.0) Low density in lymph node 19/29 (65.5) Heterogenous contrast 10/29 (34.5) ANA, antinuclear antibody; EBV, Epstein-Barr virus; CMV, cytomegalovirus; MTBC, mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. 환아들의평균추적관찰기간은 12.8±15.3 ( 범위 0 50) 개월 이었으며, ANA 양성으로확인된환자는 15.7±16.3 ( 범위 1 50) 개월간추적관찰이이루어졌다. 이중 6 개월이상추적관찰은 19 명에서이루어졌다. 전체환자중 2 명 (5.7%) 에서재발하였는데 재발까지걸린기간은각각 7 개월후, 4 년후였다. 3 년이상추적 Table 3. Duration of hospitalization according to treatment Duration of Treatment No. of cases (%) hospitalization (day, mean±sd) Total 35 (100) 7.9±2.9 Antibiotics 23 (65.7) 7.3±2.7 Antibiotics steroid 7 (14.3) 9.8±2.8 Steroid 3 (8.6) 8.3±2.1 No medication 2 (5.7) 6.5±2.1 관찰이되었던경우는 5 명이었고모든환아에서관찰기간동안전 신성홍반성낭창및다른면역질환으로이환된경우는없었다. 고찰 본연구에서는단일기관에서경험한소아청소년에서의 KFD 에 대한임상적고찰을해보았다. KFD 환자군의역학적특성에대 한기존의국내연구와비교하여보았을때, Kang 등 [9] 의연구에 서평균연령은 13.2±3.1 세이며남아와여아의성비가 1:1.3 으로 보고하였다. 더이전의 Hong 등 [10] 의연구에서는 15 세이하소 아에서의연구이기는하나평균연령은 8.1 세였고 1:1.6 의성비를 보고하였다. 본연구에서는평균연령이 12.1±2.9 세, 남녀성비가 1:0.8 으로확인되었다. Lin 등 [11] 의연구에서도 1:0.5 로남아의 비율이더높게보고되었다. 그리고국내에서진행된 Seo 등 [12] 의연구에서는 18 세이하전체환자군에서는남녀비가 1:1 이었으 나 12 세를기준으로청소년, 소아로나눠보았을때는소아에서는 1:0.4, 청소년에서는 1:3.5 의비율을보였다. 그외 Wang 등 [13], Park 등 [14] 의연구에서도 12 세이하소아에서는청소년연령과 달리남아의비율이더높았다. 본연구에서도 12 세를기준으로나 눠보았을때청소년에서는 1:1.1 로여아가높았으나소아에서는 1:0.6 으로남아가더높게나왔다. 이러한경향의원인에대해서 는알려져있지않으나 2 차성징후의호르몬변화의가능성에대 해생각해볼수있겠다. 그러나이를확인하기위해서는 KFD 의 병리기전과함께이러한영향에대한추가연구가수행되어야할 것이다. KFD 는보통증상은체중감소, 피로, 근육통, 관절통, 식욕부 진, 간비장비대, 피부발진, 빈혈등으로다양하며, 무균성뇌수막 염을동반한 1 례가보고되기도하였다 [15,16]. 그중에서도가장 대표적으로나타나는증상은발열과림프절비대증이다. Kucukardali 등 [7] 은 244 례의 KFD 임상증상을보고하였는데경부를 포함한전체림프절비대증은 100% 에서확인되었고발열은 35% 에서나타났다. 본연구에서는 97% 에서발열증상을보였고총발 열기간은 12.2±8.3 일이었다. 최근연구에서는발열의최고온도 78 THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL
5 Clinical Observation of Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease in Children and Adolescents 가높을수록, 발열을제외한다른전신적인증상이 2가지이상등이발열기간을더연장하는요소로작용한다고보고하였다 [9]. 또한백혈구감소증, ESR 의증가, ferritin 의증가, AST, ALT 의증가가발열기간의연장과관련된요소임을보고하였다 [9]. 본연구의환자군에서는전체발열기간과분석한검사소견항목간에유의한상관관계가확인되지않았다. 보통림프절비대증은경부림프절비대가대부분이며그이외의부위에서도나타날수있으나전신적인림프절비대는흔치않다. 경부림프절비대는대개압통을동반하며, cm까지다양한크기를보이며, 진단받은환자의반수이상에서발견된다 [17,18]. 또한주로후경부에서나타나고, 양측혹은단측모두침범할수있다고보고된바있다 [19]. 본연구에서도 97% 에서경부림프절비대가있었으며, 침범된경부림프절의경우모두 level II-V림프절을포함하여후경부림프절을주로침범함을알수있었다. 또한양쪽을침범한경우보다단측을침범한경우가 26 명 (74%) 으로더많은경향을보였다. 경부림프절외에침범한경우가 6례에걸쳐있었지만대부분경부림프절과다른 1곳의림프절염이었다. 3군데이상을보이는경우는 1례로적어국소적림프절염양상이더흔함을알수있었다. 그러나전신성림프계침범을의미하는비장비대증상은 14 례 (40%) 에서확인되었다. 91례의 KFD 증례를분석한연구에서는비장비대가중증 KFD 에서유의하게높은비율을차지함을보고하기도하였고, 국내에서 86 례분석연구에서도긴발열기간과유의한연관관계를보고하였으나본연구에서는비장비대의유무가다른임상증상, 검사결과와유의한차이를보이지는않아중증 KFD 의지표가되지는못하였다 [9,19]. KFD 는백혈구감소증, 빈혈을흔히동반하고 ESR 과같은염증관련지표들이증가된다 [7,9,10,12]. 이번분석에서도백혈구감소증은 65.7% 에서동반되었으며염증관련지표인 ESR, ferritin, LDH 등이증가한경우는 % 를보였다. 반면 CRP 의증가비율은상대적으로낮았다 (5.7%). KFD 의발병원인에대해서는아직까지뚜렷하게밝혀진것은없으며, 바이러스나세균의감염이원인일가능성도제기되고있으나확실히증명된바는없다. 현재까지많이연구되고있는원인으로 EBV, human herpes simplex virus, CMV, human T- lymphotrophic virus, parvovirus B19 등이있다 [20]. 본연구에서는 EBV 나 CMV 등을직접검출하는검사는시행되지않았고바이러스특이 IgM 의측정을통한혈청학적검사에서는양성이나온바는없었다. 그러나일회성측정이었기때문에바이러스감염의가능성을배제할수없어질환과의관련성여부는평가할수없었다. 진단은주로영향을받은림프절의생검으로이루어지며, 결핵성림프절염, 악성림프종등을감별하는데결정적인근거를제공 할수있다. 생검후의조직학적소견은피질주위의괴사성병변, 많은핵붕괴물질, 괴사성병변의중심부를둘러싸는단핵세포반응등이특징적이다. 한편과립구와형질세포는드물거나혹은발견되지않는다 [19,21]. 본연구에서는조직검사가 12 명에게서만시행되었고그외 23 명에서는영상학적검사결과와다른임상증상등을토대로진단되었다. Kwon 등 [22] 의연구에서 KFD 를진단받은 96 명의환아들의 CT 판독에서공통적으로 multiplicity, homogeneity, perinodal infiltration 등의소견이보이며, CT나자기공명영상과같은영상소견이중요한진단적도구임을보고하였다. Chung 등 [23] 의연구에서는병력, 림프절의양상, 검사소견등을통해고도의의심을갖는것이 KFD 의진단에가장중요하며, 영상학적검사의특징등을고려하여 KFD 의가능성이높은경우 2주정도스테로이드를사용해보는것도불필요한생검을줄이는방법일수있음을제시하였다. 본연구에서도영상검사에서 perinodal infiltration, 중심부저음영등의소견이흔히확인되었다. 본연구에서생검을시행하지않은 23 례는 KFD 에서흔히확인되는양상의영상소견이확인되고다른감별진단의징후가보이지않았고, 임상경과가호전되어생검없이치료가종결되었다. 반면입원기간중림프절의크기가증가또는새로운림프절종대부위가확인되거나 (5례), 영상검사에서결핵성림프절염 (1례), 악성림프종 (1례) 감별이필요한소견이확인되거나악성림프종의가족력이있는경우 (1례) 림프절생검이시행되었다. 그러나생검을한환자들과하지않은환자들간의임상양상의차이는제한된의무기록과적은증례수로통계적으로유의미한결과를도출할수없었다. 생검을시행한 12 명중 8명에서절제생검을시행하여, 미세침흡인검사보다더많이시행하였다. 그러나절제생검의경우턱밑샘이나가장자리아래턱신경, 안면의혈관등에손상을줄위험이높아주의가필요하며비가역적인합병증발생가능성이있음을고려하여야한다 [24]. 감별해야하는질환으로결핵성림프절염, 전신성홍반성낭창, 비호지킨림프종, 가와사키병, herpes simplex 나다른원인과관련된림프절염, 급성골수성백혈병, 악성림프종등이있다 [25]. 이들질환과 KFD 의임상적인경과와예후가극명하게다르기때문에림프절비대증을동반하는불명열의환아의치료시초기에정확하게감별진단하는것이중요하다고할수있다. 특히악성림프종과의감별진단이중요한데, 악성림프종을배제하는데에는면역조직화학검사가유용하게사용된다 [17]. KFD 는특징적으로조직화학검사에서 CD68, myeloperoxidase, CD4 marker 를표현하는조직구가발견된다 [20]. 예후는보통수개월내에자연호전되며, 별도의치료가필요없는것으로알려져있다 [4]. 비대된림프절의통증이나발열등의증상을경감시키기위해진통제, 해열제, 비스테로이드성항염증 THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL 79
6 Kang HW, et al 제를사용할수있다. 이외심각한림프절외증상및전신증상이있는경우코르티코스테로이드가효과적이어사용을권하기도한다 [4,26]. 재발률은 3 4% 정도로보고되고있는데 [27], 본연구에서는 35 명의환아중재발한환아가 2명으로전체환자중에서는재발률이 5.7% 로기존의보고된수치보다약간높은경향을보였다. 또한 4년째에재발한경우가있어, 이질환에대한장기적으로꾸준하고면밀한추적관찰이필요할것으로생각된다. 본연구에서는다른자가면역질환이나심각한합병증을동반한경우는없었다. 하지만이질환은전신성홍반성낭창등의다른자가면역질환으로이행될가능성이있고, 극히드물지만합병증으로인한사망이보고된바가있다 [28]. 국내 Yoon 등 [5] 의연구에서도 19 세의여자환아에서 KFD 로진단및치료후증상이호전되었다가 4년후전신성홍반성낭창으로진행된증례를보고한바가있다. Kucukardali 등 [7] 은 KFD 로진단받은환자 244 명을대상으로분석한결과 KFD 환자들중전신성홍반성낭창과연관되는경우가 13% 로이중 2% 는 KFD 로치료받은이후에발생하였다. 본연구에서도자가면역질환의검사도구로활용되는 ANA 를 29 명에게서검사하였고이중 18 명에게서 ANA 양성이확인되었다. 그러나이들모두자가면역질환을동반하고있지않았으며경과관찰기간 ( 평균 15.7개월, 기간 1 50 개월 ) 동안자가면역질환이새로이진단되지않았다. ANA 양성인경우자가면역질환으로의진행가능성을고려하여면밀한경과관찰이필요할것으로생각된다. 이연구는후향적의무기록분석으로의무기록의불완전성과연구대상의규모가크지않은데따른연구분석의한계가있었다. 또한 KFD 의진단, 치료기준들이미리설정되지않고개별임상의사의판단에따라진행된후분석한후향적연구이므로여러변수들이통제되지못해생검시행여부, 치료방법의차이에따른임상증상, 혈액검사소견, 경과등을비교하였을때의미있는차이점이발견되지못했을가능성이있다. 림프절생검의경우에도 KFD 를진단하기위한확진검사법이긴하나, KFD 를진단하는경우생검이필수적으로진행되도록통일된임상적지침이적용되지않고개별임상의사판단으로생검이시행되었다. 이러한상황에서연구대상자선정기준을생검을시행한증례로국한시키는경우, 전형적인임상증상과양성경과를보여영상학적결과에근거하여생검없이경과관찰한증례가누락되어감별진단을위해생검이필수적이었던비전형적이고심한증상을나타내는 KFD 가상대적으로더많은비율을차지하는편향의우려가있어본연구에서는병리또는영상검사에서 KFD 의소견이보이는경우로연구대상자를확장하여적용하였다. 그러나이러한시도가병리학적인근거가부족하여배제진단의확실성이떨어지는제한점으로작용하였다. 이를보완하기위해퇴원후외래경과관찰중다른질환으로진단되었는지외래의무기록도분석하였으나본연구대상증례 에서는없었다. 이외에도본연구는입원치료를받은 KFD 증례로 제한하여분석하였는데, 이는 KFD 의경우진단과정과치료과정 에서조직검사와같은침습적행위나지속적인경정맥항생제또 는스테로이드투여가되는경우가많아일반적으로입원하여경 과관찰하게되기때문이다. 그러나경증의증상으로외래경과관 찰만을한경우는분석되지않아상대적으로임상경과가좀더중 증으로기술되었을가능성을배제할수는없어결과해석시이제 한점에대한고려도이루어져야하겠다. 본연구에서는단일기관에서소아청소년연령에서 35 건의 KFD 증례를분석해보았다. KFD 가소아에서드문양성질환이지 만원인을알수없는불명열로내원하는환아들에대하여초기 감별진단을통하여정확한치료계획을수립하는것이중요하다. 이를통해불필요한추가검사및항생제의사용을줄이고, 재원 기간을줄일수있을것이다. 또한 KFD 의재발과, 다른면역질환 으로의이행가능성때문에면밀한추적관찰이필요하다. Supplementary Material Supplementary Table is available from: org/ /emj Supplementary Table 1. Location of involved lymph nodes of patients with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease References 1. Kikuchi M. Lymphadenitis showing focal reticulum cell hyperplasia with nuclear debris and phagocytosis: a clinicopathological study. Acta Haematol Jpn 1972;35: Fujimoto Y, Kojima Y, Yamaguchi K. Cervical subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis: a new clinicopathological entity. Intern Med 1972;20: Kuo T, Shih LY. Surgical pathology of lymph node biopsy specimens in Taiwan with an update on adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma. In: Hanaoka M, Kadin ME, Mikata A, editors. Lymphoid malignancy: immunocytology and cytogenetics. New York: Field and Wood; p Bosch X, Guilabert A. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006;1: Yoon SH, Song MH, Shin SH, Kim SK, Lee KH, Yoon HS, et al. A case of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, subsequently evolving to systemic lupus eyrthematosus. Korean J Pediatr 2004;47: Martinez-Vazquez C, Hughes G, Bordon J, Alonso-Alonso J, Anibarro-Garcia A, Redondo-Martinez E, et al. Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, Kikuchi-Fujimoto s disease, associated with systemic lupus erythemotosus. QJM 1997;90: Kucukardali Y, Solmazgul E, Kunter E, Oncul O, Yildirim S, Ka- 80 THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL
7 Clinical Observation of Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease in Children and Adolescents plan M. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: analysis of 244 cases. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26: Kikuchi M, Takeshita M, Eimoto T, Iwasaki H, Minamishima Y, Maedo Y. Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis: clinicopathologic, immunologic and HLA typing study. In: Hanoaka M, Kadin ME, Mikata A, editors. Lymphoid malignancy: immunocytologic and cytogenetics. New York: Field & Wood Medical Publishers; p Kang HM, Kim JY, Choi EH, Lee HJ, Yun KW, Lee H. Clinical characteristics of severe histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease) in children. J Pediatr 2016;171: Hong JY, Bae SH, Kim WS. Clinical features of subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis in children. J Korean Pediatr Soc 2002;45: Lin HC, Su CY, Huang SC. Kikuchi s disease in Asian children. Pediatrics 2005;115:e92-e Seo JH, Shim HS, Park JJ, Jeon SY, Kim JP, Ahn SK, et al. A clinical study of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi s disease) in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2008;72: Wang TJ, Yang YH, Lin YT, Chiang BL. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease in children: clinical features and disease course. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2004;37: Park HS, Sung MJ, Park SE, Lim YT. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease of 16 children in a single center of Korea. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007;18: Jang JM, Woo CH, Choi JW, Song DJ, Yoo Y, Lee KC, et al. A case of Kikuchi s disease with skin involvement. Korean J Pediatr 2006;49: Park SJ, Moon WJ, Kim WS, Kim KS. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease with aseptic meningitis. Korean J Pediatr 2009;52: Hutchinson CB, Wang E. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010;134: Lee KY, Yeon YH, Lee BC. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease with prolonged fever in children. Pediatrics 2004;114:e752-e Dumas G, Prendki V, Haroche J, Amoura Z, Cacoub P, Galicier L, et al. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: retrospective study of 91 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014;93: Deaver D, Horna P, Cualing H, Sokol L. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease. Cancer Control 2014;21: Doh JH, Kim ST, Lee KS, Jeong SY. The lymphocyte subset change in a case of subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis. J Korean Pediatr Soc 1998;41: Kwon SY, Kim TK, Kim YS, Lee KY, Lee NJ, Seol HY. CT findings in Kikuchi disease: analysis of 96 cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25: Chung PS, Lee SJ, Yoon JS, Park SJ, Kim JS, Moon JH. Clinical and radiologic characteristics of Kikuchi s disease. Korean J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2006;49: Chiang YC, Chen RM, Chao PZ, Yang TH, Lee FP. Pediatric Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease masquerading as a submandibular gland tumor. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2004;68: Bosch X, Guilabert A, Miquel R, Campo E. Enigmatic Kikuchi- Fujimoto disease: a comprehensive review. Am J Clin Pathol 2004;122: Jang YJ, Park KH, Seok HJ. Management of Kikuchi s disease using glucocorticoid. J Laryngol Otol 2000;114: Dorfman RF. Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis of Kikuchi and Fujimoto. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1987;111: O Neill D, O Grady J, Variend S. Child fatality associated with pathological features of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease). Pediatr Pathol Lab Med 1998;18: THE EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL 81
8 Original Article Ewha Med J 2018;41(4): eissn Supplementary Table 1. Location of involved lymph nodes of patients with Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease No. of cases (%) Location of involved lymph nodes (n=35) Cervical lymph node 34 (97) Cervical lymph node only 27 (77) Axillary lymph node only 1 (3) 2 or more localization 6 (17) Cervical+mesenteric 4 (11) Cervical+axillary 1 (3) Cervical+mesenteric+inguinal 1 (3)
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