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1 J Korean Soc Phys Med, 2014; 9(1): Online ISSN: Print ISSN: X Research Article Open Access 초등학생의통증과척추형태에관한조사연구 김은자 헤리티지너싱홈재활치료실 The Investigation of Pain and Spine Shape in Elementary School Students Eun-Ja Kim, PT, PhD Department of Physical Therapy, THE HERITAGE Nursing Facility Received: December 27, 2013 / Revised: February 8, 2014 / Accepted: February 12, 2014 c 2014 J Korean Soc Phys Med Abstract PURPOSE: This study was to investigate of and spine shape in elementary school students. The aim of this study was to prevent and spinal misalignment is to provide basic data and the need for regular screening for elementary school students. METHODS: This study had a survey research about and spine shape by using questionnaires and Formetric 4D. Subjects were 301 Elementary School Students RESULTS: In the presence or absence of and the presence of was in a high proportion and many of them indicated the back as a area, As a result of the spine shape contour, pelvic tilt was normal and trunk inclination was asymmetric as well as thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis were diminished. There was a significant difference in relationship of trunk inclination according to CONCLUSION: The asymmetric of trunk inclination influenced the, In contrast, the did not influence thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis in diminished. but, the diminution in thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis are potential sources of. Regular checkups are necessary to Corresponding Author : eunja1828@naver,com prevent elementary school students from a change of spine shape and a, Moreover, education of maintaining normal posture should be followed. Key Words: Pain, Spine shape, Elementary school students Ⅰ. 서론이상적자세는일상생활에서과제수행을위한움직임과연관되어있으며, 척추, 골반, 하지근의협응작용에의해이상적자세가유지된다. 그리고척추의생역학적정렬면에서정상적만곡을유지하고있는상태이며, 척추의정상만곡은이상적자세유지를위한생활습관과관련되어있다. 특히현대인들의생활습관중교통수단이용과직장, 학교, 가정에서의구부정한앉은자세는척추형태에영향을미친다 (Neuman, 2002). 척추는윗쪽으로머리를받치고있고, 아래쪽으로골반과연결되어체중을하지로연결시켜주며, 체간의기둥역할을한다. 척추의생역학기능은체간과골반사이의생리적운동에관여한다 (Wang 등, 1980). 골반의위치는척추형태에영향을미치며, 골반의전방기울임은척추전만의형태가되고골반의후방기울임

2 116 대한물리의학회지제 9 권제 1 호 은척추후만의형태가되어구부정한자세가된다 (Kasahara 등, 2008) 척추의정상만곡은척추에가해지는하중과충격을완화하는역할을하며, 척추분절에위치한근활성을효과적으로할수있게한다. 척추만곡은고정되어있지않고움직임이나자세에의해변화되며, 척추만곡의변화는척추하중의분포가고르지못하게되어 (Lee등, 1999), 척추영역사이의상호관계및생역학적특성에영향을미치어골격근이비효율적으로활동하게되고과긴장하여근골격계통증을발생시킨다 (Meakin 등, 2008). 최근초등학생들은과중한학업으로인해신체활동의기회가줄고앉은자세의생활이증가되어근골격계의통증을호소한다. 그리고통증에대한정확한의사전달의제한으로통증유병율조사에제한이있으나통증호소는증가하고있다 (Lee 등, 2002). 장시간앉은자세는목, 어깨와허리에근골격계통증을발생시키고, 근수축패턴에변화를주며, 운동조절능력을저하기킨다 (Straker 등, 2009). 또한앉은자세는양쪽어깨의높이차이를만들고머리가전방으로위치하여신체의비정상정렬상태가되어통증을유발시키며 (Cho, 2008), 목, 어깨와허리의근이과긴장하고자세가비대칭되어척추의생역학적기능을감소기킨다 (Negrini와 Negrini, 2007). 척추형태변형에의한통증호소로외래를방문하는청소년의수가증가하고있으며, 통증은근골격계통증을호소하고나이가증가할수록척추형태변형발생비율이증가하였다 (Kim과 Park, 2006). 청소년의척추형태변형으로인해심폐기능저하가나타나며, 이차적으로신경학적합병증은수명의단축도초래한다. 그리고외모에예민하기때문에심리적변화에도영향을미친다 (Moon 등, 1996). 척추정상만곡은이상적자세유지에중요하며, 특히초등학생의척추정상만곡은자세를안정감있게유지하고운동과학습에능력에도많은영향을미친다 (Hong과 Kim, 2007). 초등학생은청소년의초기로서신체적발달과활동이왕성하며, 성인으로서의삶을준비하는시기이므로척추형태유지는평생의건강에중요하며, 삶의질과 학습에도영향을미친다. 그리고신체의정상발달에도매우중요하다. 그러나최근초등학생은골격근이작용하여에너지를소비하는운동회수가줄고앉아있는시간이상대적으로증가하였다. 이와같은요인으로인해척추관련건강상의문제가발생하고있으며, 초등학생의척추형태변형에대한관심이증가하고있다 (Kim, 2004). 청소년은관절운동범위가크고신체발달과활동이왕성하므로근골격계통증과척추형태변형의예방과조기진단이매우중요하다 (Trevelyan과 Legg, 2006). 이와같이초등학생의신체활동기회가줄고앉아있는시간증가에따른근골격계통증의예방은학습과정상성장발달에중요하며, 척추형태변형에도관련이있다. 척추형태변형의조기진단은고도의변형으로인한수술적치료를예방할수있고, 보존적치료효과를증대시킬수있다. 선진국의경우학교집단검진에서일차적이학검사, Moire topography, scoliometer 등의검사방법으로척추형태변형검사를실시하고있으며, 미국은 21개주에서의무적으로실시하고있다. 그러나우리나라에서는설문지, 전방굴곡검사와방사선과같은이학적검사를실시하고있으나대부분은연구를위한검사이며, 초등학생을대상으로정규검사는이루어지지않고있다. 척추형태변형으로인해통증을호소하거나, 근골격계통증을호소하여외래를방문하여물리치료를받는청소년이증가하고있다. 이와같이척추형태변형으로인한통증에대한치료도중요하지만, 척추형태변형의유형에대한조사연구는임상에서물리치료의근거중심적치료와척추형태변형과통증예방을위해중요하다고판단된다. 따라서본연구는초등학교 3학년에서 6학년을대상으로하여통증유 무와통증부위에대한조사와척추형태를분석하기위하여 Formetric 4D 장비를이용하여척추형태에관한조사를하여집단검사의필요성과통증과척추형태변형예방을위한기초자료로활용하고자한다.

3 초등학생의통증과척추형태에관한조사연구 117 Ⅱ. 연구방법 1. 연구대상자본연구의대상자는경기도평택시에위치한 D초등학교 3학년에서 6학년 301명을대상으로하였으며, 성별은남자 152명, 여자 149명이었고나이는 10세 98명, 11세 79명, 12세 59명, 13세 65명이었다. 그리고학교에서발송한가정통신문을통하여부모의동의를얻어신청한학생을연구대상자로선정하였다. 2. 실험방법 2) 측정자세카메라와 2m 떨어진지점에서벽을향하여편안하게선자세에서측정한다. 측정대상자는상의를탈의하고하의를골반중간부분까지탈의한다. 전면에표시한곳을응시하고, 바닥에표시한지점에서서상지를자연스럽게내린다. 측정자는남 여각각따로선정하여측정하였다. Formetric 4D 측정검사전에통증의유 무와통증부위에대한조사는최근 1년동안에통증의경험과통증부위에대한조사를하였으며, 연구대상자와검사자가개인별대면하여작성하였다. 1) 측정도구본연구의척추형태를분석하기위하여 Formetric 4D (DIERS, International GmbH of Schlangenbad, Germany, 2010) 를사용하였다. Formetric 4D는방사선검사의대안으로척추구조분석을위한장비이며, 척추만곡의정확한분석과측정결과의높은재현성과객관적데이터를제공한다. 체간의뒷면인등표면을 3차원으로분석할수있는척추구조분석장비이며, 척추형태를표면등고선을이용하여방사선피폭없이빠르게검사할수있다. Formetric 4D의광학측정장치인래스터입체사진기법은표준검사기법으로척추형태변형을검사하는장비로사용되었다 (Drerup 등, 2001). 래스터입체사진기법은입체영상사진기술로체간의등표면형태를측정할수있으며, Hierholzer과 Drerup에의해 1980년대에소개되었다 (Drerup과 Hierholzer. 1987) 측정원리는래스터선이등표면을 3차원으로재구성하여카메라가캡쳐하여척추중심에서극돌기를추정하여위치를찾아내며, 해부학적표식과극돌기를통하여만곡의위치를측정한다. 또한척추중심선을재구성할수있다. 이와같은방법으로영상화하여전두면에서척추중심선의좌 우측편위, 표면측회전인극돌기의좌 우회전각도, 외측면에서흉추후만각과요추전만각, 시상면에서는척추만곡편위도, 골반의좌 우기울기와뒤틀림을측정값으로나타낸다. 3) 측정값비교본측정장비의정상범위는독일의 11 19세를대상으로정의된값이다. 이에본연구의측정장비인 Formetric 4D 측정값은한국의성남시분당에위치한라온제나동작분석연구소에서한국청소년 11 19세를대상으로하여정상범위를측정비교하였으며, 각각의각도와길이는왼쪽 (-) 와오른쪽으로나누어정상범위를정하였다 (Table 1). (1) 골반기울기체간의전두면에서골반의왼쪽후상장골극과오른쪽후상장골극을기준으로좌 우높이차이를길이 (mm) 로나타낸것이다. 측정값은정상범위 -4 4mm이며, -4mm이하는왼쪽기울기, 4mm이상은오른쪽기울기로나타낸다. (2) 체간기울기체간의전두면에서척추가왼쪽이나오른쪽으로기울어진거리를나타낸것이며, 경추7번의위치에서내린수직선이양쪽골반후상장골극의중간부위사이의좌 우거리를 mm로나타낸다. 측정값은정상범위 -7 7mm이며, -7mm 이하는왼쪽기울기, 7mm 이상은오른쪽기울기로나타낸다. (3) 척추후만체간의외측면에서관찰할수있으며, 흉추후만곡은

4 118 대한물리의학회지제 9 권제 1 호 흉추 1 에서흉추 12 까지의후만곡의최대값을나타낸다. 측정값은정삼범위 이며, 47 이하는감소, 50 이상은증가로타나낸다. (4) 척추전만체간의외측면에서관찰할수있으며, 요추1에서천추1 까지의전만곡의최대값을나타낸다. 측정값은정상범위 이며, 38 이하는감소, 42 이상은증가로나타낸다. Table 1. Comparison of normal range in German and Korean teenagers aged spine shape German a Korean b pelvic tilt(mm) trunk imbalance(mm) thoracic kyphosis( ) lumbar lordosis( ) a. Harzmann, 1999, no. of subjects: 428 b. RAONJENA, 2012, no. of subjects: 자료분석방법본연구의자료분석을위하여 SPSS(Ver. 18.0) 을하용하였으며, 통증유 무, 통증부위와척추형태에대하여빈도분석을하였으며, 통증에따른척추형태비교는 χ 2 검정을실시하였다. 유의수준은.05로하였다. Ⅲ. 결과 1. 통증유 무와통증부위분포 통증유 무와통증부위분포의빈도분석결과통증있다는 180명 (59.8%) 이고, 통증없다는 121명 (40.2%) 으로통증있다의비율이높았고, 통증부위는어깨 52명 (17.3%), 허리 102명 (33.9%), 어깨와허리 26명 (8.6%) 으로허리통증부위의비율이높았다 (Table 2). Table 2. Comparision of presence or absence of and area area characteristic of yes 180(59.8) no 121(40.2) shoulder 52(17.3) lower back 102(33.9) shoulder & lower back 26(08.6) no 121(40.2) total 301(100) 2. 척추형태분포척추형태분포의빈도분석결과골반기울기는왼쪽 38명 (12.6%), 정상 210명 (69.8%), 오른쪽 53명 (17.6%) 으로정상의비율이높고, 체간기울기는왼쪽 138명 (45.8%), 정상 132명 (43.9%), 오른쪽 31명 (10.2%) 으로왼쪽체간기울기의비율이높았으며, 척추후만은감소 145명 (48.1%), 정상 40명 (13.3%), 증가 116명 (38.5%) 으로감소의비율이높았고, 척추전만은감소 200명 (66.4%), 정상 50명 (16.6%), 증가 51명 (16.9%) 으로감소의비율이높았다 (Table 3). Table 3. Comparision of spine shape spine shape left normal right pelvic tilt 38(12.6) 210(69.8) 53(17.6) trunk imbalance 138(45.8) 132(43.9) 31(10.2) spine shape decrease normal increase thoracic kyphosis 145(48.1) 40(13.3) 116(38.5) lumbar lordosis 200(66.4) 50(16.6) 51(16.9) 3. 통증에따른척추형태비교 1) 통증에따른골반기울기비교통증에따른골반기울기비교의교차분석결과통증있다와없다의골반기울기비교에서유의한차이가나타나지않았으며, 통증부위에따른골반기울기도유의한차이가나타나지않았다 (P<.05)(Table 4).

5 초등학생의통증과척추형태에관한조사연구 119 Table 4. Comparison of pelvic tilt by Table 6. Comparison of thoracic kyphosis by area pelvic tilt left nomal right yes 25(65.8) 124(59.0) 31(58.5) no 13(34.2) 86(41.0) 22(41.5) shoulder 10(26.3) 35(16.7) 7(13.2) lower back 10(26.3) 71(33.8) 21(39.6) shoulder & lower back 5(13.2) 18(8.6) 3(5.7) no 13(34.2) 86(41.0) 22(41.5) χ2-value area thoracic kyphosis decrease nomal increased χ2-value yes 89(61.4) 28(70.0) 63(54.3) no 56(38.6) 12(30.0) 53(45.7) shoulder 21(14.5) 9(22.5) 22(19.3) lower back 54(37.2) 17(42.5) 31(26.7) shoulder & 14(9.7) 2(5.0) 10(8.6) lower back no 56(38.6) 12(30.0) 53(45.7) ) 통증에따른체간기울기비교통증에따른체간기울기비교의교차분석결과통증있다와없다의체간기울기는유의한차이가나타났으며, 통증부위에따른체간기울기도유의한차이가나타났다 (P<.05)(Table 5). 4) 통증에따른척추전만비교통증에따른척추전만비교의교차분석결과통증유무와척추전만정도와는유의한차이가없었으며, 통증부위에따른척추전만도유의한차이가나타나지않았다 (P<.05)(Table 7). Table 5. Comparison of trunk imbalance by trunk imbalance left nomal right χ2-value yes 94(68.1) 68(51.5) 18(58.1) no 44(31.9) 64(48.5) 13(41.9) 7.778* shoulder 26(18.8) 21(15.9) 5(16.1) lower back 59(42.8) 33(25.0) 10(32.3) * area shoulder & 9(6.5) 14(10.6) 3(9.7) lower back no 44(31.0) 64(48.5) 13(41.0) *: P<.05 Table 7. Comparison of lumbar lordosis by apin area lumbar lordosis decrease nomal increase χ2-value yes 120(60.0) 30(60.0) 30(58.8) no 80(40.0) 20(40.0) 21(41.2) shoulder 35(17.5) 8(16.0) 9(17.6) lower back 69(34.5) 17(34.0) 16(31.4) shoulder & lower back 16(8.0) 5(10.0) 5(9.8) no 80(40.0) 20(40.0) 21(41.2) ) 통증에따른척추후만비교통증에따른척추후만비교의교차분석결과통증있다와없다의척추후만은유의한차이가나타나지않았으며, 통증부위에따른척추후만도유의한차이가나타나지않았다 (P<.05)(Table 6). Ⅳ. 고찰본연구는초등학교 3학년에서 6학년을 301명을대상으로하여통증과척추형태에관한조사를하고자하였으며, 통증유병율과통증부위에대한조사결과통증있다는 180명 (59.8%) 이었고, 통증없다는 121명 (40.2%) 이었으며, 통증부위조사에서어깨 52명 (17.3%), 허리 102명 (33.9%), 어깨와허리 26명 (8.6%) 으

6 120 대한물리의학회지제 9 권제 1 호 로나타났다. 초등학교 4학년과 6학년학생 404명을대상으로통증에대한설문지조사에서, 통증의주간유병율은 25.9% 이었으며, 연간유병율은 33.7% 이었다. 통증부위는주간유병율의통증부위중하지 16.3%, 어깨 7.9%, 경부 6.2%, 팔 5.9%. 허리 4.2% 이었으며, 연간유병율의통증부위중하지 19.3%, 어깨 9.6%, 경부 8.4%, 팔 6.4%, 허리 4.7% 이었다 (Lee 등, 2002). 초등학생의성별과나이에따른통증조사에서 11세 14세를대상으로하여요통유병율조사에서최근 1개월동안요통유병율이 23.9% 이었으며, 남자보다여자의통증유병율비율이높았고, 나이가증가할수록통증이증가하였다 (Watson 등, 2002). 13세 14세에서근골격계통증의유병율은여학생이남학생보다높으며, 허리통증과어깨통증은각각 70%, 30% 의비율이다 (Ahn 등, 1995) 본연구에서도통증유무조사에서통증있다의비율이높았으며, 통증부위는허리통증의비율이높았다. 그리고본연구에서성별과나이에따른통증조사는하지않았으나, 초등학생의통증요인으로성별과나이에따른조사연구가필요하다고생각된다. 초등학생은관절의유연성이크고성장이왕성하게진행되는시기이므로, 정상척추만곡의유지가중요하다. 그러나자세와환경적요인으로인해후천적척추형태변형이증가하고있다. 10세 15세 1895명을대상으로모아레측정검사를이용한척추형태변형조사에서체간비대칭이 15명 (0.8%), 척추측만증이 213명 (11.2%) 이었다 (Shin, 2002). 7세, 11세, 15세의척추형태변형중척추전만 32%, 척추후만 31% 이었으며 (Kratenova 등, 2007), 중학교 1학년 3 학년을대상으로하여투명플라스틱모눈판을이용한척추형태변형조사에서척추전만 13.9%, 후만 8.1%, 측만 4.5% 이었다 (Kim과 Park, 2006). 본연구에서 Formetric 4D를이용한척추형태변형조사에서척추후만과척추전만은감소의결과로나타나선행연구와차이가있었으며, 체간기울기는좌 우차이가나타나선행연구과같은결과를보였다. 이과같은결과는최근초등학생들이과중한학업과컴퓨터 사용으로앉아있는시간의증가와컴퓨터모니터, 책상의높이와앉아있은자세등이요인이되었다고생각되며, 척추형태변형의영향을미치는환경과자세관련생활습관요인에대한분석이필요하다고판단된다. 골반의좌 우기울기의비대칭은척추가편측으로기울어지며, 하지의체중지지에차이가있다. 이러한요인으로인해척추분절근의단축이되고요통을발생시킨다 (Kim 등, 2009). 22세의여대생중골반기울기의비대칭감소로인해요통이감소한것을볼수있었으며, 골반에위치한근의이상적정렬이요통감소에중요한영향을미친다고하였다 (Park, 2007). 본연구에서골반기울기는정상의비율이높았으며, 통증에따른골반기울기비교에서유의한차이가나타나지않았다. 따라서선행연구에서의골반기울기로인한요통에영향을미친결과와차이가있었다. 요통환자는체간의좌 우높이에차이가있으며, 자세에의한근골격계의정렬변화가요통을발생시킨다고하였다 (Jang 등, 2006). 특정동작을반복하는스포츠선수에서척추후만과척추전만이정상범위에서벗어났고체간기울기도차이가있었으며, 이와같은척추형태변형과체간기울기차이는근골격계통증에영향을미치는요인이된다고하였다 (Yoo 등, 2009) 그리고반복적움직임과장시간고정된자세는체간근정렬에영향을미치며, 특히청소년의앉은자세는근골격계통증부위중어깨와허리에통증호소를한다 (Shin 등, 2004). 본연구에서체간기울기는왼쪽기울기가오른쪽기울기보다비율이높았으며, 통증에따른체간기울기비교에서유의한차이가있었고, 통증에영향을미치는것으로나타나선행연구와같은결과를보였다. 이러한결과는체간기울기차이가체간근정렬에영향을미치어근골격계통증요인으로나타났다고판단된다. 특히선행연구의반복동작이척추형태에영향을미친것처럼본연구의체간기울기의차이는자세관련생활습관이체간근정렬에영향을미치었다고생각된다. 13세 15세에서사진기술을이용하여선자세의시상면에서흉추, 요추, 골반의정렬에대한조사에서, 이상적자세는 30.2% 이었으며, 척추전만감소와척추

7 초등학생의통증과척추형태에관한조사연구 121 후만이증가되어구부정한자세인동요성자세가 25.6% 이었고, 척추전만감소와척추후만이감소된편평등자세는 22.5% 이었다. 또한척추전만증가된앞굽음자세는 21.8% 이었으며, 척추형태변형에따른자세에서요통호소가동요성자세는 52.3%, 편평등자세는 50.0% 이었다. 그리고이상적자세의요통호소는 37.4% 이었으며, 이상적자세보다비이상적자세가구조적으로관절조직에부하를주므로통증요인을증가시킨다고하였다 (Smith 등, 2008). 본연구에서도척추후만감소와척추전만감소가선행연구의편평등과같은결과를보였으며, 통증에따른골반기울기, 척추전만과척추후만비교는유의한차이가나타나지않았고, 통증의요인으로영향을미치지않았다. 그러나척추후만과척추전만감소의척추형태변형은척추의비정상정렬로인해분절의관절조직에영향을미치어통증의잠재적요인이라고생각된다. 14세에서요추전만증가로인해허리보다목과어깨부위에통증호소를더많이하였으며 (Straker 등, 2009), 요통을호소하는환자와정상인의척추만곡비교에서도흉추와요추의만곡의차이가있었다 (Choi 등, 2009). 요추만곡이편평해지고골반이후방경사되는후만자세는척추중력중심을변화시키고, 앉은자세에서균형능력이저하되어요통과어깨통증의만성적건강상의문제들을초래한다 (Lee 등, 2008), 본연구서의흉추후만감소와요추전만감소는척추정상만곡의변화로인해선행연구에서와같이목과어깨부위의통증과요통의요인이된다. 그리고만성적통증으로발전하게되고, 일상생활에서많은고통을주게된다. 11세에서 12세학생들을대상으로하여이상적자세유지를위한프로그램을실시한결과근골격계통증의빈도가줄었으며, 학생들을대상으로이상적자세유지를위한프로그램이통증감소와정상척추형태유지와관련이있다고하였다. 그리고근골격계통증과척추형태변형예방을위하여정기적검사가이루어져야한다고하였다 (Robbin 등, 2009). 따라서초등학생의통증과척추형태변형예방을위하여정기적집단검사를실시하여초기집단검사와지속적관찰을하여야하며, 이상적자세유지를위한프로그램을실시하고, 이에따른물리치료사의역할이중요하다고생각된다. 청소년의근골격계통증은생활습관과환경그리고성별과나이가요인으로되며, 이와같은통증요인에대한조사는본연구의제한점이다. Ⅴ. 결론본연구는초등학교 3학년에서 6학년을대상으로하여통증과척추형태에관한조사를하여집단검사의필요성과통증과척추형태변형예방을위한기초자료로활용하고자하는목적이있으며, 연구의결과통증유 무는통증있다와통증부위는허리통증비율이높았고, 척추형태변형은척추후만과척추전만은감소, 체간기울기의비대칭이나타났다. 통증에따른척추형태비교에서체간기울기가통증에영향을미치는것으로나타났다. 본연구의결과는통증과척추형태변형의요인중성별, 나이, 생활습관, 환경등조사에대한제한이있으나, 통증과척추형태조사에서통증이있고척추형태변형의결과가나타났으며, 이와같은조사연구결과는통증과척추형태변형예방과치료를위해임상에서물리치료의기초적자료로서의미가있고집단을대상으로하여정규적검진이필요하다고생각된다. References Ahn BH, Kang MJ, Moon JH, et al. Back & neck in juvenile. Korean Academy of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1995;19(4): Cho CH. Survey of faulty postures and associated factors among chinese adolescents. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2008;31(3): Choi MS, Chung YJ, Jeon HW. The effect of sitting posture on spinal pelvic curvature and trunk muscle activation in low back. J of Korean Academy of University Trained Physical Therapists. 2009;16(2):31-40.

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9 초등학생의통증과척추형태에관한조사연구 123 thoraco-lumbo-pelvic alignment of the adolescent spine standing and its relationship to low back. Spine. 2008;33(19): Straker LM, O Sullivan PB, Smith AJ, et al. Relationships between prologed neck/shoulder and sitting spinal posture in male and female adolescents. Manual Theraphy. 2009;14(3): Trevelyan FC, Legg SJ. Back in school children-where to from here. Applied Ergonomics. 2006;37(1): Wang JM. Biomechanis of the spine. The Jornal of The Korean Orthopaedic Association. 1980;15(4): Watson KD, Papageorgiou AC, Jones GT, et al. Low back in schoolchildren: occurrence and characteristics. Pain, 2002;97(1-2): Yoo HN, Lee MG, Sung SC. Comparison of figures of the vertebra and pelvis by sports type in collegiate athletes. The Korean Journal of Physical Education. 2009;48 (1):

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