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1 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 11 호 pp November 2017 / 823 J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 34, No. 11, pp ISSN (Print) / (Online) 요추부안정화를위한흉요근막의역할분석 Analysis of the Role of Thoracolumbar Fascia for Lumbar Spinal Stability 최혜원 1, 김영은 1,# Hae Won Choi 1 and Young Eun Kim 1,# 1 단국대학교기계공학과 (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dankook University) # Corresponding Author / yekim@dankook.ac.kr, TEL: KEYWORDS: Thoracolumbar fascia ( 흉요근막 ), Paraspinal muscle ( 척추주변근육 ), Lumbar spinal stability ( 요추부안정화 ) Spinal stability is controlled by two interrelated systems: the spinal column including ligaments and the muscular control system. In addition to these systems, the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) also interacts with the muscular system to maintain the stability of the spine. The effects of the tensioning of TLF on the spinal stability was investigated using computational analysis. The stability of the spine was analyzed with a three-dimensional finite element model of musculoskeletal system including TLF. The paraspinal muscle activities were calculated based on a hypothesis: the intervertebral disc was assumed to have a transducer function and the muscle is activated according to a sensor driven control mechanism to maintain stability of the lumbar spine. Muscle forces were calculated in examining 40 o isometric forward flexed and erect standing postures. As a result, the fascial tension induced a decrease in superficial muscle activity while maintaining the spinal stability. Manuscript received: March 23, 2017 / Revised: July 14, 2017 / Accepted: July 20, 서론인체의척추중몸통과골반사이에캔틸레버보의형태로연결되어있는요추부 (Lumbar Spine) 는구조적으로가장취약한부분이다. 그러나척추체주변에분포한척추주변근육 (Paraspinal Muscle) 으로인하여상체의운동이가능할뿐만아니라요추의안정화가이루어지고있다. 척추안정화를위한척추내수동요소들 (Passive Component) 의영향에대해서는많은연구가그동안지속적으로이루어져왔으나척추주변근육의작용에의한안정화에대해서는상대적으로제한적인연구만이진행되어왔다. 척추거동에서척추주변근육들의역할을규명하기위한실험적방법은실험적한계로인해매우제한적인정보만을제공할수있다는취약점때문에해석적방법을이용한연구를통해이를보완하고자하는노력이계속되어왔다. 해석적방법에는일반적으로척추주변근육력도출을위한최적화기법이사용되고 있는데, 이경우사용되는목적함수로각근육에서발생되는응력의세제곱의합을택할경우에가장좋은해를구할수있는것으로알려져있다. 1 보다실제에가깝도록향상된근육력을도출하기위해최적화기법을통한근육력계산과정에서표피에근접한근육 (Superficial Muscle) 의 EMG 데이터나척추의기구학적형상 (Kinematic Configuration) 정보를추가적으로이용하여근육력을구하려는시도의연구가수행되기도하였다. 2,3 지금까지시도된해석적방법에서는척추체요소를단순수동체로제한하여척추관절에부과되는힘과모멘트의평형을이루는척추주변근육력을도출하도록하여추골을강체로, 추간판과인대의변형은빔요소로간략화시킨모델이이용되고있다. 그러나최근실험적연구를통해제안된정보에의하면추간판과인대들에존재하는기계적수용기 (Mechanoreceptor) 로부터전달되는정보에의해근육이작동되는것으로추정되며, 이와같은기계적수용기의센싱기능으로인해척추의부상을방지할수있는최적의상태로척추주변근이조정되는것으로예상되고있다. 이에따라 Copyright The Korean Society for Precision Engineering This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( 3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 824 / November 2017 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 11 호 본연구자들은추간판이응력센서의기능을갖고, 추간판에서발생하는응력의차이를최소화시키기위해척추주변근육의작용이조정된다는가정하에상세유한요소모델과최적화기법을이용하여척추주변근육의역할을규명한바있다. 4 척추주변근이외에도일부복근은흉요근막에직접연결되어척추안정화에영향을미칠것으로예상되며, 복근작용에의해생성되는복압도역시척추안정화에영향을미치는것으로알려져있다. 그러나복근과복압이척추안정화에미치는상대적영향에대해분석된바는아직없다. 따라서본연구에서는기존발표된기계적수용체의응답특성에따른척추주변근육력의해석모델에복근의수축및복압의작용으로발생되는흉요근막인장력 (Fascial Tension Force) 을적용한새로운모델을이용하여흉요근막의인장력이척추안정화에미치는영향을분석하고자하였다. Fig. 1 Developed musculoskeletal model. Spinal column was modelled with detailed finite element model 2. 모델링본연구에서사용된모델은강체 (Rigid Body) 로이루어진흉부 (Thoracic Part) 모델과천골 (Sacrum) 및골반 (Pelvis) 모델, 그리고상세유한요소모델로이루어진요추부 (Lumbar Spinal Column) 모델, 척추주변근, 그리고단순화된흉요근막의모델로구성하였다. 2.1 근골격계모델요추부는 L1에서 L5까지 5개의추골 (Vertebrae) 과그사이를연결하는추간판, 인대로구성되어있으며, 12번째흉추골 (T12) 과 L1 사이의추간판과인대를추가하여강체로된흉부와연결하였다. 추간판은수핵 (Nucleus) 과섬유륜 (Annulus Fibrosus) 의두부분으로나뉘어있으며 4겹의섬유륜기저물 (Ground Matrix) 요소사이에섬유소 (Fiber) 가내재된복합체형태로구성하였다. 개발된모델은이미여러하중조건에대한검증을통해모델의타당성을제시하였다. 5,6 기존의검증된모델에장요인대 (Iliolumbar Ligament) 를추가하여 8종류의인대에대해인장에대한저항력을갖는트러스 (T3D2) 요소로구성하였다. 장요인대는 L5의횡돌기 (Transverse Process) 에서장골능 (Iliac Crest) 의전후방으로나뉘어부착되는인대로해부학적정보로제시된단면적 ( 전방 : 16 mm 2, 후방 : 25.4 mm 2 ) 7 을적용하였고, 횡돌간인대 (Transverse Ligament) 와동일한탄성계수 (10 MPa (ε < 0.18), 58.7 MPa (ε > 0.18); ε: strain) 5 를적용하였다. 근육요소를부착하기위해 12개의흉추와 12쌍의늑골로구성된흉곽 (Rib Cage) 과천골및골반모델을포함하였다. 근육모델은기존 4 에개발되었던 98개의근육요소에 T12-L1에부착된대요근 (Psoas Major) 과다열근 (Multifidus) 의 10개요소를추가하여 108개의좌우대칭모델로구성하였다. 척추기립근 (Erector Spinae) 인흉최장근 (Longissimus Thoracis) 과요장늑근 (Iliocostallis Lumborum) 에대해흉곽에부착된표면근과추골에부착된 심층근 (Deep Muscle) 으로나누어모델링하였고, 상위추골의극돌기 (Spinous Process) 에서하위추골의유두돌기 (Mammillary Process) 로부착되는다열근은부착된극돌기의위치에따라층을나누어상세히모델링하였다. 이외에대요근과요방형근 (Quadratus Lumborum) 이근육모델에포함되었다. 근육모델은힘의작용선을고려하여기시점 (Origin) 과삽입점 (Insertion) 을커넥터 (CONN3D2) 요소로연결하고, 요소내에국부좌표계 (Local Coordinate) 를설정하여모델의자세변화와무관하게두점사이로근육력이작용하도록하였다. 척추기립근중흉곽에서장골능또는천골능으로이어지는긴근육은삽입점과기시점을지나는추골의측면에가상절점을추가적으로생성하고이점을지나도록근육력의작용경로를설정하였다. 추골의횡돌기또는극돌기에 MPC (Multi-Point Constraints) 로가상절점을구속하여상체의자세변화시추골의회전을따라가상절점이함께이동하여근육력의경로가변경되도록하였다. 복근에는복직근 (Rectus Abdominis) 과복횡근 (Transverse Abdominis), 내복사근 (Internal Oblique), 외복사근 (External Oblique) 이있다. 이중복직근은두부착점사이로근육력이작용하도록커넥터요소로모델링하였고, 복횡근과내 / 외복사근의작용에대해서는흉요근막의섬유방향을단순화하여모델링하고인장력으로부과하였다. Fig. 1은본연구에서개발된근골격계모델의형상을보여주고있다. 2.2 흉요근막모델흉요근막은구조적으로전층 (Anterior Layer), 중층 (Middle Layer), 후층 (Posterior Layer) 으로구성되어있으나본모델에서는근육과부착되어근육이수축할때인장력이전달되는중층과후층에대해서만고려하였다. 흉요근막의중층은복횡근및복사근과연결되는데 L3 추골을기준으로상위에는외복사근, 하위에는내복사근이연결되고중층전반에걸쳐복횡근이연결된다. 8 후층은광배근 (Latissimus Dorsi) 과복횡근, 복사근, 대둔근 (Gluteus Maximus) 과연결되어각근육의수축에의해흉요근막으로

3 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 11 호 November 2017 / 825 Fig. 2 Simplified thoracolumbar fascia model Table 1 Assumed fascial tension force (N) Posture TLF level Erect FLX40 MLF MLF MLF PLF PLF PLF PLF PLF PLF 인장력이전달된다. 흉요근막의섬유소는인접분절의횡돌기를교차한삼각형형태로기립자세에서는수평면을기준으로 20 o - 30 o 를이루며, 최대굽힘자세에서는약 40 o 의각도를갖는것으로보고되었다. 9 이러한흉요근막의구조적특징을모델에반영하기위하여추체의돌기에가상의빔 (B31) 요소를생성하고요소의끝점을커넥터요소로교차연결하여상체의자세변화에따라흉요근막인장력의작용방향이변화되도록하였다. Fig. 2 에서는적용된흉요근막형상과흉요근막인장력의작용선을보여준다. 흉요근막에작용하는인장력은흉요근막에연결된근육의단면적 과기립자세 (Erect) 와 40 o 굽힘자세 (FLX40) 에서얻어진근육의활성도 13 를고려하여추정하였으며, 각자세에적용된흉요근막인장력은 Table 1과같다. 2.3 해석방법 유한요소모델의경계조건으로천골및골반을고정하였고, 하중조건으로 75 kg 성인남자의상체무게에해당하는 400 N의하중을상체의무게중심에부과하였다. 앞서제시한흉요근막의인장력을부과하여흉요근막인장력의작용에따른영향을분석하도록하였다. 상체굽힘에의한근육력의변화를계산하기위해 기립자세를기준으로 40 o 굽힘자세모델을구성하였다. 기립자세모델에대해치골과좌골사이의폐쇄공 (Obturator Foramen) 의중점을기준으로 o 의각도만큼모델을회전시켜골반의회전 (Pelvic Tilting) 을형성 14 하고, 유한요소해석과정에서상체하중및근육력에의해발생하는요추체의회전을통해형성하고자하는굽힘자세각도를이루도록하였다. 척추주변근육력의계산과정은앞서기술한하중조건에서유한요소해석을통해기계적수용기가가장많이분포되어있는것으로알려진각추간판섬유륜의최외층의기저물 15 에서발생되는압력 (Hydrostatic Pressure) 의평균을구한후이를최적화해석에적용하여각운동분절에서의추간판압력편차를최소화하는근육력을계산하도록하였다. 이와같은해석방법은추간판이물리적자극에대한수용기로서작용한다는가정에따라척추주변근육들이요구되는상체의자세를유지하면서추골의상대적인회전등을조절하여각추간판에서발생하는응력의차이를최소화시켜특정추간판에서과다응력이발생하는것을방지하여부상가능성을감소시킬수있다. 이와같은계산을수행하기위해식 (1) 의목적함수 (Cost Function) 를사용하였다. f = n 1 -- S n ( pi, S pave, ) 2 i = 1 subject to LB F i (%MVC) UB, F i = PCSA i 0.6 U x 0.3 mm θ s 0.01 rad where S p,i : Averaged pressure of the annulus ground matrix at the outermost layer in i-th disc S p,ave : Averaged pressure of the annulus ground matrix at the outermost layer in all discs n : Number of disc F i : i-th muscle force LB : Lower bound of muscle force UB : Upper bound of muscle force PCSA i : Physiological cross-sectional area of i-th muscle U x : Anterior-Posterior translation tolerance of the trunk mass center θ s : Trunk angle tolerance from desired posture 설계변수 (Design Variable) 로선정된근육력의초기값은기존의실험연구 13 를통해제시된표면근육의최대수축 (Maximum Voluntary Contraction) 에대한측정데이터의평균값을바탕으로계산되어적용되었으며, 측정오차범위내에서최소값과최대값을갖도록설정하였다. 실험데이터가제시되지않은심층근의 (1)

4 826 / November 2017 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 11 호 Table 2 Nucleus pressure in each disc (kpa) Posture Erect FLX40 disc level w/o TLF w TLF w/o TLF w TLF L1-L L2-L L3-L L4-L L5-S Fig. 3 Muscle activities at erect standing and 40º forward flexed posture with or without TLF. Muscle activities was normalized with respect to the maximum voluntary contraction (IT: Iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis, LT: Longissimus thoracis pars thoracis, IL: Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, LL: Longissimus thoracis pars lumborum, MF: Multifidus, PM: Psoas major, RA: Rectus abdominis, QL: Quadratus lumborum) Fig. 4 Contribution ratio of each muscle group with or without TLF (IT: Iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis, LT: Longissimus thoracis pars thoracis, IL: Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, LL: Longissimus thoracis pars lumborum, MF: Multifidus, PM: Psoas major, RA: Rectus abdominis, QL: Quadratus lumborum) 경우에는표면근의실험데이터와동일하게가정하여적용하였다. 최적화과정을통해얻어진근육력은유한요소해석의입력값으로재입력되며이와같은과정은목적함수가수렴할때까지반복적으로수행되어최적화된근육력이얻어진다. 유한요소해석은 ABAQUS (v6.10, Dassault System Simulia) 를이용하였으며최적화상용소프트웨어인 VisualDOC (v7.2, VR&D, Inc.) 와연동하여최적화과정을진행하였다. 최적화알고리즘은유용방향법 (Modified Method of Feasible Directions) 을사용하였다. 3. 해석결과척추주변근들을상체의자세를유지하며추간판에서의부상을최소화시키도록작용시킨결과다음과같은근력들이계산되었다. Fig. 3은각근육의근력을근육의최대발생가능근력에대해표준화된 (Normalized) 결과를보여주고있다. 신전력을발생시키는척추기립근과다열근, 요방형근요소의작용은기립자세보다 40 o 굽힘조건에서평균활성도가증가하는결과를보이고 있다. 반면대요근과복직근은굽힘각도의증가에도불구하고큰변화없이작용되었다. 흉요근막의인장력을부과하였을때, 흉곽에서골반및천골로연결되는흉최장근과요장늑근의작용이줄어드는것을보여주고있다. 6종류로분류된근육들의상대적인기여도를 Fig. 4에서보여주고있다. 굽힘각도의증가하였을때흉곽에부착된척추기립근의역할이감소한반면요추체에부착된기립근의역할은증가하였다. 이와유사하게심부근인다열근의작용도증가함을보였다. 이와반대로대요근과복직근의역할은감소함을보이고있다. 흉요근막인장력을부과한경우에는척추기립근중흉곽에부착된표면근의역할이상대적으로감소한반면심층근의역할이다소증가함을알수있었다. Table 2는각추간판에발생하는수핵내압력의크기를보여주고있다. 흉요근막인장력은기립자세와 40 o 굽힘자세에대해추간판압력을증가시키고있다. 기립자세및굽힘자세에서각운동분절에서의추간판의각도및운동량을 Table 3에서보여주고있다. 흉요근막인장력의추가적인작용에도불구하고요추전만각 (Lordotic Angle) 은유지되었고, 추간판각도의변화는매우미미하였다.

5 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 11 호 November 2017 / 827 Table 3 Final disc angle in each motion segment. Values in parenthesis indicate the motion segment rotation at the flexed posture (degree) Posture Erect FLX40 disc level w/o TLF w TLF w/o TLF w TLF L1-L (1.61) 4.82(1.69) L2-L (5.74) 1.39(5.66) L3-L (7.5) 1.86(7.36) L4-L (8.05) 3.73(8.0) L5-S (7.51) 7.47(7.43) Lordotic angle 토의 지금까지척추의능동요소와수동요소의상호작용을통한척추안정화를비롯하여복근및복압이척주의안정성에미치는영향에대한논의는다양한시도를통해계속되어왔다. 기존연구자들에의해제안된근육력을도출할수있는모델은역학적균형상태에서근육력을최소화시키는방법으로계산되었으며, 척추안정화에기여하는복근과복압의역할에도불구하고이들요소와척추주변근육사이의상호적인작용에대한평가는매우제한되게이루어져왔다. 특히상체가큰굽힘각도를유지할때능동요소보다는흉요근막등의수동요소에대한영향이커지는것으로예측되고있으나이에대한정량적평가또한이루어진바없었다. 따라서본연구에서제시된상체의굽힘각도변화와흉요근막인장력의적용여부에따른척추주변근육의작용변화는각요소의역할을분석할수있을것으로판단된다. 본연구에서제시된근골격계모델을이용하여계산된해석결과는기존의 In-Vivo 상태에서측정된근육의활성도를비롯하여추간판내압력에대한측정결과와매우일치된경향을보여주 고있다. Wilke 등 16 에의한 In-Vivo 실험측정결과는편안하게서있는기립상태와앞으로 40 o 굽혔을경우 L4-L5 추간판중심에서약 0.5 MPa과 1.0 MPa의압력이각각측정되었다. 본연구의계산결과에의하면흉요근막인장력의작용여부와관계없이유사한압력이계산되었다. 기립자세와 40 o 굽힘자세에서흉요근막인장력의적용으로인해 L4-L5 추간판에서약 kpa의압력이증가하였고, 이외운동분절의추간판에서도 kpa의압력이증가하였다. 이러한결과는흉요근막을통해전달되는복근의수축및복압의작용이요추부에압축력을증가시켜추간판의압력이증가하게되며증대된척추의강성도에따라척추의안정화도증가되는것으로설명할수있다. Arjmand 등 13 이보고한표면근의 EMG 측정결과는기립자세에서흉최장근과요장늑근이 14-18%, 다열근이 14-19%, 복직근이 10-16% 의값을갖는다. 본연구의해석결과와비교하여보면흉요근막의인장력이부과된기립자세의표면근의계산결과는흉최장근과요장늑근에서각각 15.4%, 19.6% 의평균활성도를 보였고, 다열근과복직근에서각각 12.1% 와 10% 의평균활성도를보였다. 40 o 로굽힘각도가증가됨에따라기립자세를기준으로흉최장근의평균활성도변화를계산한결과로흉요근막인장력이작용하지않을때 158.6% 로계산되었고, 흉요근막인장력이부과될때 113.3% 로계산되었다. 두결과모두 Roy 등 17 에의해측정된실험결과범위내에부합되는결과이며, 흉요근막인장력의작용으로인해표면근의작용이감소하는결과를보였다. 각근육의역할변화를살펴보면상체가굽혀짐에따라표면근과심층근의활성도는증가하는결과를보였다. 반면, 흉요근막인장력의작용에따라흉최장근과요장늑근의표면근의작용이감소하였으나두근육의심층근은증가하는결과를보였다. 이러한결과를통해상체가굽혀짐에따라자세유지와척추의안정화를위한심층근의역할이커지게되고, 특히복근및복압의작용에따른흉요근막의인장으로인해상대적으로작은표면근의작용만으로도효과적으로자세를유지하고, 척추안정화를이룰수있음을알수있었다. 각자세에서의요추전만각은흉요근막인장력의부과에도불구하고유사한값으로유지되었고, 각추간판의각도는 X-Ray 측정 18,19 을통해보고된추간판의각도와일치하는결과를보였다. 한편, 흉요근막인장력의작용이각운동분절의회전량의변화에미치는영향은미미한것으로계산되었다. 이러한결과를통해흉요근막인장력을통한복근및복압의작용은요추부의운동량변화에직접적인영향을미치지않으면서척추주변근과의상호작용을통해요추부운동량및척추안정화를유지하는것으로예측할수있다. 본연구에서제안된흉요근막인장력을이용한복근및복압의적용은해석의편의상흉요근막인장력을고정변수를설정하여각모델에예측된값을부여하였다. 이와같은가정은복근의수축및복압의작용이척추의안정화에미치는영향을분석하는데제한점으로작용하였을것으로판단된다. 흉요근막인장력이척추주변근과같이설계변수로설정되어최적화과정이이루어진다면흉요근막이척추안정화에미치는영향에대해보다명확히분석할수있을것으로판단된다. 5. 결론기립자세로부터상체굽힘자세까지굽힘각도변화와흉요근막인장력의작용에따른척추주변근의변화를상세유한요소모델과최적화기법을이용하여분석하였다. 굽힘각도의변화에도불구하고척추주변근육의적절한작용을통해척추의안정성이유지되는것을확인할수있었다. 복근및복압의작용을대체한흉요근막인장력이척추기립근중표면근의작용을감소시키는것을확인하였고, 흉요근막인장력의증가와근육력의변화로추간판수핵내압력이증가하였으며, 그럼에도불구하고운동분절의운동량및요추전만이유지되는결과를얻을수있었다. 이와같은해석결과를통해흉요근막인장력의작용에따라

6 828 / November 2017 한국정밀공학회지제 34 권제 11 호 작은근육력으로상체의자세및척추의안정화가유지될수있음이확인되었다. 이러한척추주변근육의해석을이용하여척추유합 (Spinal Fusion) 등다양한조건에서의척추안정성해석을수행할수있을것으로판단된다. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 본연구는 2016년도정부 ( 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된기초연구사업임 (No. 2015R1A2A 2A ). REFERENCES 1. Granata, K. and Wilson, S., Trunk Posture and Spinal Stability, Clinical Biomechanics, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp , Cholewicki, J. and McGill, S. M., EMG Assisted Optimization: A Hybrid Approach for Estimating Muscle Forces in an Indeterminate Biomechanical Model, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 27, No. 10, pp , El-Rich, M., Shirazi-Adl, A., and Arjmand, N., Muscle Activity, Internal Loads, and Stability of the Human Spine in Standing Postures: Combined Model and in Vivo Studies, Spine, Vol. 29, No. 23, pp , Kim, Y. E. and Choi, H. W., Paraspinal Muscle Activation in Accordance with Mechanoreceptors in the Intervertebral Discs, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, Vol. 227, No. 2, pp , Choi, H. W., Kim, Y. E., and Chae, S.-W., Effects of the Level of Mono-Segmental Dynamic Stabilization on the whole Lumbar Spine, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., Vol. 17, No. 5, pp , Kim, Y. E. and Choi, H. W., Effect of Disc Degeneration on the Muscle Recruitment Pattern in Upright Posture: A Computational Analysis, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 15, pp , Aihara, T., Takahashi, K., Yamagata, M., Moriya, H., and Shimada, Y., Does the Iliolumbar Ligament Prevent Anterior Displacement of the Fifth Lumbar Vertebra with Defects of the Pars? Bone & Joint Journal, Vol. 82, No. 6, pp , Stokes, I. A. and Gardner-Morse, M., Quantitative Anatomy of the Lumbar Musculature, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp , Brown, S. H., Ward, S. R., Cook, M. S., and Lieber, R. L., Architectural Analysis of Human Abdominal Wall Muscles: Implications for Mechanical Function, Spine, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 355, Bogduk, N., Johnson, G., and Spalding, D., The Morphology and Biomechanics of Latissimus Dorsi, Clinical Biomechanics, Vol. 13, No. 6, pp , Arjmand, N. and Shirazi-Adl, A., Model and in Vivo Studies on Human Trunk Load Partitioning and Stability in Isometric Forward Flexions, Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp , Granata, K. P. and Sanford, A. H., Lumbar-Pelvic Coordination is Influenced by Lifting Task Parameters, Spine, Vol. 25, No. 11, pp , Roberts, S., Eisenstein, S. M., Menage, J., Evans, E. H., and Ashton, I. K., Mechanoreceptors in Intervertebral Discs: Morphology, Distribution, and Neuropeptides, Spine, Vol. 20, No. 24, pp , Wilke, H.-J., Neef, P., Hinz, B., Seidel, H., and Claes, L., Intradiscal Pressure Together with Anthropometric Data-A Data Set for the Validation of Models, Clinical Biomechanics, Vol. 16, pp. S111-S126, Roy, A., Keller, T., and Colloca, C., Posture-Dependent Trunk Extensor EMG Activity during Maximum Isometrics Exertions in Normal Male and Female Subjects, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol. 13, No. 5, pp , Damasceno, L. H. F., Catarin, S. R. G., Campos, A. D., and Defino, H. L. A., Lumbar Lordosis: A Study of Angle Values and of Vertebral Bodies and Intervertebral Discs Role, Acta Ortopédica Brasileira, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp , De Carvalho, D. E., Soave, D., Ross, K., and Callaghan, J. P., Lumbar Spine and Pelvic Posture between Standing and Sitting: A Radiologic Investigation Including Reliability and Repeatability of the Lumbar Lordosis Measure, Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp , Barker, P. J., Briggs, C. A., and Bogeski, G., Tensile Transmission Across the Lumbar Fasciae in Unembalmed Cadavers: Effects of Tension to Various Muscular Attachments, Spine, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp , Willard, F., Vleeming, A., Schuenke, M., Danneels, L., and Schleip, R., The Thoracolumbar Fascia: Anatomy, Function and Clinical Considerations, Journal of Anatomy, Vol. 221, No. 6, pp , 2012.

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