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1 가스흡수이론과실제 (Gas absorption theory & its actual application) 황유성著

2 머리말 1994년 가스흡수와충전탑 이라는이름으로책을쓴지도벌써 18년이나흘렀습니다. 그동안몇번이고책에대해개정을하고자마음은먹었지만, 현실이바쁘다는핑계로차일피일미루다, 드디어새롭게개정된내용으로다시한번책을쓰게됐습니다. 기존의 가스흡수와충전탑 은거의가스흡수탑에대한기본적인내용으로만구성되었습니다. 하지만필자가실제실무에서많은경험을하게되면서, 순수한가스흡수이론만으로는실제에서발생되는문제점들을해결하는데에있어역부족을느끼고주변의또다른기술이많이보강되지않으면온전한기술이될수없다고생각되었습니다. 그래서이번에는가스흡수탑에만국한하지않고, 실제가스흡수탑설계에있어현실적으로부딪히는문제에대해서도논해보고자노력하였습니다. 이러한노력의일환으로습식장치에있어거의필연적인 단열증습공정 에대한내용과기존에경험하기힘들었던 고농도특수가스 에대한처리방법그리고미세입자를고효율로처리하여가스흡수탑의처리효율을제고해줄수있는 전기집진장치 에대한내용을보완하였다. 또한부록에계산에도움이될만한몇개의자료를수록하여독자들의편의를도모하였습니다. 본書는분명가스흡수관련분야에종사하거나아니면종사하고자공부하시는전문엔지니어를위한책입니다. 다소어려운내용이있더라도포기하지마시고읽고또읽고, 생각하고또생각하여깨달음의기쁨을얻을수있었으면합니다. 필자의작은바램은본書가우리나라의 대기오염방지산업발전 에있어조금이나마보탬이되고, 또본분야를공부하고자하는분들께작은지침이라도되었으면하는것입니다 황유성 ( 黃裕成 ) 씀 - 2 -

3 참고문헌 1. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook 6'th Edition Robert H. Perry, Don Green, Mc Graw Hill, Gas Absorption Manual -for the design of packed columns- Yoichi Shimoi, Nittetu Chemical Engineering LTD Mass Transfer, J.A. Wesselingh & R. Krishna, Ellis Horwood Limited., 化學工學便覽 5. 廢가스의吸收處理, 김병우譯, 弘文館, Entrainment Separation, Otto H. York 7. The properties of Gases & Liquid 4'th Edition, Robert C Reid, John M. Prousnitz, Bruce E. Poling, Mc Graw Hill, The role of Diffusion in catalysis, Satterfield/Sherwood 반응공학, 설수덕編譯, 대영사, 單位操作, 이화영, 전해수, 조영일共譯, 喜重堂, Applied Process Design for Chemical & Petrochemical Plants -PACKED TOWER-12. Mass Transfer Operation Third Edition, Robert E. Treybal, Mc Graw Hill, Boundary Layer Theory Seventh Edition, Hermann Schlichting, Mc Graw Hill, Electrostatic Precipitation, J.H. Davidson, ME 5115, Fall Power plus Presentation, NWL Pacific, Electrostatics Lecture Notes Rev.1, J. Volckens,

4 차 례 제1장충전탑개론 가스흡수장치 충전탑 (Packing Tower) 충전탑설계의기본과정 9 제2장가스흡수에관한기본이론 가스흡수의기본개념 확산현상과이중경막설 용해도 29 제3장충전층에서의가스흡수 H OG 와 N OG 기상지배와액상지배 확산계수의실험식 47 제4장화학적반응흡수 서론 기-액반응의영역 기-액반응의총괄속도식 충전탑에서의반응흡수 순간반응의경우에있어서의충전탑설계 68 제5장충전물과충전층에서의유동특성 충전물 Loading & Flooding 충전물인자와 flooding-δp 상관선도 충전층에서의압력손실 운전액기비의결정및충전층의습윤 충전층에서의 Liquid Holdup 81 제6장액적분리장치 개요 와이머메쉬패드미스트세퍼레이터 Zigzag Baffle Plate(Chevron) Mist Separator 95 제7장기타탑내장치 액분배장치 액재분배장치 충전물지지대

5 제8장충전탑의강도설계 충전탑의재질 충전탑에작용하는하중 압궤와처짐 117 제9장단열증습냉각공정 (Adiabatic cooling process) 단열증습에의한냉각공정이란? 습도도표의이용 단열포화온도 기-액접촉장치에서의단열증습에관한식 단열증습식의실제계산을위한각요소 (Factor) 의계산 물방울의운동 스프레이의의한가스냉각탑의실제계산 137 제10장충전탑설계예 물리적흡수 화학적흡수 156 제11장특수가스의처리 특수가스의종류및처리방법 반응열에대한고려 고농도특수가스흡수시스템 165 제12장에어로졸문제와효율부족현상 개요 효율부족현상 에어로졸의특징과문제점 173 제13장습식전기집진장치 개요 코로나생성기전 부분집진효율 전기적입자이동속도 입자의하전 입자의포화하전량 고전압파워시스템 193 부록 (Appendix)

6 부록 (Appendix)

7 차 례 Page A1. 단위환산표 (Unit Conversions) 198 A2. 대기압하에서의공기의물성치 199 A3. 물 ( 포화수 ) 의물성치 201 A4. 습공기의특성 202 A5. 무기물질의물에대한용해도 204 A6. 대표적무기물질의용액의밀도 206 A7. 확산계수의실험값 211 A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 218 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료

8 부록 A1. 단위환산표 (Unit Conversions) Quantity Equivalent Values 1 kg = 1000 g = metric ton = lb m = oz Mass 1 lb m = 16 oz = ton = g = kg Length 1 m = 100 cm = 1,000 mm = 10 6 μm = A = in. = ft = yd = mile 1 ft = 12 in. = 1/3 yd = m = cm Volume 1 m 3 = 1000 l = 10 6 cc(ml, cm 3 ) = ft 3 = imperial gallons = gal = qt 1 ft 3 = 1728 in 3 = gal = m 3 = l = cm 3 1 N = 1 kg m/s 2 = 10 5 dynes = 10 5 g cm/s 2 = lb f = kgf Froce 1 lb f = lb m ft/s 2 = N = dynes Pressure 1 atm = N/m 2 (Pa) = kpa = bars = dynes/cm 2 = 760 mmhg at 0 (torr) = maq at 4 = lb f /in 2 (psi) = 33.9 ftaq at 4 = inhg at 0 Energy 1 J = 1 N m = 10 7 erg = 10 7 dyne cm = kwh = cal = ft-lb f = Btu Power 1 W = 1 J/s = cal/s = ft lb f /s = Btu/s = hp

9 A2. 대기압하에서공기의물성치 A2. 대기압하에서공기의물성치 온도 K 밀도 (ρ) kg/m 3 정압비열 (cp) kj/kg 점성계수 (μ) kg/m s 10 5 동점성계수 (ν) m 2 열전도도 (k) /s 10 6 W/m Pr No Natl. Rur. Stand. (U.S.) Circ 에서인용

10 부록 건공기의물리적성질에대한간이식 1) 공기의밀도 (ρ) - 대기압하에서 ρ T (kg/m 3 ) T : 계의온도 ( ) 2) 점성계수 (μ) μ T T (kg/m s) T : 계의온도 ( ) 3) 동점성계수 ν = μ / ρ (m 2 /s) 4) 정압비열 (c p ) c p T T T (cal/mol ) T : 계의온도 ( )

11 A3. 물 ( 포화수 ) 의물성치 A3. 물 ( 포화수 ) 의물성치 온도 (T) 밀도 (ρ) 정압비열 (c p) kg/m 3 kj/kg 점성계수 (μ) kg/m s 열전도도 (k) W/m Pr No. 표면장력 (σ) N/m A. I. Brouwn and S. M. Marco, "Introduction to Heat Transfer" 3d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1958과趙鏞喆, 蔡載宇, 金光龍編著, 流體力學 淸文閣, 1985에서발췌 1) 얼음의융해잠열 = 80 kcal/kg 2) 물의증발잠열 (λ) λ (kcal/kg) T ( )

12 부록 A4. 습공기의특성 포화습공기표 ( 대기압 760 mmhg, 0 이하는얼음과닿는포화공기 ) 온도 (T) 수증기압 (Ps) mmhg 절대습도 (xs) kg/kg 엔탈피 (is) kcal/kg 습비용 (Vs) m 3 /kg 온도 (T) 수증기압 (Ps) mmhg 절대습도 (xs) kg/kg 엔탈피 (is) kcal/kg 습비용 (Vs) m 3 /kg I ,035 1,189 1,387 1,652 2,023 2,581 3,511 5,373 10,

13 A4. 습공기의특성 습도 ( 濕度 ) (1) 절대습도 (χ) χ = P p p (kg-h 2O / kg-dry air) 포화습도 : 포화증기압에서의절대습도 χ s = P p s ps (kg/kg) 여기서 x = 절대습도, p = 수증기의증기압 (mmhg), P = 계의전압 ( 760 mmhg ) x p x mmhg (2) 비교습도 ( 포화도, ψ) ψ = 100 (%) (3) 상대습도 ( 관계습도, r) r = 100 (%) 습한공기의성질 (1) 물의포화증기압에대한근사식 (Antoin's Eq.) p s T 여기서 T ; 온도 ( ) (mmhg) (2) 습공기의엔탈피 i = 0.24T + ( T )χ (3) 습한비열 c p = χ (4) 습공기의비중량 (γ) γ 여기서 P = 대기압 ( kg/m 2 ), R m = 습공기의기체상수, T = 절대온도 ( K ) p p R m p = 수증기분압 ( mmhg ) (5) 건습구온도계 w w T Tw χ = 공기의습도 ( kg/kg ), χ w = 습구온도에서의포화습도 ( kg/kg ) λ w = 습구온도에서의증발잠열 ( kcal/kg ), T = 건구온도 ( ), T w = 습구온도 ( )

14 부록 A5. 무기물질의물에대한용해도 "Perry's Chemical Eng. Hand Book", 6'th Ed., p3-97~3-100 no Substance Formular Solid phase Ammonium chloride NH 4Cl Calcium chloride CaCl 2 6H 2O chloride CaCl 2 2H 2O fluoride CaF hydroxide Ca(OH) sulfate CaSO 4 2H 2O Chromic anhydride CrO Cupric chloride CuCl 2 2H 2O sulfate CuSO 4 5H 2O Cuprous chloride CuCl Ferric chloride FeCl Ferrous chloride FeCl 2 4H 2O chloride FeCl sulfate FeSO 4 7H 2O sulfate FeSO 4 1H 2O Potassium chloride KCl hydroxide KOH 2H 2O hydroxide KOH 1H 2O nitrate KNO nitrite KNO permanganate KMnO sulfate K 2SO Sodium acetate NaC 2H 3O 2 3H 2O acetate NaC 2H 3O bicarbonate NaHCO carbonate Na 2CO chlorate NaClO chloride NaCl chromate Na 2CrO 4 10H 2O chromate Na 2CrO 4 4H 2O chromate Na 2CrO 4 4H 2O dichromate Na 2Cr 2O 7 2H 2O dichromate Na 2Cr 2O fluoride NaF

15 A5. 무기물질의물에대한용해도 no Substance Formular Solid phase hydrogen arsenate Na 2AsO 4 12H 2O hydrogen phosphate NaH 2PO 4 2H 2O hydrogen phosphate NaH 2PO 4 1H 2O hydrogen phosphate NaH 2PO hydrogen phosphate Na 2HPO 4 12H 2O hydrogen phosphate Na 2HPO 4 7H 2O hydrogen phosphate Na 2HPO 4 2H 2O hydrogen phosphate Na 2HPO hydroxide NaOH 4H 2O hydroxide NaOH 3½H 2O hydroxide NaOH 1H 2O hydroxide NaOH nitrate NaNO nitrite NaNO oxalate Na 2C 2O phosphate tri- Na 3PO 4 12H 2O pyrophosphate Na 4P 2O 7 10H 2O sulfate Na 2SO 4 10H 2O sulfate Na 2SO 4 7H 2O sulfate Na 2SO sulfide Na 2S 9H 2O sulfide Na 2S 5½H 2O sulfide Na 2S 6H 2O sulfite Na 2SO 3 7H 2O sulfite Na 2SO tetraborate Na 2B 4O 7 10H 2O tetraborate Na 2B 4O 7 5H 2O vanadate(meta) NaVO 3 2H 2O Zinc chlorate ZnClO 3 6H 2O chlorate ZnClO 3 4H 2O nitrate Zn(NO 3) 2 6H 2O nitrate Zn(NO 3) 2 3H 2O sulfate ZnSO 4 7H 2O sulfate ZnSO 4 6H 2O sulfate ZnSO 4 1H 2O

16 부록 A6. 대표적무기물질용액의밀도 Perry's Chemical Eng. Hand Book 중에서 Copper Sulfate (CuSO 4) % Coprous Chloride (Cu 2Cl 2) % Ferric Chloride (FeCl 3) % Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO 3) 1% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Potassium (KBr) Bromide Potassium Carbonte (K 2CO 3) % P %

17 A6. 대표적무기물질용액의밀도 Potassium Chlorate (KClO 3) 1% 2% 4% Potassium Chloride (KCl) % Potassium Chromate (K 2CrO 4) % 15 P 4 18 P Potassium Dichromate (K 2Cr 2O 7) % d Potassium Nitrate (KNO 3) %

18 부록 Potassium Sulfate (K 2SO 4) Potassium Sulfite (K 2SO 3) Sodium Acetate (NaC 2H 3O 2 Sodium Arsenate (K 2AsO 4) % d % d % d % d Sodium Bromide (NaBr) % d Sodium Carbonate (Na 2CO 3) % Sodium Chloride (NaCl) %

19 A6. 대표적무기물질용액의밀도 Sodium Chromate (Na 2CrO 4) % d Sodium Formate (HCONa) % d Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) % Sodium Nitrate (NaNO 3) % Sodium Nitrite (NaNO 2) % d

20 부록 Sodium Sulfide (Na 2S) 18 % d Sodium sulfate (Na 2SO 4) % Sodium Sulfite (Na 2SO 3) % d Sodium Thiosulfate (Na 2S 2O 3) % d Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate (Na 2S 2O 3 5H 2O)) % d

21 A7. 확산계수의실험값 A7. 확산계수의실험값 기상확산계수 ( in Air, 1 ATM ) - 1/4 S o l u t e temp. Diffusion coefficient ( D G cm 2 /s ) Acetic acid (CH 3COOH) Acetone (CH 3COCH 3) Ammonia (NH 3) (0.28) n-amyl alcohol (C 5H 11OH) sec-amyl alcohol Amyl butyrate (CH 3(CH 2) 2CO 2C 5H 11) Amyl formate(c 5H 12O) i-amyl formate Amyl isobutyrate Amyl propionate Aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) Anthracene (C 14H 10) Benzene (C 6H 6) (0.0962) Benzidine (NH 2-C 6H 6-C 6H 6-NH 2) Benzyl chloride (C 6H 5COCl) n-butanol (CH 3(CH 2)OH) n-butyl acetate (CH 3COO(CH 2) 3CH 3 C 6H 12O 2) i-butyl acetate (C 6H 12O 2) n-butyl alcohol i-butyl alcohol Butyl amine i-butyl amine i-butyl butyrate i-butyl formate i-butyl isobutyrate i-butyl proprionate i-butyl valerate Butyric acid (C 4H 8O 2) Caproic acid (C 5H 11COOH) " 참고문헌중에서편집하여정리 " 비고

22 부록 기상확산계수 ( in Air, 1 ATM ) - 2/4 S o l u t e temp. Diffusion coefficient ( D G cm 2 /s ) i-caproic acid Carbon dioxide (CO 2) (0.136) Carbon disulfide (CS 2) Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) Carbon monoxide (CO) Chlorine (Cl 2) Chlorobenzene (C 6H 5Cl) Chloroform (CHCl 3) Chloropicrin (CCl 3NO 2) m-chlorotoluene o-chlorotoluene p-chlorotoluene Cynogen chloride Cyclohexane Diethylamine Diphenyl Ethanol (C 2H 5OH) (0.135) Ether(diethyl) (R-O-R) Ethyl acetate Ethyl alcohol Ethyl benzene Ethyl n-butyrate Ethyl i-butyrate Ethylene Ethyl ether Ethyl formate 비고

23 A7. 확산계수의실험값 기상확산계수 ( in Air, 1 ATM) - 3/4 Diffusion coefficient S o l u t e temp. ( D G cm 2 /s ) Ethyl propionate 비고 Ethyl valerate Eugenol Formic acid n-hextane Hexyl alcohol Hydrogen (H 2) Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) Hydrogen peroxide Iodine Krypton (Kr) Mercury Mesitylene Methane (CH 4) Methyl acetate Methyl alcohol (0.162) Methyl butyrate Methyl i-butyrate Methyl formate Methyl proponate Methyl valerate Naphthalene n-octane Oxigen Phosgene Propionic acid Propyl acetate n-propyl alcohol i-propyl alcohol n-propyl benzene

24 부록 기상확산계수 ( in Air, 1 ATM ) - 4/4 S o l u t e temp. Diffusion coefficient ( D G cm 2 /s ) 비고 i-propyl benzene n-propyl bromide i-propyl bromide Propyl butyrate Propyl formate n-propyl iodide n-propyl isobutyrate i-propyl isobutyrate Propyl propionate Propyl valerate Safrol(CH 2CH=CH 2) i-safrol Sulfur dioxide (SO 2) Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6) Toluene (C 6H 5CH 3) (0.0844) Trimethyl carbinol n-valeric acid (CH 3CHCH 2CO 2H) i-valeric acid Water (H 2O) (0.26) Xenon (Xe) Xylene (C 6H 4(CH 3) 2)

25 A7. 확산계수의실험값 액상확산계수 ( in Water ) - 1/3 S o l u t e temp. Diffusion coefficient ( D L 10 5 cm 2 /s ) 비고 Acetamide dilute Acetic acid N wt% , dilute Acetic ether dilute Aceton vol% vol% Acetonitrile dilute Acetylene , (2.11) dilute Amyl alcohol dilute Ammonia dilute , 2.04 dilute , 2.0, 2.3 dilute i-amyl alcohol dilute Benzene (C 6H 6) dilute dilute dilute dilute n-butane dilute dilute dilute n-butanol mol/l mol/l mol/l dilute dilute dilute mol/l mol/l mol/l Caffeine dilute Carbon dioxide (CO 2) dilute , 2.0 dilute Chloral hydrate dilute Chlorine (Cl 2) (1.22) dilute dilute total - no correction for hydrolysis ~0.07 mol/l free - in dilute HCl, negligible hydrolysis ~0.05 mg mol/l 1,1 -Dichloropropanol dilute Dicyanodiamine dilute Diethyl ether dilute

26 부록 액상확산계수 ( in Water ) - 2/3 S o l u t e temp. Diffusion coefficient ( D L 10 5 cm 2 /s ) 비고 Ethanol (C 2H 5OH) dilute vol% vol% vol% dilute dilute , 1.24 dilute mg/100cc mg/100cc mg/100cc mg/100cc mg/100cc mg/100cc Ethyl benzene dilute dilute dilute dilute Ethylene glycohol dilute dilute dilute dilute dilute Formic acid dilute Glucose dilute dilute Glycerol dilute dilute Helium (He 2) dilute Hexamethylene tetramine dilute Hydrogen (H 2) (4.4?), 5.94, 4.80 dilute Hydrogen chloride (HCl) dilute dilute Hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) , 1.63 dilute dilute Hydroquinone , 1.12 dilute Lactose dilute dilute Maltose dilute Methane (CH 4) dilute dilute dilute Methanol (CH 3OH) dilute vol% vol% vol% vol% vol% dilute dilute Micotine dilute Nitric acid (HNO 3) dilute dilute Nitrogen (N 2) dilute , 2.02 dilute dilute

27 A7. 확산계수의실험값 액상확산계수 ( in Water ) - 3/3 S o l u t e temp. Diffusion coefficient ( D L 10 5 cm 2 /s ) 비고 Nitrous oxide (N 2O) dilute , 2.67 dilute Oxalic acid dilute Oxygen (O 2) dilute , 2.41 dilute dilute Pentaerythritol dilute Propanol dilute n-propanol dilute dilute Propylene dilute dilute dilute Pyridine dilute Pyrogallol dilute Raffinose dilute Resorcinol dilute Saccharose dilute dilute Sodium chloride (NaCl) dilute Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) dilute Succinic acid dilute Sucrose dilute Sulfur dioxide (SO 2) dilute ~0.10 mg mol/l Sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4) dilute dilute Tartaric acid dilute Urea dilute Urethane dilute

28 부록 A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 본자료는 "The properties of gases & Liquids" 4'th Ed., Robert C. Reid, MaGraw-Hill, 1987 에실린 Property Data Bank중 p656~732에서발췌하였으며시용된기호의의미는다음과같다. Molwt = 분자량 ( molecular weight, g / g-mol ) Tfp = 표준어는점 ( normal freezing point, K) Tb = 표준끓는점 ( normal boiling point at 1 atm, K) Pc = 임계압력 ( critical pressure, bar, bar = 1 atm ) Vc = 임계부피 ( critical volume, cm / mole, V b = 0.285V c ) Dimp = 쌍극자모우멘트 ( dipole moment, debyes ) LDEN = 액비중 ( liquid density, g / cm 3 ) TDEN = 액비중값에서의온도 ( temperature fot LDEN, K) 본자료는주로확산계수를구할때필요한자료이며, 쌍극자모우멘트값은분자극성의세기를예측할수있게해준다. 여기서참고적으로임계상수에대한물리적인의미는다음과같다. 만일비교적낮은온도하에서단일성분의가스를압축하게되면어느순간부터응축이일어나게된다. 여기서다시계의온도를높이게되면응축했던가스는다시증발하게된다. 이렇게증발된가스를다시압축하여응축시키기위해서는더높은압력이필요로하게되고계의압력이상승함에따라가스상의밀도가높아지게된다. 이러한압축과승온을반복하게되면, 어느순간액밀도와가스의밀도가같아지게되는순간이존재하게되는데이때를 임계점 이라한다. 또한이때의온도, 압력, 몰부피를임계온도 (T c ), 임계압력 (P c ), 임계몰부피 (V c ) 라한다. 이때는이론적으로단일상만존재하게되며계의온도가임계온도이상이라면아무리압축하여도상변화는일어나지않는다. 공기의임계상수 No Formula N a m e Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole Dipm debye LDEN TDEN - - Air

29 A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole Dipm debye LDEN TDEN 1 AlBr3 Aluminum Tribromide AlCl3 Aluminum Trichloride AlI3 Aluminum TriIodide Ar Argon As Arsenic AsCl3 Arsenic Trichloride BBr3 Boron Tribromide BCl3 Boron Trichloride BF3 Boron Trifluoride BI3 Boron Triiodide Br2 Bromine BrI Iodine Bromine Br3P Phosphorus Tribromide Br4Si Silicon Tetrabromide Br4Ti Titanium Tetrabromide ClFO3 Perchloryl Fluoride ClF2N Nitrogen chloride difluoride ClF2P Phosphorus chloride difluoride ClF2PS Thiophosphoryl Chloride difluoride ClF5 Chlorine Pentafluoride ClNO Nitrosyl Chloride Cl2 Chlorine Cl2FP Phosphorus Dichloride fluoride Cl3P Phosphorus Trichloride Cl4Si Silicon Tetrachloride Cl4Ti Titanium Tetrachloride Cl5P Phosphorus Pentachloride D2 Deuterium (Equilibrium) D2 Deuterium (Normal) D2O Deuterium Oxide FNO2 Nitryl fluoride F2 Fluorine F2N2 Cis-difluorodiazine F2N2 Trans-difluorodiazine F2O Oxygen Difluoride F2Xe Xenon Difluoride F3N Nitrogen Trifluoride F3NO Trifluoroamine Oxide F3P Phosphorus Trifluoride F3PS Thiophosphoryl Trifluoride F4N2 Tetrafluorohydrazine F4S Sulfur Tetrafluoride F4Si Silicon tetrafluoride F4Xe Xenon Tetrafluoride F6S Sulfur Hexafluoride F6U Uranium Hexafluoride He Helium He Helium Hg Mercury I2 Iodine I4Si Silicon Tetraiodide I4Ti Titanium Tetraiodide Kr Drypton NO Nitric Oxide NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide N2 Nitrogen N2O Nitrous Oxide Ne neon O2 Oxygen O2S Sulfur dioxide O3 Ozone O3S Sulfur Trioxide

30 부록 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole Dipm debye LDEN TDEN 63 P Phosphorous Rn Radon S Sulfur Se Selenium Tz Tritium Xe Xenon HBr Hydrogen Bromide HCl Hydrogen Chloride HD Hydrogen Deuteride HF Hydrogen Fluoride HI Hydrogen Iodide HF2N Difluoriamine H2 Hydrogen (Equilibrium) H2 Hydrogen (Nomal) H2O Water H2S Hydrogen Sulfide H3As Arsine H3N Ammonia H3P Phosphine H4CiN Ammonium Chloride H4CiP Phosphonium Chloride H4N2 Hydrazine H4Si Silane H6B2 Diborane CBrCiF2 Bromochlorodifluormethane CBr2F2 Dibromodifluormethane CBrF3 Trifluorobromomethane CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluormethane CCl2O Phosgene CCl3P Trichlorofluoromethane CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride CD4 Deuteromethane CF4 Carbon Tetrafluoride CO Carbon Monoxide COS Carbonyl Sulfide CO2 Carbon Dioxide CS2 Carbon Disulfide CHClF2 Chlorodifluoromethane CHCl2F Dichloromonofluoromethane CHClF2 Chloroform CHF3 Fluoroform CHN Hydrogen Cyanide CHBr2 Dibromomethane CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane CH2F2 Difluoromethane CH2O Formaldehyde CH2O2 Formic Acid CH3Br Methyl Bromide CH3Cl Methyl Chloride CH3F Methyl Fuloride CH3I Methyl Iodide CH3NO2 Nitromethane CH4 Methane CH4O Methanol CH4S Methyl Mercaptan CH5N Methyl Amine CH6N2 Methyl Hydrazine CH6Si Methyl Silane C2Br2ClF3 1,2-Dibromo-1-Chlorotrifluoroethane C2Br2F4 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane C2ClF3 Chlorotrifluoroethane

31 A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole Dipm debye LDEN TDEN 125 C2ClF5 Chloropentafluoroethane C2Cl2F4 1,1-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane C2Cl2F4 1,1-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane C2Cl3F3 1,2,2-Trichlorotetrafluoroethane C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethene C2Cl4F2 1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorodifluoroethane C2F3N Trifluoroacetonitrile C2F4 Perfluoroethene C2F6 Perfluoroethane C2N2 Cyanogen C2HClF2 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane C2HClF4 Chloro-1,1,2,2,-Tetrafluoroethane C2HCl3 Trichloroethene C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane C2HF302 Trifluoroacetic Acid C2H2 Acetylene C2H2Cl2 Cis-1,2-Dichloroethene C2H2Cl2 Trans-1,2-Dichloroethene C2H2Cl4 1,1-Difluoroethene C2H2F2 1,1-Difluoroethene C2H2O Ketene C2H2Cl Vynyl Chloride C2H2ClF2 1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane C2H3ClO Acetyl Chloride C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane C2H3F Viny Fluoride C2H3F3 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane C2H3N Acetonitrile C2H3NO Methyl Isocyanate C2H4 Ethylene C2H4Rr2 1,2-Didromethane C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichlorethane C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichlorethane C2H4F2 1,1-Difluoroethane C2H4O Acetaldehyde C2H4O Ethylene Oxide C2H4O2 Acetic Acid C2H4O2 Methyl Formate C2H5Br Ethyl Bromide C2H5Cl Ethyl Chloride C2H5F Ethyl Fluoride C2H5I Ethyl Iodide C2H6 Ethane C2H5O Ethylene Glycol C2H5O Ethanol C2H5O2 Ethylene Glycol (645) (77) C2H5S Ethyl Mercaptan C2H5S Dimethyl Ether C2H7N Ethyl Amine C2H7N Dimethyl Lamine C2H7NO Monoethanolamine C2H8N2 Ethylelnediamine C3ClF5O Chloropentafluoroactone C3F6O Perfluoracetone C3F8 Perfluoracetone C3H3F3 Trifluoracetone C3H3F5 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoracetone C3H3N Acrylonitrile C3H3NO Isoxazole C3H4 Propadiene C3H4O Methyl Acethylene

32 부록 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 186 C3H4O Methyl Acethylene C3H4O2 Acrolein C3H4O2 Acrolein C3H4O2 Acrylic Acid C3H5Cl Vinyl Formate C3H5Cl3 Allyl Chloride C3H5N 1,2,3-Trichloropropane C3H6 Propionitrile C3H6 Cyclopropane C3H6Cl2 Propylene C3H6O 1,2-dichloropropane C3H6O Acetone C3H6O Allyl Alcohol C3H6O 1,2-Propylene Oxide C3H6O Vinyl Methyl Ether C3H6O2 Propionic Acid C3H6O2 Ethyl Formate C3H6O2 Methyl Acetate C2H7Cl Propyl Chloride C3H7Cl Isopropyl Chloride C3H8 Propane C3H8O 1-Propanol C3H8O Isopropyl Alcohol C3H8O Methyl Ethyl Enter C3H8O2 Methylal C3H8O2 1,2-Propanediol C3H8O2 1,3-Propanediol C3H8O3 Glycerol C3H8S Methyl Ethyl Sulfide C3H9BO3 Trimethyl Borate C3H9N N-Propyl Amine C3H9N Isopropyl Amine C3H9N Trimethyl Amine C3F8 Perfluorocyclbueane C3F10 Perfluorobutane C4H4 Vinylacetylene C4H4O Furan C4H4S Thiophene C4H5N Allyl Cyanide C4H5N Pyrrole C4H6 1-Butyne C4H6 2-Butyne C4H6 1,2-Butadine C4H6 1,3-Butadine C4H6O2 Vinyl Acetate C4H6O3 Acetic Anhydride C4H6O4 Dimethyl Oxalate C4H6O4 Succinic Acid C4H7N Butyronictrile C4H6O2 Methyl Acrylate C4H8 1-Butene C4H8 2-Butene,Cis C4H8 2-Butene,Trans C4H8 Cyclobutane C4H8 Isobutylene C4H8O N-Butyraldehyde C4H8O Isobutylaldehyde C4H8O Methyl Ethyl Ketone C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran C4H8O Vinyl Ethyl Ether C4H8O2 N-Butyric Acid C4H8O2 Isobutyric Acid Dipm debye LDEN TDEN

33 A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 248 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane C4H8O2 Ethyl Acetate C4H8O2 Methyl Propionate C4H8O2 N-Propyl Formate C3H8S Tetrahydrothiophene C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane C4H9Cl Tert-Butyl Chloride C4H9N Pyrrolidine C4H9NO Morpholine C4H10 N-Butane C4H10 Isobutance C4H10O N-Butanol C4H10O 2-Butanol C4H10O Isobutanol C4H10O Tert-Butanol C4H10O Diethyl Ether C4H10O Methyl Propyl Ether C4H10O Methyl Isopropyl Ether C4H10O2 1,2-Dimethoxyethane C4H10O3 Diethylene Glycol C4H10S Diethyl Sulfide C4H10S2 Diethyl Disulfide C4H11N N-Butyl Amine C4H11N Isobutyl Amine C4H11N Diethyl Amine C5F12 Perfluoropentane C5H2F6O2 Hexafluoroacetylacetone C5H4O2 Furfural C5H5N Pyridine C5H6N2 2-Methyl Pyrazine C5H6O 2-Methyl Furan C5H8 Cyclopenten C5H8 1,2-Pentadiene C5H8 1,3-Pentadiene,Trans C5H8 1,4-Pentadiene C5H8 1-Pentyne C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene C5H8 3-Methyl-1,2-Butadiene C5H8O Cyclopentanone C5H8O Dihydropyran C5H8O2 Ettyl Acrylate C5H10 Cyclopentane C5H10 1-Pentene C5H10 1-Pentene C5H10 2-Pentene,Cis C5H10 2-Pentene,Trans C5H10 2-Methyl-1-Butene C5H10 2-Methyl-2-Butene C5H10O 3-Methyl-1-Butene C5H10O Valeraldehyde C5H10O Methyl N-Propyl Kentone C5H10O Diethyl Ketone C5H1oO 2-Methyl Tetrahydrofuran C5H10O Tetrahydropyran C5H10O2 N-Valeric Acid C5H10O2 Isovaleric Acid C5H10O2 Isobutyl Formate C5H10O2 N-Propyl Acetate C5H10O2 Ethyl Propionate C5H10O2 Metyle Butyrate C5H10O2 Metyle Isobutyrate Dipm debye LDEN TDEN

34 부록 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 310 C5H11N Piperidine C5H12 N-Pentane C5H12 2-Methyl Butane C5H12 2,2-Dimethylpropane C5H12O 1-Pentanol C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-Butanol C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-Butanol C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-Butanol C5H12O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-Propanol C5H12O Ethyl Propyl Ether C5H12O Butyl Methyl Ether C5H12O Tert-Butyl Methyl Ether C6BrF5 Bromopentafluorobenzene C6ClF5 Chloropentafluorobenzene C6Cl2F4 Dichlorotetrafluorobenzene C6Cl3F3 1,3,5-Trichlorotriflorobenzene C6F6 Perfluorobenzene C6F12 Perfluorocyclohexane C6F14 Perfluoro-N-Hexane C6F14 Perfluoro-2-Methylpentane C6F14 Perfluoro-3-Methylpentane C6F14 Perfluoro-2-3-Dimethylbutane C6HF5 Penfluorobenzene C6HF50 Penfluorophenol C6H2F4 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene C6H2F4 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene C6H2F4 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene C6H4C12 O-Dichlorobenzene C6H4F2 1,4-Difluorobenzene C6H5Br Bromobenzene C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene C6H5F Fluororbenezene C6H5I Iodobenezene C6H6 Benzene C6H6O Phenol C6H7N Aniline C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine C6H10 1,5-Hexadiene C6H10 Cyclohexene C6H10O Cyclohexanone C6H11N Capronitrile C6H12 Cyclohexane C6H12 Methylcyclopentane C6H12 1-Hexane C6H12 2-Hexane,Cis C6H12 2-Hexane,Trans C6H12 3-Hexane,Cis C6H12 3-Hexane,Trans C6H12 2-Methyl-2-Pentene C6H12 3-Methyl-2-Pentene,Cis C6H12 3-Methyl-2-Pentene,Trans C6H12 4-Methyl-2-Pentene,Cis C6H12 4-Methyl-2-Pentene,Trans C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-1-Butene C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-2-Butene C6H12 3,3-Dimethyl-1-Butene C6H12O Cyclohexanol C6H12O Enthyl Propyl Ketone C6H12O Menthyl Propyl Ketone C6H12O Menthyl Isobutyl Ketone Dipm debye LDEN TDEN

35 A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 372 C6H12O2 N-Butyl Acetate C6H12O2 Isobutyl Acetate C6H12O2 Ethyl Butyrate C6H12O2 Ethyl Isobutyrate C6H12O2 N-Propyl Propionate C6H12O2 N-Amyl Formate C6H12O2 Isoamy Formate C6H14 N-Hexane C6H14 Isohexane C6H14 3-Methyl Pentane C6H14 2,2-Dimethyl Butane C6H14 2,3-Dimethyl Butane C6H14O 1-Hexanol C6H14O 2-Hexanol C6H14O Ethyl Butyl Ether C6H14O Methyl Amyl Ether C6H14O Dipropyl Ether C6H14O Diisopropyl Ether C6H15N Dipropylamine C6H15N Diisopropylamine C6H15N Triethylamine C7F8 Perfluorotoluene C7F14 Perfluoromethylcyclohexane C7F16 Perfluoro-N-Heptane C7H3F5 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene C7H5N Benzonitrile C7H6O Benzaldehyde C7H6O2 Benzoic Acid C7H8 Toluene C7H8O Methyl Phenyl Ether C7H8O Benzyl Alcohol C7H8O O-Cresol C7H8O M-Cresol C7H8O P-Cresol C7H9N 2,3-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 2,5-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N 3,5-Dimethylpyridine C7H9N N-Methylaniline C7H9N O-Toluidine C7H9N M-Toluidine C7H9N P-Toluidine C7H14 Cycloheptane C7H14 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane C7H14 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane-Cis C7H14 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane-Trans C7H14 Ethylcyclopentane C7H14 Methylcyclohexane C7H14 1-Heptene C7H14 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-Butene C7H14O Methyl Amyl Ketone C7H14O2 N-Propyl Butyrate C7H14O2 N-Propyl Isobutyrate C7H14O2 Isoamyl Acetate C7H14O2 Isobutyl Propionate C7H16 N-Heptane C7H16 2-Methylhexane C7H16 3-Methylhexane C7H16 2,2-Dimethylpentane C7H16 2,3-Dimethylpentane Dipm debye LDEN TDEN

36 부록 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 434 C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane C7H16 3,3-Dimethylpentane C7H16 3-Ethylhexane C7H16 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane C7H16O 1-Heptanol C8H14O3 Phthalic Anhydride C8H8 Styrene C8H8 Methyl Phenyl Ketone C8H8O2 Methyl Benzoate C8H8O3 Methyl Salicylate C8H10 O-Xylene C8H10 M-Xylene C8H10 P-Xylene C8H10 Ethylbenzene C8H10O O-Ethylphenlol C8H10O M-Ethylphenlol C8H10O P-Ethylphenlol C8H10O Ethyl Phenyl Ether C8H10O 2,3-Xylenol C8H10O 2,4-Xylenol C8H10O 2,5-Xylenol C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol C8H10O 3,4-Xylenol C8H10O 3,5-Xylenol C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline C8H11N N-Ethylpyridine C8H16 Diethylsuccinate C8H16 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane C8H16 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane-Cis C8H16 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane-Trans C8H16 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane-Cis C8H16 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane-Trans C8H16 1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane-Cis C8H16 1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane-Trans C8H16 Ethylcyclohexane C8H16 1,1,2-Trimethycyclopentane C8H16 1,1,3-Trimethycyclopentane C8H16 1,2,4-Trimethycyclopentane-C,C,T C8H16 1,2,4-Trimethycyclopentane-C,T,C C8H16 L-Methy-L-Ethylcyclopentane C8H16 N-Propylcyclopentane C8H16 Isopropycyclopentane C8H16 cyclooctane C8H16 1-octane C8H16 2-octane-trans C8H16O2 isoamyl propionate C8H16O2 isobutyl butyrate C8H16O2 isobutyl isobutyrate C8H16O2 n-propyl isovalerate C8H18 n-octane C8H18 2-methylhaptane C8H18 3-methylhaptane C8H18 4-methylhaptane C8H18 2,2-dimethylhexane C8H18 2,3-dimethylhexane C8H18 2,4-dimethylhexane C8H18 2,5-dimethylhexane C8H18 3,3-dimethylhexane C8H18 3,4-dimethylhexane C8H18 3-ethylhexane C8H18 2,2,3-trimethylpentane C8H18 2,2,4-trimethylpentane Dipm debye LDEN TDEN

37 A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 496 C8H18 2,3,3-trimethylpentane C8H18 2,2,4-trimethylpentane C8H18 2-methyl-3-ethylpentane C8H18 3-methyl-3-ethylpentane C8H18 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane C8H18O 1-octanol C8H18O 2-octanol C8H18O 4-methyl-3-heptanol C8H18O 5-methyl-3-heptanol C8H18O 2-ethyl-1-hexanol C8H18O dibutyl ether C8H18O di-tert-butyl ether C8H19N dibutyl amine C8H19N diisobutyl amine C9H7N quinoline C9H7N isoquinoline C9H1O indane C9H1O alpha-methylstyrene C9H10O2 ethyl benzoate C9H12 n-propylbenzene C9H12 isopropylbenzene C9H12 1-methyl-2-ethylbenzene C9H12 1-methyl-3-ethylbenzene C9H12 1-methyl-4-ethylbenzene C9H12 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene C9H12 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene C9H12 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene C9H13N N,N-dimethyl-o-toluidine C9H18 n-propylcyclohexane C9H18 isopropylcyclohexane C9H18 1,trans-3,5-trimethylcyclohexane C9H18 1-nonene C9H18O dibutyl ketone C9H2o 1-nonene C9H2o 2-methyloctane C9H2o 2,2-dimethylheptane C9H2o 2,2,3-trimethylhexane C9H2o 2,2,4-trimethylhexane C9H2o 2,2,5-dimethylhexane C9H2o 3,3-ditethylpentane C9H2o 2,2,3,3-tetramethylpentane C9H2o 2,2,3,4-tetramethylpentane C9H2o 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane C9H2o 2,3,3,4-tetramethylpentane C9H2oO 1-nonanol C10F8 perfluoronaphthalene C10F18 perfluorodecalin C10F8 naphthalene C10F12 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthlene C10F14 n-butylbenzene C10F14 isobutylbenzene C10F14 sec-butylbenzene C10F14 tert-butylbenzene C10F14 1-methy-2-isopropylbenzene C10F14 1-methy-3-isopropylbenzene C10H14 1-Methyl-Isopropylbenzene C10H14 1,4-Diethylbenzene C10H14 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene C10H14O Thymol C10H15N N-Butylaniline C10H18 Cis-Decalin Dipm debye LDEN TDEN

38 부록 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 558 C10H18 Trans-Decalin C10H18 1,3-Decadiene C10H19N Caprylonitrile C10H20 Butylcyclohexane C10H20 Isobutylcyclohexane C10H20 Sec-Butylcyclohexane C10H20 Tert-Butylcyclohexane C10H20 1-Decene C10H20O Menthol C10H22 N-Decane C10H22 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane C10H22 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane C10H22 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane C10H22O 1-Decanol C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene C11H14O2 Butyl Benzoate C11H16 Pentamethylbenzene C11H22 N-Hexylcyclopentane C11H22 1-Undecene C11H24 N-Undecene C12H10 Diphenyl C12H10O Diphenyl Ether C12H18 Hexamethylbenzene C12H24 N-Heptylcyclopentane C12H24 L-Dodecene C12H26 Dodecene C12H26O Dihexylether C12H26O Dodecanol C12H27N Tributylamine C13H12 Diphenylmethane C13H26 N-Octylcycopentane C13H26 1-Tridecene C13H28 N-Tridecene C14H10 Anthracene C14H10 Phenanthrene C14H28 N-Nonylcyclopentane C14H28 L-Tetradecene C14H30 N-Tetradecene C15H30 N-Decylcyclopentane C15H30 L-Pentadecene C15H32 N-Pentadecene C16H22O4 Dibutyl-O-Phthalate C16H32 N-Decylcyclohexane C16H32 1-Hexadecene C16H34 Hexadecane C17H34 N-Dedecylcyclopentane C17H36O Heptadecanol C17H36 N-Heptadecane C18H14 O-Terphenyl C18H14 M-Terphenyl C18H14 P-Terphenyl C18H36 L-Octadecene C18H36 N-Tridecylcyclopentane C18H38 Octadecane C18H38O 1-Octadecanol C19H38 1-Cyclopentyltetradecane C19H40 N-Nonadecane C20H40 1-Cyclopentylpentadecane C20H42 N-Eicosane C20H42O 1-Eicosanol Dipm debye LDEN TDEN

39 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 A9. 가스의기-액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료가스흡수조작에관련하여교과서적인많은문헌이나와있지만기-액용해도자료및 H OG, K G a 값등물질전달계수에관계되는자료들을체계적으로집성한문헌은매우드물다. 본장에서소개하는데이터들은일본의 NCE( 日鐵化工機 ( 株 ) Nittetu Chemical Engineering Co.) 의 Yoichi Shimoi씨가정리한 가스흡수와충전물데이터집 (Gas Absorption Manual) 을근간으로하여기타서구문헌등에발표된자료및필자가실험한몇가지의실험자료를실은것이다. 다음에제공되는자료들을손쉽게이용하기위한몇가지의상식적인내용을언급해본다. ⅰ. 가스의흡수특성가스의흡수특성은주로가스의물에의한흡수특성에대해간략하게기술한다. ⅱ. 용해도자료용해도에대한자료는몇가지의형태로나와있는데모든경우에대해물리적흡수시에필요한기-액평형선도를그릴수있어야한다. 우리가관심이있는부분은주로묽은계 (dilute system) 이므로평형선을직선으로가정할수있는경우가많다. 따라서우리가다루려는농도구간에서의기-액평형선의기울기 m 값을구하는것이관건이된다. 일반적으로주어진용해도자료의형태는다음의 ⑴~⑷의경우와같으며각각의경우에대하여계의 m 값을구하는방법을설명하기로한다. ⑴ 헨리상수 H로주어졌을경우헨리의법칙에의해 p = Hㆍx = yㆍp 이며 m 값에대한정의는 m = y / x 이므로 m = y / x = H / P 이다. 즉헨리상수의단위가 atm/mol fr로주어졌을경우분모항인 mol fr은무차원이므로계의전압이 1 atm이라면평형선의기울기는 m = H 이다. ⑵ 액상농도 x wt% 로기상농도 y mmhg로주어졌을경우 m 값에대한정의는 기상중의 성분 분율 액상중의 성분 분율

40 부록 이다. 아무튼기-액상에있어어떤성분의몰분율 (mol fr) 을계산하기위해서는단위를 mol 또는 kgmol로통일시켜야한다. 따라서액상의농도가 wt% 로주어졌다면 mol fr로의환산이필요하며간단한예를들어서요령을설명하기로한다. 예를들어 15 wt% 의암모니아수용액의몰분율을계산해보자. 이수용액속에질량은각각암모니아 : 15 물 : 85 이며질량분율은 15/85 이다. 따라서각성분에각각의분자량을나누면몰량이되므로질량분율에서몰분율로는 이다. 한편기상에서의몰분율을계산하기위해주어진자료의단위가 mmhg로되어있다면이역시 mol fr로고쳐야할것이다. 일반적으로대기압하에서의조작은전압을 1 atm = 760 mmhg로생각할수있다. 기체의경우분압은체적농도같은의미이고몰비와도같은의미이므로분압이 30mmHg의경우에대한몰분율을계산해보면 y mol fr 따라서 m 값은 m ⑶ 액상농도 x mol fr로기상농도 y mol fr로주어졌을경우 m = ( y / x ) 에의해직접계산한다. ⑷ 직접 pseudo-m값으로주어졌을경우주어진 m값을바로사용한다. ⅲ. 물질전달계수 H G, H L, H OG, K G a 등의자료를제공한다. 설계에이용하기위해서는 H OG 값으로변환한다

41 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 1. Acetaldehyde( 아세트알데히드, CH 3 CHO) ⅰ. 물질의특성일반적으로알데히드류는유기가스이나극성을갖고있어물에잘섞이는성질이있어물에의한흡수가가능하다. 하지만현실적으로물리적흡수방법만유효하므로실제조작에있어폐수발생량이많아현실성이떨어지며미생물의번식등에의한충전물및분사노즐의막힘등의문제가우려된다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 온도 ( ) 헨리상수 (H, atm/mol fr) ⅲ. 물질전달계수기존의유사한성질을갖는가스의물질전달자료에서확산계수를보정하여추산한다. 2. Acetic acid( 아세트산, CH 3 COOH) ⅰ. 물질의특성일반적으로유기산들은극성을가지며물과잘섞이는성질이있어물에의한흡수조작이가능하다. 하지만앞에서설명한아세트알데히드와마찬가지로악취처리를목적으로하는조작에있어서는많은폐수발생량과미생물의번식에의한막힘문제등이우려되나산성인관계로알칼리에의한중화반응을이용할수있다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Acetic acid partial pressure over aqueous acetic acid solution (mmhg) 온도 ( ) 액상농도 % 50 % 75 % International Critical Tables" vol.3, p. 302 McGraw-Hill

42 부록 ⅲ. 물질전달자료

43 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 3. Acetone( 아세톤, CH 3 COCH 3 ) ⅰ. 물질의특징케톤류도극성을가지며물과잘섞일수있어물에의한흡수조작이가능하다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Acetone partial Pressure over aqueous aceton solution for dilute system T p (mmhg) 여기서 x : 액상농도 (mol fr) T : 온도 (K) Pseudo m value for dilute system T m (mol fr / mol fr) 여기서 T : 온도 (K)

44 부록 Partial Pressure of Acetone ⅲ. 물질전달자료 Acetone - Air - H 2 O System Hutchings : C.E.P, 45, 253 (1949) ⅜ Raschig Ring-φ152 1,320 H (mm)

45 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 ½ Raschig Ring - φ152 1,400 H (mm) ¾ Raschig Ring - φ152 1,390 H (mm) 1¼ Raschig Ring - φ254 1,140 H (mm)

46 부록 Acetone - Air - H 2 O System Packing : 1 Raschig Ring Tower : φ251 4,970 H Othmer, Scheibel : Trans. A.I.Ch.E. 37, 211 (1941) 실험식 G H OG L G (m) 여기서, G, L : (kg/m 2 hr) 다음은위의실험식을그래프로그린것이다. Acetone - Air - H 2 O System Packing : 1 Berl Saddle Tower : φ203 1,730 H Larson : M.S. Thesis Ch. Eng. Lafayette College (1942)

47 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 Acetone - Air - H 2 O System Packing : Tellerette S (P.P) Tower : φ600 1,500 H Nittetu Chemical Engineering Co. Tokyo, Japan Acetone - Air - H 2 O System Packing : 1 Raschig Ring Tower : φ H Houston & Walker : I.C.E. 42, 1105 (1950)

48 부록 4. Air( 공기 ) ⅰ. 물질의특성공기는지구대기를구성하는기체로서수증기를제외한성분은다음의표에서와같다. 가스명 중량백분율 (wt%) 체적백분율 (vol%) 산소질소알곤이산화탄소네온헬륨크립톤크세논 공기를상온의물에녹이면질소 65.09%, 산소 34.91% 의비율로녹는다. 다음의용해도자료는일정량의알곤가스함유중에산소와질소의용해도를이론적으로계산하여헨리상수 H 를계산한것이다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 t H "International Critical Tables" vol. 3. p H is calculated form the absorption coefficients of O2 and N2, taking into consideration the correction for constant argon content. ⅲ. 물질전달자료

49 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료

50 부록 5. Ammonia( 암모니아, NH 3 ) ⅰ. 물질의특성암모니아가스는무기성이며, 극성을갖고있어물에섞여해리된다. 즉, 물에잘용해된다. 물에녹아알칼리성을띄며, 기상중에서산성가스와만나반응암모늄염을형성하는관계로백연현상및효율부족현상을야기하는주범중하나이다. 암모니아가스를중화하기위해서는증기압이낮은황산 (sulfuric acid) 을흡수액중에섞어서사용해야기상에서의암모늄염형성을최소화할수있다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Partial Pressure of dilute system Kowalke's equation T p (atm) 여기서 x : mol fraction (-) T : 온도 (K) For non-dissociated NH 3 log H T E T 여기서 H : Henry constant (atm/mol fr) T : 온도 ( ) Range of x and T x < 1 mol%, 20 < T < 80 Ammonia 의 pseudo-m 값 NH 3 -H 2 O system x-y chart

51 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 Partial pressure of Ammonia over aqueous solution kg-nh3 /100kg-H2O x 10 2 (mol fr.) p (atm) O O O.158 O (0.0495) * (0.0395) (0.0317) (0,0241) (0.0203) (0.0733) (0.0586) (0.0467) (0.0351) (0.0292) O ⅲ. 물질전달자료 NH 3 -Air-Water System Tower φ H (mm) Shimoi : Plant and Process (1991) (Japan) Tellerette-So, P.P Tellerette-S, P.P

52 부록 Tellerette-SⅡ, P.P Tellerette-M, P.P Tellerette-L, P.P Tellerette-LL, P.P

53 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 NH 3 -Air-H 2 SO 4 System Nittetu Chemical Engineering Co. Tokyo Japan

54 부록 NH 3 -Air-H 2 SO 4 System Ick Sung Kyowa Engineering Co. Seoul Korea (1995) Tower Packing Gas Rate Liquid Rate φ300 1,000 H Pall Ring 1", P.P G=6,345 kg/m 2 hr L=11,000 kg/m 2 hr Liquid Temp. 35 ph 입구농도 (mol ppm) 출구농도 (mol ppm) H OG (m)

55 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 6. Benzene( 벤젠, C 6 H 6 ) ⅰ. 물질의특성벤젠은유기물질로비극성물질이며물에녹지않으므로물을이용한흡수처리는불가능하다. 따라서벤젠의흡수처리에있어그흡수액으로는무취 Kerosene이나 T.E.G(Tri Ethylene Glycol) 등과같이끓는점이높은용매를사용하고있다. 또한흡수를행한다음의흡수액은증류탑으로보내져용질은회수되며용매는재생되어진다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Washing Oil(Mw=160) 에대한 Benzene 의용해도 ⅲ. 물질전달자료 Benzene-Air-Kerosene System 1 - Berl Saddle (Ceramic) φ305 2,020 H (mm) Gross : A.I.Ch.E p.121 (1943)

56 부록 Experimental Equation K G a = α G λ 여기서 K G a : (kgmol/m 3 hr atm) G : (kg/m 2 hr) System L (kg/m 2 hr) λ α 5, Benzene-Air-Kerosene 9, , Chlorine( 염소, Cl 2 ) ⅰ. 물질의특성상당히유독한가스로취급에주의를요하는기체이다. 물에대한용해도가낮아순수한물만으로는흡수처리하기힘들고수산화나트륨 (NaOH) 와같은중화제를흡수액중에수 % 를섞어서사용해야한다. 수산화나트륨과의반응은다음과같다. Cl 2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H 2 O ⅱ. 용해도자료 Henry's Constant based on non-dissociated Cl 2 Temp. ( ) H ( atm/mol fr)

57 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 x-y Chart of ( Cl 2 -H 2 O System) Partial Pressure of Cl 2 over Aqueous Solution p (atm) x 10 4 (mol fr.) Adams ; C.E.P, vol. 29, p447 (1937)

58 부록 Partial Pressure of Cl 2 over Aqueous Solution Partial Pressure of Cl2 mmhg Solubility, g of Cl2 per liter l l ,000 1,200 1,500 2,000 2, ,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5, ⅲ. 물질전달자료 Effect of Liquid rate on K L a and H OL for Cl 2 -Air-H 2 O System J.E Vivian, R.P. Whitey, "Chem. Eng. Prog." Vol. 43, p.691 (1947)

59 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 Cl 2 -Air-H 2 O System Packing : 1" Rsschig Rings Packing Bed : 1 φ H 2 φ356 1,220 H Vivian : C.E.P 43, 691 (1947), C.E.P 44, 54 (1948)

60 부록

61 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료

62 부록 8. Ethanol( 에탄올, C 2 H 5 OH) ⅰ. 물질의특성유기가스이나극성을갖고있어물과잘섞인다. 모든유기가스와마찬가지로흡수탑내부에미생물의번식에의한충전물, 디미스터및분사노즐등에막힘현상이우려되며고도처리시막대한폐수의발생이예상된다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Partial Pressure of Ethanol for Ethanol-H 2 O system Pseudo-m Value of Ethanol for dilute system m = 10^( /T) 여기서 T : K p = c 10^( /T) T : R (mmhg)

63 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 c : lb-mole / ft 3 ⅲ. 물질전달자료 Relation between H G & D G Absorption Data No. Packing ; 1" Carbon Raschig Ring Packing Bed ; φ H Houston, Walker : I.E.C. 42, 1105 (1950) 9. Formaldehyde( 포름알데히드, HCHO) ⅰ. 물질의특성유기가스이나극성을갖고있어물과잘섞인다. 일반적인유기가스들과마찬가지로흡수탑내부에미생물의번식에의한충전물, 디미스터및분사노즐등에막힘현상이우려된다. 물리적흡수를이용하여고도처리할경우막대한폐수의발생이예상되지만폐수의발생을줄이기위해암모니아를이용하는화학적흡수를이용할수있으며그반응의결과무취인헥사메틸렌테트라아민 (Hexamethylenetetramine) 이생성되며반응식은다음과같다. 6HCHO + 4NH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 N 4 + 6H 2 O 이러한조작통해페수발생량은현격하게줄일수있으나반응에사용되는과량의암모니아가스는가스흡수탑을슬립 (slip) 하여또따른공해문제를일으키게되므로슬립되는암모니아를처리하기위해황산을흡수액으로하는또다른가스흡수탑이필요하게된다. 암모니아와황산의반응식은다음과같다. 2(NH 4 )OH + H 2 SO 4 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O ( 저농도반응 )

64 부록 NH 4 OH + H 2 SO 4 NH 4 HSO 4 + H 2 O ( 고농도반응 ) ⅱ. 용해도자료 Formaldehyde-H 2 O System Formaldehyde-H 2 O System (Coefficient in Eq.) p T 여기서 p : 포름알데히드분압 (mmhg) α : 계수 ( 아래그림참조 ) T : 온도 (K) 계수 α 값자료

65 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 ⅲ. 물질전달자료 Formaldehyde-Air-H 2 O System Tower : ,600H (mm) Conc. of formaldehyde (inlet) : 13.5~33.4 mol ppm Circulating water : 37~42, ph=6.4~7, 300~400 mg/l Hiyama : Air Pollution Control Symposium Proceedings Formaldehyde-Air-KMnO 4 System Tower : H (mm) Circulating water : 2% KMnO 4, 15~20 Hiyama : Air Pollution Control Symposium Proceedings No. Raw gas (ppm) Outlet gas (ppm) Removal Eff. (%) Average H OG (m) Formaldehyde-Air-NH 4 OH System by Y.S Hwang Factor Value Gas flow rate (kg/m 2 hr) 6,345 Liquid flow rate (kg/m 2 hr) 11,000 Liquid Temp ( ) 35 y 1 (mol ppm) 110 y 2 (mol ppm) 17.5 Packing φ300 1,000H (mm), 1" Pall ring, PP ph 8.9~9.2 H OG (m)

66 부록 9. Hydrogen bromide( 브롬화수소, HBr) ⅰ. 물질의특성물에잘용해되며, 친수성이강하여산결로 (acid dew) 에의한미세미스트의발생이우려된다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Partial pressure of HBr & H2O (mmhg) % Hbr 20 ( ) 25 ( ) 50 ( ) 55 ( ) Hbr H 2 O Hbr H 2 O Hbr H 2 O Hbr H 2 O "International Critical Tables" vol. 3. p. 302 McGraw-Hill ⅲ. 물질전달자료 HBr Absorption Test Components: Run 10-1 Run 10-2 Run 10-3 Kind of Gas HBr Test Date 2/27/95 2/27/95 2/27/95 G lb/min L lb/min L/G ga1/kcf(22 ) _P in. water HBr (in) ppmv HBr (out) ppmv <0.28* <0.28* <0 32* K G a 1/s >1.58 >1.58 >3.04 Footnotes: * No detect. NOTE: HBr vapor was generated using a solution of hydrobromic acid (48% wt). SEMATECH, Technology Transfer A-ENG

67 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 10. Hydrogen chloride( 염화수소, HCl) ⅰ. 물질의특성물에대한용해도가매우높아흡수조작이용이하나, 친수성이강하여산결로 (acid dew) 에의한미세미스트의발생이우려된다. 이러한미세 (sub-micron) 미스트는흡수탑내에서잘제거되지않으며, 가스농도분석시효율부족현상을일으킬수있다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Vapor Composition of HCl-H 2O Systems Liquid Vapor, Mo1e% HC1 Molality Weight% Mole% Othmer DF, Naphtali LM Correlating pressures and vapor compositions of aqueous hydrochloric acid. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 1: HCl-H 2 O System (partial pressure) p A B T 여기서 A A A X A X A X A X A X A B B X B X B X B X B X p : HCl & H 2 O Vapor pressure (mmhg) x : 액상 HCl 농도 (wt%) T : 계의온도 (K) Subscript HCl H 2O A E E E E E-8 B E E E-5 A E E E E E-8 B E E E

68 부록 ⅲ. 물질전달자료

69 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 11. Hydrogen cyanide( 시안화수소, HCN) ⅰ. 물질의특성물에대한용해도가그리높지는않아서물리적인흡수조작이용이하지는않다. 물리적흡수시다소높은액기비와다량의폐수발생이우려된다. 폐수발생량의줄이기위해 NaOH 등의알칼리중화제를사용하는것이바람직하다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Pseudo m-value for dilute system m T mmhg 여기서 T : 계의온도 (K) 적용범위 : 0 < T <

70 부록 HCN-H 2 O System (Partial pressure of HCN) HCN-H 2 O System (m-valve) ⅲ. 물질전달자료 HCN-Air-H 2 O System G (kg/m 2 hr) L (kg/m 2 hr) ph Liq. temp ( ) In HCN (ppm) 0ut HCN (ppm) Absorp. rate (%) H OG (m) 5,560 5,560 5,560 7,230 20,400 20,400 18,300 18,

71 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료

72 부록 12. Hydrogen fluoride( 불화수소, HF) ⅰ. 물질의특성물에대한용해도가커물리적흡수법적용도가능하다. 중화제로알칼리를사용할경우 NaOH의경우 NaF염이생성되는데용해도가낮아높은농도의 HF를처리할경우염의석출에의한시스템의막힘문제에대해주의를요한다. 고농도의 HF의처리에는있어중화제로는 KOH가선호되는데중화반응의결과로생성되는 KF염이높은용해도를갖고있기때문이다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Pseudo m-value of dilute system T m 여기서 T : 계의온도 (K) 적용범위 : 25 < T < 75 HF-H 2 O System (x-y Chart) HF-H 2 O System (Pseudo-Henry's Constant)

73 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 HF-H 2 O System (Partial pressure of HF) HF conc. (wt%) x (mol fr) Partial pressure (mmhg) phf ph 2O phf ph 2O phf ph 2O phf ph 2O , Fujita ; Chem. Eng. (Japan) 27, 2, 50 (1956) ⅲ. 물질전달자료

74 부록 13. Hydrogen sulfide( 황화수소, H 2 S) ⅰ. 물질의특성물에대한용해도가작아물리적흡수법의적용은불가능하다. 중화제로 NaOH와같은알칼리를사용할경우효율이증가하지만 O3 또는 NaOCl과같은산화제를함께사용하게되면효율이현격하게좋아진다. 그반응식은다음과같다. H 2 S + 2NaOH Na 2 S + 2H 2 O --- 느린반응 2H 2 S + 2NaOH + 5NaOCl Na 2 SO4 + 3NaCl +H 2 O --- 빠른반응 실제에있어 NaOH만사용할경우 90% 의제거효율이얻어진다면 NaOCl을함께공급할경우 99% 이상의효율이얻어진다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Henry's constant value of H2S (H = y/x [atm/mol fr]) T ( ) H "International Critical Tables," vol. 3, p

75 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 ⅲ. 물질전달자료

76 부록 14. Methanol( 메탄올, CH 3 OH) ⅰ. 물질의특성메탄올은유기가스이지만극성이있어물과잘섞이는성질이있다. 따라서물리적흡수법을적용할수는있다. 다른모든유기가스와마찬가지로용해된메탄올은미생물의먹이가될수있고이로인해흡수탑내부에미생물의번식이우려되며, 번식된미생물에의한충전물, 디미스터, 배관계및분사노즐등에막힘현상이유발될수있다. 미생물의번식을막기위해서는살균효과가있는산화제인오존 (O 3 ) 또는차아염소산나트륨 (NaOCl) 등을흡수액에투입, 산화제의농도를적정하게유지할필요가있다. 원론적으로공해방지측면에서본다면유기성가스들은 RTO나 RCO 등열분해장치즉, 연소를통한처리방법이일반적이라고볼수있다. 분자구조상전기적극성을띄는수용성유기가스들은분명, 물리적흡수법으로처리할수있으나흡수액중의용질농도를낮추기위한중화또는산화법이적용되기힘들다. 결과적으로흡수액중의용질의농도를낮게유지하기위해서는다량의배수즉, 폐수배출이필요하게되고이러한이유로경제성을확보하기힘든측면이있다. 최근에는일부러흡수액중에수처리용미생물을번식시켜흡수액중의용질성분을연속적으로제거시켜연속적인가스흡수조작을행하는 Bio Scrubber가적용되기도하나까다로운미생물의관리가문제가되어큰호응을얻지는못하고있다

77 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 ⅱ. 용해도자료 Methanol-H 2 O System (Partial pressure of methanol (mmhg)) Partial pressure of H 2 O and CH 3 OH over aqueous solution of methyl alcohol Mole fraction CH3OH ph2o mmhg 39.9 pch3oh mmhg Mole fraction CH3OH ph2o mmhg 59.4 pch3oh mmhg , "International Critical Tables," vol. 3, p. 290, McGraw-Hill. Pseudo m-valve & partial pressure of dilute system T m p T x 여기서 T : 계의온도 (K) x : 액상농도 (mol fr)