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1 대한피부과학회지 2012;50(5): 증례 모즈미세도식수술로치료한손톱밑편평세포암 4 예 연세대학교의과대학피부과학교실및피부생물학연구소 이수현ㆍ노미령ㆍ정기양 Subungual Squamous Cell Carcinomas Treated by Mohs Micrographic Surgery Soo Hyun Lee, M.D., Mi Ryung Roh, M.D., Ph.D., Kee Yang Chung, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the nail bed is rare, and it usually mimics a variety of diseases. Thus, a true diagnosis of subungual SCC may be delayed for years. The appearance of a subungual tumor at presentation is often non-diagnostic, and exploratory nail-plate removal with biopsy is recommended. We have experienced four patients with subungual SCC, and they were treated by Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). In an average follow-up of 13.5 months, there was no recurrence in all cases. However, in one case, amputation was performed due to local periosteal invasion. In cases of subungual SCC without bone involvement, particular virtue of MMS over amputation is that it permits the preservation of both function and cosmesis of the nail unit. Since the maintenance of function is of the utmost priority, MMS can be considered the most appropriate technique, as it enables us to maximize the preservation of normal anatomy of the finger. (Korean J Dermatol 2012;50(5): ) Key Words: Mohs micrographic surgery, Subungual squamous cell carcinoma 서 손톱밑에발생한종양은손톱판또는손톱기질로덮여있기때문에임상적인소견만으로는여러질환들을감별하기가쉽지않다. 손톱밑에악성병변이발생하는경우는드물지만, 가장발생빈도가높은것은편평세포암이며보웬병과기저세포암등이발생하기도한다. 한편, 동양에서는손톱밑에발생하는악성종양중악성흑색종의빈도가비교적높다 1. 편평세포암이손톱밑에발생하는경우는 1 2% 정도이며, 이외의부위에발생하는경우보다예후가좋은것으로알려져있다 2. 손톱밑편평세포암의원인으로비소복용, 외상, 만성손톱주위염등이제시되어왔으나 2,3, 현재는인유두종바이러스감염이발생에가장주요한역할을하리라생각한다 4-6. 임상적으로보통사마귀, 화농육아종이나섬유종, 섬유각화종, 뼈돌출증등과비슷한양상을보이며, 임상양상 < 접수 : , 수정 : , 게재허가 : > 교신저자 : 정기양주소 : 서울시서대문구성산로 250 ( 신촌동 134 번지 ) 연세대학교의과대학피부과학교실전화 : 02) , Fax: 02) kychung@yuhs.ac 론 이특이적이지못하여진단이지연되는경우가많다. 치료는종양의침습정도와관련이있는데, 말단손가락뼈의침범이있으면손가락의절단술 (amputation) 이최선의방법이며 6, 말단손가락뼈의침범이없으면완전절제술또는모즈미세도식수술 (Mohs micrographic surgery) 을시행할수있다 7. 지금까지국내에보고된손톱밑편평세포암증례의경우절단술, 광범위절제술및방사선치료를시행한증례는있으나모즈미세도식수술로치료한예는보고된바없다. 저자들은손톱밑편평세포암을모즈미세도식수술로치료한 4 예를문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 또한치료에저항하는손톱밑피부병변이있을때진단을위한생검이필수적임을강조하고자한다. 1. 증례 1 증 환자 : 김, 62 세, 여자주소 : 오른쪽다섯번째손톱의이영양성변화현병력 : 62 세여환으로내원약 4 년전부터오른쪽다섯번째손톱의과각화증, 이영양성변화로 2 년전개인의원에서보통사마귀의증으로수차례냉동치료를시행하였으나병변호전없이지속되는양상을보여본원에내원 례 425
2 426 대한피부과학회지 : 제 50 권제 5 호 2012 년 하였다. 과거력 : 다른손가락의사마귀, 다른손톱의이영양성변화는없음. 이학적소견 : 촉지되는림프절은없었으며, 피부병변외에는특이소견없었다. 피부소견 : 오른쪽다섯번째손톱에국소적인과각화성, 이영양성변화가관찰되었다. 검사실소견 : 일반혈액검사, 소변검사, 간기능검사, 흉부 X- 선검사, KOH 도말검사, 배양검사등은정상범위또는음성이었고, 그외특이사항은없었다. 병리조직학적소견 : 조직검사상과각화증, 진피내로침범하는표피세포의불규칙한증식, 큰핵과체세포분열의증가를나타내는비전형세포및뿔진주 (horn pearl) 소견 관찰되어편평세포암으로진단받았다 (Fig. 1). 치료및경과 : 환자는시험적손톱판적출 (exploratory nail plate avulsion) 후모즈미세도식수술을이용하여 2 단계 (stage) 에걸쳐절제술을시행하였다 (Table 1). 결손부의이차치유를유도하며 (secondary ) 경과관찰하던중동결절편에서관찰되지않았던골막침범소견이영구절편에서발견되었다. 이후촬영한양전자방출단층촬영검사에서다른부위의침범은없었다. 환자는정형외과로전과되어손가락절단술을시행하였고약 1 년간의추적관찰기간동안합병증이나재발소견은관찰되지않았다. Fig. 1. (A) The histopathologic findings of the tumor arising from the nail bed epithelium and invading into the dermis. Horn pearl is present (H&E, 100). (B) The invading tumor is composed of well-differentiated squamous cells. Tumor cell showed hyperchromatic, irregular shaped nuclei (H&E, 200). Table 1. Patient demographics and tumor characteristics Patient No. Gender Age, years Duration, months Location Size (cm 2 )* Before surgery After surgery Layers, n (No. of section) Repair Follow-up, months Recurrence 1 F Rt. 5th finger (2+4) Secondary 13 No 2 F Rt. 4th finger (3+4) Secondary 11 No 3 M Rt. 1st finger (4) Secondary 18 No 4 M Rt. 3rd finger (2) Secondary 12 No Mean±SE ± ± (4.75) 13.5 *Calculated as the area of a circle with diameter equal to the mean between length and width.
3 이수현외 : 모즈미세도식수술로치료한손톱밑편평세포암 4 예 증례 2 환자 : 박, 43 세, 여자주소 : 오른쪽네번째손톱주위에발생한동통과손톱부서짐및색조변화현병력 : 43 세여환으로내원약 2 년전부터오른쪽네번째손톱의박리증, 손톱파괴및근위부의세로선흑색손톱 (longitudinal melanonychia) 으로타병원내원하여시행한조직검사상과각화증, 비전형각질형성세포소견관찰되어정밀검사위해본원내원하였다. 과거력 : 외상, 약물복용의과거력없음. 이학적소견 : 촉지되는림프절은없었으며, 피부병변외에는특이소견없었다. 피부소견 : 오른쪽네번째손톱의부서짐, 손톱박리, 손톱판근위부에흑색색조변화가관찰되었다 (Fig. 2). 검사실소견 : 일반혈액검사, 간기능검사, 갑상선기능검사, 흉부 X- 선검사, KOH 도말검사, 배양검사등은정상또는음성이었고, 그외특이사항은없었다. 병리조직학적소견 : 환자는본원에서시행한타병원슬라이드판독상과각화증과함께표피와진피내에중등도및고도의각질형성세포이형성이관찰되어편평세포암으로진단받았다. 치료및경과 : 시험적손톱판적출후모즈미세도식수술을이용하여 2 단계 (stage) 에걸쳐절제술을시행하였다 (Table 1). 절제술후얻은조직의병리조직학적검사상잘분화된편평세포암소견을보였으며골막침범소견은관찰되지않았다. 모즈미세도식수술후결손부의이차치유를유도하며경과관찰하였다. 이후약 1 년간의추적관찰기간동안합병증이나재발소견은관찰되지않았다. Fig. 2. Case 2. Clinical photos showing subungual squamous cell carcinoma of a 43-year-old female, taken prior to the Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) (A). Immediately after the MMS (B). Two months after the MMS (C). And six months after the MMS (D)
4 428 대한피부과학회지 : 제 50 권제 5 호 2012 년 Fig. 3. Case 3. Clinical photos showing subungual squamous cell carcinoma of a 51-year-old male, taken prior to the Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) (A). Immediately after the MMS (B). One month after the MMS (C). And eight months after the MMS (D) 3. 증례 3 환자 : 앤, 51 세, 남자주소 : 오른쪽첫번째손톱에발생한손톱주위염, 동통및이영양성변화현병력 : 51 세남환으로내원약 3 년전부터오른쪽첫번째손톱의이영양증및손톱주위염으로본원에내원하였다. 과거력 : 다른손톱의손톱주위염, 이영양변화는없음. 이학적소견 : 촉지되는림프절은없었으며, 피부병변외에는특이소견없음. 피부소견 : 오른쪽첫번째손톱의바닥에노란색의화농성병소가관찰되며그주위로손톱의이영양증이관찰되었다 (Fig. 3). 검사실소견 : 일반혈액검사, 소변검사, 간기능검사, 흉 부 X- 선검사, KOH 도말검사, 배양검사등은정상범위또는음성이었고, 수부 X- 선검사에서이상소견관찰되지않았다. 초음파상손톱밑에경계가불규칙하고내부가불균일한저에코성종괴소견이관찰되었다. 병리조직학적소견 : 절제술후얻은조직에서과각화증과함께표피와진피내에중등도및고도의각질형성세포이형성이관찰되어편평세포암으로진단받았다. 치료및경과 : 임상적으로손톱밑사구종양이의심되어환자는시험적손톱판적출후단순절제예정이었다. 손톱판적출후손톱바닥에서시행한이학적검사상경계가불명확한악성종양이의심되었고모즈미세도식수술을이용하여 1 단계 (stage) 로종양의절제술을시행하였다 (Table 1). 절제후결손부의이차치유를유도하며경과관찰하였다. 이후약 18 개월의추적관찰기간동안합병증이나재발소견은관찰되지않았다.
5 이수현외 : 모즈미세도식수술로치료한손톱밑편평세포암 4 예 증례 4 고 찰 환자 : 김, 40 세, 남자주소 : 오른쪽세번째손톱에발생한색조변화현병력 : 40 세남환으로내원약 1 년전부터오른쪽세번째손톱의색조변화를주소로본원에내원하였다. 과거력 : 다른손톱의색조변화는없음. 이학적소견 : 다른손톱의색조변화는없음. 피부소견 : 오른쪽세번째손톱의외측에세로선흑색손톱 (longitudinal melanonychia) 및 Hutchinson 징후 (Hutchinson s sign) 가관찰되었다. 검사실소견 : 일반혈액검사, 소변검사, 간기능검사, 흉부 X- 선검사, KOH 도말검사, 배양검사등은정상범위또는음성이었고, 그외특이사항은없었다. 병리조직학적소견 : 근위부의세로선흑색손톱 (longitudinal melanonychia) 부위에서시행한조직검사상과각화증, 비전형각질형성세포소견관찰되어편평세포암으로진단받았다. 치료및경과 : 측면손톱판적출후모즈미세도식수술을이용하여 1 단계 (stage) 로종양의절제술을시행하였다. 절제후결손부의이차치유를유도하며경과관찰하였다. 이후약 11 개월의추적관찰기간동안합병증이나재발소견은관찰되지않았다. 손톱밑편평세포암은 1850 년 Valpeau 에의해처음기술되었다 2. 손톱밑편평세포암은피부의악성종양 280,000 예중에서 4 예정도의빈도를보이는드문종양으로 8 국내에서는손톱밑편평세포암 3 예, 발톱밑편평세포암 6 예가보고된바있다 (Table 2) 편평세포암의발생부위는발가락보다는손가락에더많이발생되고, 왼쪽보다는오른쪽손가락에서흔하게관찰되었다. 엄지손가락에서가장높은빈도를보이고다음으로둘째및셋째손가락의순서를보였다 16. 손톱밑편평세포암의초기임상증상은비특이적인경우가많아염증이나양성병변으로오인되는경우가흔하며진단이지연되는경우가많다. 임상적으로손톱백선증, 보통사마귀, 만성손톱주위염, 화농육아종, 사구종양, 섬유종또는악성흑색종, 손톱밑뼈돌출증등과유사하여감별이필요하다 3. Dalle 등 6 은 35 명의손톱밑편평세포암에서평균 24 개월의이환기간이소요되었다고보고하였다. 국내보고된증례의경우이환기간이길게는 20 년까지보고된경우도있다. 따라서기존의치료에저항하는손톱밑피부병변의정확한진단을위해서는시야를확보하기위한시험적손톱판적출을통한조직검사가필요하다 2. 본증례의경우다른병원에서단순조직검사후정확한악성종양의진단을받지못하고정밀검사를위해의뢰된환자가있었으며, 4 예모두손톱판을제거한후손톱바닥의세밀한이학적검사를통하여종양의경계부예측및 Table 2. Case reports of subungual squamous cell carcinoma in Korea Reference Location Duration Clinical findings First impression Treatment Cho et al. 9 Right thumb, second, fourth finger and left third, fifth finger (1 case of subungual SCC in toe) 1 year 20 years (almost 6 8 years) Verrucous papules Ulcerated papules Irregular shaped nodules Verruca Amputation or excision and dermal graft Park et al. 10 Right third finger 5 years Painful ulcer and crusted Inflammation tumor Excision and fillet flap Left third toe 10 years Painful whitish crusted Inflammation Amputation tumor Moon et al. 11 Right thumb 2 years Focal broken and discolored nail plate Inflammation Excision and dermal graft Kang et al. 12 Right fifth toe 10 months Skin ulceration Inflammation Benign tumor Amputation Park et al. 13 Left fifth toe 3 years Tender whitish verrucous Inflammation Amputation mass Kim et al. 14 Right fifth toe 2 years Painful bleeding papule and nail plate shedding Onychomycosis Amputation and radiotherapy Han et al. 15 Left fifth toe 4 months Painful inflammation Inflammation Amputation Kim et al. 16 Left fourth finger 2 years Painful swelling Inflammation Onychomycosis Amputation
6 430 대한피부과학회지 : 제 50 권제 5 호 2012 년 변연절제가가능하였다. 손톱밑편평세포암은전이는드물지만, 종양아래손가락뼈의침습이초기진단시약절반에서발견되고있다 2. 진단의지연으로인해비교적높은빈도의손가락뼈침범이일어나는것으로생각되고있으며이외에도감염, 염증이동반될경우침습이가속화될수있다. 국소재발이다양한빈도로나타날수있는데, 이는불완전한절제또는주위조직의인유두종바이러스감염에기인하는것으로생각된다 6. 손톱밑이라는고유의해부학적구조와종양의침습성, 국소재발성특성으로인해손톱밑편평세포암의치료가어려운경우가있다. 치료는종양의침습정도와관련이있다. 말단손가락뼈의침범이있으면손가락의절단술이최선의치료이며 6, 말단손가락뼈의침범이없으면광범위절제술또는모즈미세도식수술을시행할수있다 7. 모즈미세도식수술은기존의광범위절제술에비해치료성공률이높아재발을줄일수있으며, 발생부위가눈, 코, 입, 손가락, 성기와같이기능적, 미용적으로중요한부위인경우정상조직을최대한보존할수있는장점을가지고있다. 최근에는손톱밑에생긴편평세포암을모즈미세도식수술과냉동치료를병합하여성공적으로치료했다는보고도있다 17. 모즈미세도식수술의치료효과는종래의고식적인방법에비해완치율이높음이입증되었으나추가장비와인력에드는고비용, 수술시간의연장등이단점이다 18,19. 본증례에서는수술후생긴피부결손에대하여피판술 (flap), 피부이식술 (skin graft) 을이용하지않고재상피화가이루어질때까지결손부의이차치유를유도하며경과관찰을하였다. 이차유도치유를이용함으로써창상수축작용에의해수술직후보다작은크기의흉터를남길수있었고피판술이나피부이식술에서동반되는추가적인흉터를남기지않았다. 저자들은말단악성흑색종을절제한후이차유도치유가피부이식술보다월등한효과를보이며조직결손의치료방법으로사용될수있음을보고한바있다 20. 골막침범이없는손톱밑편평세포암에서도이차유도치유는모즈미세도식수술후발생한조직결손치료방법의하나로서미용적인측면에서장점을가진다고생각된다. 하지만정기적인병원방문의필요성, 잦은드레싱교환, 감염의위험등단점이있다. 저자들은각기다른임상양상으로내원한손톱밑편평세포암 4 예를경험하였다. 4 명의환자에서모즈미세도식수술로종양을제거한후이차유도치유를시행하였으나이중 1 예에서는뼈막의침범이있어불가피하게손가락의절단술을시행하였다. 하지만모즈미세도식수술로치료한다른 3 명의환자에서수술전과동일한손가락의기능을유지하면서미용적측면에서우수한결과를확인할수있었다. 또한수술후결손부의이차유도치유가피판술및피부이식술의가능한대안이될수있음을확인하였다. 국소침습이없는손톱밑편평세포암에서모즈미세도 식수술은종양의완전한절제와손가락의기능, 외형을고려한최선의치료법이라생각한다. 종양의침습적인특성에따라수술방법이달라질수있음을상기하며진단의지연을방지하기위해치료에저항하는손톱밑피부병변의조기조직검사가필요함을다시한번강조한다. 참고문헌 1. Saida T, Oshima Y. Clinical and histopathological characteristics of the early lesions of subungual melanoma. Cancer 1989;63: Lumpkin LR, Rosen T, Tschen JA. Subungual squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11: Elder DE, Elenitsas R, Johnson BL Jr, Murphy GF, Xu X. Lever's histopathology of the skin. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008: Riddel C, Rashid R, Thomas V. Ungual and periungual human papillomavirus-associated squamous cell carcinoma: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64: Ashinoff R, Li JJ, Jacobson M, Friedman-Kien AE, Geronemus RG. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed and finger determined by polymerase chain reaction. Arch Dermatol 1991;127: Dalle S, Depape L, Phan A, Balme B, Ronger-Savle S, Thomas L. Squamous cell carcinoma of the nail apparatus: clinicopathological study of 35 cases. Br J Dermatol 2007;156: Figus A, Kanitkar S, Elliot D. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lateral nail fold. J Hand Surg 2006;31: Kouskoukis CE, Scher RK, Kopf AW. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the nail bed. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1982;8: Cho KH, Yoon HJ, Choi CW, Kim MS, Kim YK, Moon SE, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the finger and toe. Korean J Dermatol 2005;43: Park JH, Oh CK, Jang HS, Kwon KS. Two cases of subungual squamous cell carcinomas. Korean J Dermatol 1999; 37: Moon SE, An HT, Jo GH, Kim JA. Reconstruction of the defect with dermal graft after the removal of subungual squamous cell carcinoma. Korean J Dermatol 2000;38: Kang HJ, Jung SH, Kwak YH, Hahn SB, Shin KH. Subungual squamous cell carcinoma of the toe (a case report). J Korean Foot Ankle Soc 2007;11: Park HJ, Park CJ, Yi JY, Kim HO, Lee EJ. A case of subungual squamous cell carcinoma. Korean J Dermatol 1997; 35: Kim SH, Lee SY, Kang H, Son SJ. A case of squamous cell
7 이수현외 : 모즈미세도식수술로치료한손톱밑편평세포암 4 예 431 carcinoma of the nail bed with lymph node metastasis. Korean J Dermatol 1996;34: Han SY, Kang SJ, Chung SM. Sunungual squamous cell carcinoma of the left fifth toe: case report. J Korean Soc Plast Recostr Surg 2009;36: Kim CH, Choi SI, Kim YJ, Cho MK. Subungual squamous cell carcinoma of the left fourth finger: a case report. Korean J Dermatol 2010;48: Ruiz Santiago H, Morales-Burgos A. Cryosurgery as adjuvant to Mohs micrographic surgery in the management of subungual squamous cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37: Peterson SR, Layton EG, Joseph AK. Squamous cell carcinoma of the nail unit with evidence of bony involvement: a multidisciplinary approach to resection and reconstruction. Dermatol Surg 2004;30: Zaiac MN, Weiss E. Mohs micrographic surgery of the nail unit and squamous cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg 2001;27: Jung JY, Roh HJ, Lee SH, Nam K, Chung KY. Comparison of secondary and full-thickness skin graft after excision of acral lentiginous melanoma on foot. Dermatol Surg. In press 2011
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