Review J Korean Orthop Assoc 2014; 49: Common Musculoskeletal Tumors 422 사지에서흔히보는연부조
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1 Review J Korean Orthop ssoc 2014; 49: Common Musculoskeletal Tumors 422 서울대학교의과대학영상의학교실 pissn : , eissn : Sonographic Features of Common Soft Tissue Masses in the Extremities Hye Jin Yoo, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea wide variety of superficial soft tissue masses may be seen in clinical practice and imaging modalities can be helpful in achievement of a definitive diagnosis or limit a differential diagnosis. mong them, ultrasonography is well suited for screening soft tissue masses because of its safety, low cost, and real-time dynamic imaging. The purpose of this article is to review the characteristic sonographic appearance of soft tissue masses in the extremities. Key words: sarcoma, ultrasonography, soft tissue neoplasm 서론 초음파검사에서볼수있는연부조직병변들은양성연부조직 종양 (benign soft tissue tumors), 비종양성종괴들 (bursa/ganglion/ cyst), 림프절, 염증성병변 (inflammatory lesions), 외상과관련된 병변, 그리고악성연부조직종양 (soft tissue sarcoma) 등이있다. 이중대부분은비종양성종괴를포함한양성종양이며, 양성대 악성종양의빈도는대략 100:1 정도로악성종양은매우드물 다. 1) 일반적으로양성종양은악성종양에비해경계가좋고, 내부 가균질하다. 반대로 5 cm 이상으로크기가크고, 동통을동반하 며, 근막 (fascia) 보다더깊은곳에위치한경우에는악성종양의 가능성이높아진다. 2) 그러나양성과악성연부조직종양을영상 검사로감별하는것은어려운경우가많은데, 같은병명을가진 양성종양이라도종양내부의구성성분, 위치, 크기, 주변조직과의 Received June 10, 2014 Revised July 9, 2014 ccepted July 12, 2014 Correspondence to: Hye Jin Yoo, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul , Korea TEL: FX: dalnara3@gmail.com 관계에따라다양한특성을보이며, 양성종양중에서도악성처럼보이거나악성종양인데도양성종양처럼보일수있기때문이다. 따라서필요시반드시조직검사로확인하여야한다. 2,3) 연부조직종양의영상검사의목적은 1) 의심되는병변을찾아서위치를파악하고 (detection and localization of suspected lesion), 2) 진단이가능한경우에는진단을하고 (establishment of diagnosis), 3) 진단이안될때는감별진단목록을제시하고 (formulation of differential diagnosis), 4) 종양의진행단계를정하고 (staging by imaging), 5) 치료후치료효과를판정하고 (post-surgical evaluation), 6) 재발유무를판단 (evaluation of recurrence) 하기위한것등이있다. 이중초음파검사는특히연부조직병변의위치를파악하고감별진단의범위를정하는데유용하게이용될수있다. 일부연구에의하면초음파를이용하여양성연부종양의약 80% 정도를정확하게진단하는것이가능하며, 초음파에서악성이의심되거나 (suspicious for soft tissue sarcoma) 결정하기어렵다고 (indeterminate) 판단된경우에도약 90% 가결국양성종양으로판명되었다고보고하였다. 4) 그러나악성종양의경우초음파에서양성으로오진되는경우는드물어서일차적으로연부조직종양의양 / 악성여부를판단하고추가적인검사를시행할지여부를 The Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic ssociation Volume 49 Number Copyright 2014 by The Korean Orthopaedic ssociation This is an Open ccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons ttribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
2 423 결정하는데중요한역할을한다고할수있다. 4-6) 본론 1. 초음파평가항목 연부조직병변에대한초음파검사를시행할때평가해야할항 목으로는다음과같은것이있다. * * 1) 크기 (size) 크기가양성과악성병변을감별하는절대적기준은아니지만크기가큰병변의경우자기공명영상 (magnetic resonance imaging) 과같은추가적인정밀검사나조직검사를요하는경우가많으므로중요한평가항목이라할수있다. 2) 병변의경계 (margin) 대부분의양성종양이나악성연부조직종양은모두경계가좋다. 오히려불규칙한경계를보이는경우에는침윤성섬유종증 (aggressive fibromatosis) 이나염증성병변 (inflammatory mass) 등비종양성양성질환들을먼저고려해야한다. 3) 내부에코 (echo pattern) 비특이적인경우가많지만, 피하지방층에위치하면서균일하게높은에코를보이면지방종인경우가많고, 내부에코가없으면서 (anechoic) 후방음영증강 (posterior acoustic enhancement) 을보이는경우에는낭성종괴 (cyst) 로진단할수있다. 4) 혈관분포 (vascularity) 혈관종이나동정맥기형, 동맥류등의혈관성병변을평가진단하는데도움을받을수있다. 또한전혀혈관성이보이지않는낭성종괴와다양한정도의혈관성을가지는고형종양 (solid tumor) 을감별하는데도움을줄수있다. 5) 석회화 (calcification) 석회화를특정적으로가지는종류의연부조직종양감별에이용될수있다. 혈관종의특징적인정맥결석 (phlebolith) 이나유리체 (loose body), 연골종증 (chondromatosis) 등을확인하는데도움이된다. 6) 압박성 (compressibility) 초음파 probe 를이용하여병변을압박함으로써고형종양과낭성종괴등을감별하는데도움이된다. 7) 위치 (location) 병변의위치는감별진단에중요한정보를제공한다. 병변의위치 Figure year-old female with ganglion between the 2nd and 3rd flexor tendons (asterisks) of the hand. Transverse sonographic image shows a well-circumscribed, anechoic mass with posterior acoustic enhancement (arrow). 는피하 (subcutaneous), 근육내 (intramuscular), 근육간 (intermuscular), 신경또는혈관기원성 (arising from nerve or vessels), 관절 근접부 (juxta-articular) 등으로기술할수있다. 2. 연부조직종괴들의초음파소견 1) 결절종 (ganglion) 결절종은점액성성분으로차있는낭성물질로서경계가좋고, 내부에에코가전혀없으며 (anechoic), 후방음영증강을동반한 다 (Fig. 1). 단방성으로보이는경우가많지만내부에격막을동반 하거나다방성으로보이는경우도있다. 대부분관절이나힘줄집 (tendon sheath) 에인접하여발생하는데손목관절, 손가락, 종아리 (peroneal compartment) 에서가장흔히볼수있다. 초음파는자기 공명영상과비슷한정도의정확도로결절종을진단할수있으며, 소량의관절액과감별하는데오히려유리하고초음파유도하흡 인술 (aspiration) 을시행할수있는장점을가진다. 2-8) 2) 표피낭종 (epidermal cyst) 표피낭종은피하지방층에상피세포가국소적으로증식한병변이 며, keratinizing epithelial elements 가발생과정 (embryogenesis) 중 또는후천적인이유 ( 외상이나수술 ) 로피하지방층에이식되어발 생한다고알려져있다. 표피낭종은상피세포로둘러싸여있고, 케 라틴 (keratin) 이나콜레스테롤 (cholesterol) 성분으로채워져있어 서백색물질로보인다. 임상적으로는서서히자라는피부하종괴 로나타나며, 감염이나파열이발생하기전까지는무증상이다. 초 음파에서표피낭종은둥글고경계가명확하며에코가대체로낮 은종괴로보이고, 후방음영증강을동반한다 (Fig. 2). 특징적으로 onion-ring 모양의내부에코를보이는데, 이는케라틴물질이 여러겹의 layer 를이루고있기때문이다. 파열이발생한경우에 는통증이동반되며, 초음파에서는불규칙한모양을보이게되고 내부에혈관성이증가하여고형성종양으로오인될수있다. 2-8)
3 424 3) 베이커낭종 (aker cyst) 베이커낭종은안쪽장딴지근 (gastrocnemius medial head) 과반막근 (semimembranous) 힘줄사이에위치한윤활낭 (bursa) 이액체가고이면서팽창한것으로오금 (popliteal fossa) 에서만져지는종괴로의뢰되는경우가많다 (Fig. 3). 액체로채워진병변이기때문에초음파에서는무에코성으로보이며특징적인위치에존재하기때문에진단이어렵지않다. 파열된경우심한장딴지통증과부종을동반하므로심부정맥혈전증 (deep vein thrombosis) 이나근육파열과감별이필요한경우가많다. 2,3) 는고에코선 (parallel echogenic lines) 을가진다 (Fig. 4). 그러나종양내부의결합조직 (connective tissue) 이나세포충실도, 지방, 수분의함량에따라저에코에서고에코까지다양하게보일수도있다. 혈관성은없거나약하게보인다. 피막을가지지않는지방종의경우에는경계가불분명하여주변피하지방과구별되지않는경우도있는데, 반대측과비교하여비대칭적으로지방이축적되어있는모양을보이면이역시지방종으로진단하는것이좋다. 4) 지방종 (lipoma) 지방종은섬유성피막 (fibrous capsule) 으로둘러싸인성숙한지방세포 (mature fat cell) 로구성되어있는가장흔한양성종양이다. 대개피하지방층에위치하나온몸어디든발생할수있다. 초음파에서압박이가능한 (compressible) 타원형종괴로나타나는데, 에코는주변피하지방보다높고, 내부에피부와평행하게달리 Figure year-old male with a aker cyst. Transverse ultrasonography image of popliteal fossa shows a cystic mass arising between tendons of the medial head of gastrocnemius (GM) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles. Figure year-old male with an epidermal cyst of the upper arm. Transverse ultrasonography image shows a well-defined, solid, hyperechoic mass with posterior acoustic enhancement. The mass contains hyperechoic foci or linear echogenic reflectives (keratin, arrow) and a dark oil cleft (arrowhead). Figure year-old female with subcutaneous lipoma of the back. Extended field-of-view ultrasonography image shows a large wellcircumscribed, hyperechoic mass, characterized by thin and highly reflective linear echoes (arrow) oriented parallel to the skin, consistent with a lipoma. Figure year-old male with subcutaneous angiolipoma. () Transverse ultrasonography image shows a wellcircumscribed, hyperechoic mass within the subcutaneous fat layer. () The Color Doppler image demonstrates vascularity within the mass, consistent with an angiolipoma.
4 425 C Figure year-old female with hemangioma. () Transverse ultrasonography image shows an ill-defined sponge-like mass containing hyperechoic dots with posterior acoustic shadowing, likely reflecting a phlebolith (arrows). () Corresponding Color Doppler image shows weak signals of flow within the soft tissue mass. (C) Radiographic correlation confirms the presence of a few phleboliths (arrow). Figure year-old female with venous malformation. The Color Doppler image shows an irregular hypoechoic mass with abnormal fluidfilled spaces and shows only a few, weak signals of flow within the soft tissue mass. 지방이외의비지방성조직들을포함하는변형성지방종 (lipoma variant) 으로는섬유성지방종 (fibrous lipoma), 연골성지방종 (chondroidlipoma), 점액성지방종 (myxoidlipoma), 혈관지방종 (angiolipoma) 등이있는데, 이중혈관지방종이전체지방종의 5%-17% 정도를이룬다 (Fig. 5). 비지방성조직의함량에따라병변의에코는다양하게나타날수있다. 지방을포함하는다른종류의종양의경우에도지방종과유사한초음파소견을보일수있어주의를요한다. 특히혈관종 (hemangioma) 은비정상혈관들사이에산재한다양한정도의지방조직이들어있어지방종으로오인되는경우도있다. 그러나대부분의경우에서종괴내에확장된혈관인꾸불꾸불한저에코의구조물이보이고, 도플러영상에서현저히증가된혈관성을 Figure year-old female with a subungual glomus tumor in the finger tip. () Longitudinal ultrasonography (US) image shows a solid hypoechoic mass (arrow) beneath the nail. () Color Doppler US image shows marked intratumoral vasculature related to the high-velocity shunts of the glomus tumor. 보여서구별이어렵지는않다. 2,3) 5) 혈관종 (hemangioma) 혈관종은종양의일종인혈관종과발생이상인혈관기형 (vascular malformation) 을모두포함하는일반적인용어로종종사용된 다. 그러나혈관종은어린이들에게주로생기는내피세포성종
5 426 Figure year-old female with a tenosynovial giant cell tumor in the finger. () Transverse ultrasonography (US) image shows a well-defined hypoehoic mass on the dorsal aspect of the extensor tendon. () Color Doppler US image shows displaced digital arteries (arrows) and sparse blood flow signals (arrowhead) within the tumor. 양으로서최대로커졌다가다시퇴화하는반면, 형성이상혈관 (dysplastic vessel) 으로구성된혈관기형은세포증식이나퇴화를보이지않는차이가있다. 3,7,9) 혈관종은다양한에코와균질성을가질수있는데, 높은혈관성을가진다는점이특징이다 (Fig. 6). 혈관기형중 slow flow venous lesion 은비정상적으로확장된정맥성공간 (venous space) 과정상적인동맥성분 (arterial component) 이관찰되는것이특징이다 (Fig. 7). 그들은종종육안으로보기에피부변색을보여서의심할수있다. 후방감쇄 (posterior acoustic shadowing) 를보이는고에코병변, 즉혈관내혈전증에의한석회화 (phleboliths) 가초음파나 x-ray 사진에서확인되면진단에큰도움이된다 (Fig. 6C). 도플러에서는혈류가느리기때문에혈관성이거의없는것처럼보이는경우도있다. 피하지방층에존재하는혈관종의경우에는압박이가능하며, 압박시종괴내부의확장된정맥이찌그러지면서혈류가소실되었다가압박을풀면다시혈류가차오르는모양을볼수있어진단에도움이되기도한다. 3,7,9) 6) 사구종양 (glomus tumor) 사구종양은 neuromyoarterialglomus 에서기원하였는데, 이사구 (glomus) 는모세혈관없이동정맥간문합 (arteriovenous anastomoses) 을갖는 end-organ appratus 이며손톱밑이나손가락끝에위치해있다. 국소적인압력이나추위에의해악화되는극심한통증이있는것이특징적인임상증상이다. 초음파검사에서는손톱밑에작고균일한저에코를보이는고형성종괴로나타나며, 인접해있는손가락뼈에압박에의한골미란 (bone erosion) 이동반되는경우도있다 (Fig. 8). 내부에높은혈관성을보이기때문에도플러영상이특히진단에도움이된다. 3,9,10) 7) 힘줄집거대세포종 (localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor) 힘줄집 (tendon sheath) 에생기는거대세포종 (giant cell tumor) 은손에발생하는병변중결절종과함께가장흔히발생하는종괴이다 세사이에서가장많이발생하고관절밖에위치한통증없이천천히자라는저에코종괴로보이며경계가뚜렷하다 (Fig. 9). 대개는힘줄과인접해서발생하는데, 종종크기가커서 Figure year-old male with a peripheral nerve sheath tumor. Longitudinal ultrasonography image shows a well-defined hypoehoic mass in continuity with the nerve (arrows). 손가락전체를둘러싸는모양으로보이기도한다. 전형적으로는 정상으로보이는굽힘힘줄 (flexor tendon) 에인접해있다. 결정종 과는다르게내부에에코가있고후방음영증강을보이지않는 다. 도플러영상에서내부의약한혈관성을보이는경우가많다. 인접한손가락뼈에압박에의한얕은골미란이발생하기도한 다. 3,9,10) 8) 신경원성종양 (peripheral nerve sheath tumor) 신경원성종양은신경집세포 (schwann cell) 에서유래한종양으로 초음파에서종양이신경과직접연결되는단단한저에코의종괴 를관찰하는것으로진단할수있다. 신경초종 (schwannoma) 은천천히자라는피막이있는종괴로 사지에서주로발견된다. 대부분신경에생긴구형의종괴로서 신경주행축에서벗어나있고 (eccentric) 균일한저에코와후방 음영증강을보이는혈관성이높은종양이다. 때때로점액성물 질이고여종괴내에낭성변화를보이는경우도있고, 석회화가 포함되어있는경우도드물게있다. 신경섬유종 (neurofibroma) 은 신경과밀접하게연결되어있고신경이병변의양옆의말단에서 fusiform 한형태로이어진다 (Fig. 10). 저에코로보이는얇은띠에 의해둘러싸인고에코의중심부분을가지는경우특징적인과녁 모양 (target sign) 을보인다고할수있고진단에큰도움이되나항 상보이는것은아니다. 그러나신경초종과신경섬유종은초음파
6 427 뿐아니라자기공명영상에서도서로구별되지않는경우가대부분이다. 2-8) 9) 림프절 (lymph node) 초음파에서양성과악성림프절을구별하는데사용되는기준으로는크기, 모양, hilum 의존재유무, 에코성상, 경계부, 내부괴사여부, 석회화존재유무등이있다. 11) 전형적인정상또는반응성림프절은길쭉하거나타원형의모양을보이면서중심에에코가높은 hilum 과주변부에에코가낮은피질로구성되어있다 (Fig. 11). 도플러영상에서는혈관성이없거나혹은내부 hilum 에만가지치는모양의혈관성을보이는것이특징이다. 염증이동반되어있는경우에는전체적으로혈관성이증가할수있다. 악성림프 절은전이성암과림프암을모두포함하는데, 크기가증가하면서경계가불규칙하고중심부 hilum 이소실되어보이면악성일가능성이높다 (Fig. 12). 중심부 hilum 이남아있더라도피질의일부가부분적으로두꺼워지거나, 내부의낭성변화또는괴사를동반하는것도악성을시사하는소견이다. 갑상선암에서전이한악성림프절인경우에는내부에작은석회화에의한고에코점 (echogenic dots) 들이보이기도한다. 도플러영상에서는전반적으로불규칙한혈관성이증가된모양으로보인다. 초음파소견으로양성과악성림프절을감별하는데 95% 의민감성과 83% 의특이성을가진다고알려져있다. 12) Figure year-old male with normal lymph node. Normal lymph node shows echogenic hilum. Figure year-old male with a metastatic melanoma in the inguinal region. Transverse ultrasonography image shows an irregular marked hypoechoic mass without echogenic hilum. Figure year-old female with Morton neuroma (n) in the third intermetatarsal space. () Transverse ultrasonography image shows an irregular marked hypoechoic mass in the third intermetatarsal space. () During the Mulder test, the increased lateral pressure (arrows) produces plantar displacement (dotted arrow) of the neuroma (n). This can be associated with a palpable click. n, Morton neuroma; M, metatarsal bone.
7 428 Figure year-old male with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in the thigh. () Transverse ultrasonography image shows an irregular hypoechoic mass with an infiltrative margin, located in the subcutaneous layer. () Color Doppler image shows marked hypervascularity within the tumor. 10) 몰톤신경종 (Morton neuroma) 몰톤신경종은주로중년여성에서통증을동반한발가락사이종괴로나타난다. 이는발가락사이를지나는작은신경에서발생한일종의퇴행성신경병증의결과로실제종양 (neoplasm) 이라기보다는신경주변의섬유화와신경의변성으로인한종괴로이해된다. 몰톤신경종은주로 3번째, 4번째지간 (intermetatarsal space) 에서호발하며발가락뼈를연결하는 intermetatarsal 인대보다발바닥쪽에위치한다. 따라서몰톤신경종을검사하기위해서는발바닥쪽에서초음파를보는경우가많은데, 검사자에따라서피부두께가얇은발등쪽을선호하는경우도있다. 초음파에서몰톤신경종은방추형또는구형모양의저에코종괴로보인다 (Fig. 13). 발가락사이공간이좁기때문에검사시초음파와손가락을지간 (webspace) 의발바닥, 발등양쪽에서압박하여최대한발가락사이공간을넓혀서보는데, 이때신경종이압박되면서환자의증상이유발되어진단의확신도를높일수도있다. 또한이러한방법은신경종과함께발가락사이에잘생기는윤활낭염 (intermetatarsal bursitis) 을감별할때에도유용한데, 압박시모양이변하거나압축되면신경종이아닌발가락사이의윤활낭염 (intermetatarsal bursitis) 으로진단할수있다. 발바닥을양쪽에서쥐고압축시킬때 (lateral squeezing) intermetatarsal 인대의발바닥쪽으로몰톤신경종이튕겨나오는모습을초음파로볼수있는데, sonographic Mulder sign 이라고한다 (Fig. 13). 2) 11) 악성종양피부또는피하지방층에서발생하는악성종양으로는전이암, 림프암, 육종 (soft tissue sarcoma) 등이모두가능하다. 초음파소견으로양성과악성종양을구별하는데절대적인기준이있는것은아니다. 다만 5 cm 이상으로크기가크고, 침윤성경계를가지며, 도플러영상에서높은혈관성을보이는경우악성일확률이높은 Figure year-old female with large cell lymphoma. Transverse ultrasonography image shows a heterogeneous echoic mass with an illdefined margin and intratumoral vascularity. 것으로알려져있어서이러한경우반드시조직검사를통한확인 이필요하다 (Fig. 14). 13) 피하지방층에서발생하는림프암의경우, 종괴를형성하지않으면서피하지방조직의전반적인부종과에 코의증가와같은염증성변화로만보이는경우도있어봉와직염 (cellulitis) 과감별이어렵기도하다 (Fig. 15). 결론 초음파는사지에서발생하는연부조직병변의성상을파악함으 로써감별진단의범위를정하는데유용하게이용될수있다. 특 히일차적으로연부조직종양의양 / 악성여부를판단하고추가적 인검사를시행할지여부를결정하는데중요한역할을할수있
8 429 다. 이를위해서는흔히볼수있는양성또는악성종괴들에대한초음파소견을숙지하여불필요한추가영상검사나조직검사를줄이도록하며, 반대로악성종양에대한무계획적인수술 (unplanned excision) 이이루어지지않도록주의하여야한다. REFERENCES 1. Lachenmayer, Yang Q, Eisenberger CF, et al. Superficial soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities and trunk. World J Surg. 2009;33: Kransdorf MJ. Imaging of soft tissue tumours. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; ianchi S, Martinoli C. Ultrasound of the musculoskeletal system. erlin; New York: Springer; Lakkaraju, Sinha R, Garikipati R, Edward S, Robinson P. Ultrasound for initial evaluation and triage of clinically suspicious soft-tissue masses. Clin Radiol. 2009;64: Chiou HJ, Chou YH, Chiou SY, Wang HK. High-resolution ultrasonography in superficial soft tissue tumors. J Med Ultrasound. 2007;15: Wu S, Tu R, Liu G, Shi Y. Role of ultrasound in the diagnosis of common soft tissue lesions of the limbs. Ultrasound Q. 2013;29: Widmann G, Riedl, Schoepf D, Glodny, Peer S, Gruber H. State-of-the-art HR-US imaging findings of the most frequent musculoskeletal soft-tissue tumors. Skeletal Radiol. 2009;38: Wu JS, Hochman MG. Soft-tissue tumors and tumorlike lesions: a systematic imaging approach. Radiology. 2009;253: Teefey S, Middleton WD, oyer MI. Sonography of the hand and wrist. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2000;21: Horcajadas, Lafuente JL, de la Cruz urgos R, et al. Ultrasound and MR findings in tumor and tumor-like lesions of the fingers. Eur Radiol. 2003;13: Dudea SM, Lenghel M, otar-jid C, Vasilescu D, Duma M. Ultrasonography of superficial lymph nodes: benign vs. malignant. Med Ultrason. 2012;14: huja T, Ying M. Sonographic evaluation of cervical lymph nodes. JR m J Roentgenol. 2005;184: Chiou HJ, Chou YH, Chiu SY, et al. Differentiation of benign and malignant superficial soft-tissue masses using grayscale and color doppler ultrasonography. J Chin Med ssoc. 2009; 72:
9 430 pissn : , eissn : Review J Korean Orthop ssoc 2014; 49: 흔한근골격계종양 서울대학교의과대학영상의학교실 사지의연부조직에서발견되는다양한종괴들에대한정확한진단과적절한치료결정을위하여다양한영상검사들이시행된다. 그중에서도초음파는안전하고, 저렴하며, 실시간으로간편하게시행할수있는검사로서연부조직종괴에대한일차적인영상검사로널리이용되고있다. 따라서이논문은연부조직에서흔히발견되는종괴들의특징적인초음파영상소견들을논하고, 검사자가정확한진단에이르는데도움을주고자한다. 색인단어 : 육종, 초음파, 연부조직종양 접수일 2014 년 6 월 10 일수정일 2014 년 7 월 9 일게재확정일 2014 년 7 월 12 일책임저자서울시종로구대학로 103, 서울대학교의과대학영상의학교실 TEL , FX , dalnara3@gmail.com 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 49 권제 6 호 2014 Copyright 2014 by The Korean Orthopaedic ssociation This is an Open ccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons ttribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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