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1 대한소화관운동학회지 2008;14: 증례 성인에서발생한대장의분절형저신경절증 3 예 : 증례보고및국내문헌고찰 연세대학교의과대학내과학교실, 외과학교실 *, 병리학교실 장재훈 김지현 박효진 박윤아 * 손승국 * 박찬일 Three Cases of Colonic Segmental Hypoganglionosis : Case Reports With a Review of Previously Reported Cases in Korean Literatures Jae Hoon Jahng, M.D., Ji Hyun Kim, M.D., Hyojin Park, M.D., Yoon Ah Park, M.D.*, Seung Kook Sohn, M.D.* and Chan Il Park, M.D. Departments of Internal Medicine, Surgery* and Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Hypoganglionosis is a rare form of intestinal neuronal disorder which is characterized by reduced number and size of ganglion cells in the intestinal wall occurring usually in childhood. Pathophysiology is not yet known but intestinal inflammation, ischemia, neurotoxin, or autoimmune mechanism may play a role in degeneration or reduction of ganglion cells in submucosal or myenteric plexus in the intestinal wall. Hypganglionosis in adults is even less clarified and defined. Clinically patients present with constipation, severe abdominal distension, or intestinal pseudo-obstruction. However, there are no demonstrable obstructive lesions in abdomen CT and other bowel studies. We report three cases of colonic segmental hypoganglionosis in adult patients who were treated successfully by surgical resection with a review of previously reported hypoganglionosis cases in Korean literatures. (Kor J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;14: ) Key words: Constipation, Hypoganglionosis 서 성인대장의저신경절증 (hypoganglionosis) 은비교적드문질환으로원인및발병기전은확실하게밝혀지지않았지만염증이나허혈, 자가면역학적인기전또는신경독소등에의해장관내의신경절감소가발생하는것으로추정된다. 1 임상적으로는만성변비, 가성장폐쇄 (intestinal pseudoobstruction), 거대결장 (megacolon) 의형태로나타날수있으며기계적장폐쇄와의감별이중요하다. 2 일부에서저신경절증을대장의완전한신경절소실 (aganglionosis) 을보이는 Hirschsprung병의변형된형태나점막하부교감신경절의이상적인비후인 B형신경장이형성증 (intestinal neuronal dysplasia) 론 의한아형으로생각하기도하지만아직까지독립된질병으로인정되지는않고있다. 임상적, 조직학적으로 Hirschsprung 병, B형신경장이형성증과구분되차이가있으며 3 성인에서후천적으로발생하는저신경절증은저신경절분절을절제하면선천성저신경절증이나 Hirschsprung병보다좋은예후를가지는것으로보고되고있다. 4 저자들은조절되지않는만성변비와가성장폐쇄로내원하여수술후진단된대장의분절형저신경절증 3예를체험하였기에문헌고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 증례증례 1 38세남자가 2개월전부터악화된변비와복부팽만으로내원하였다. 과거력상당뇨, 고혈압, 간염은없었고, 9년전정관수술, 7년전좌측서혜부탈장으로수술받은것외에는특이병력은없었다. 환자는내원 2개월전부터지
2 134 대한소화관운동학회지 : 제 14 권 2 호, 2008 속된변비로타병원에입원하여대장내시경검사및조직생검을시행하였으나특이소견은관찰되지않았고금식및관장등의보존적치료후증상이호전되어퇴원하였다. 그러나퇴원후 2주간지속되는변비로재입원하여금식, 비위관삽입, 수액치료및관장치료를하였으나증상호전이없어본원응급실로방문하였다. 흡연력은 10 갑년이었고음주력은없었으며최근 2개월간 10 kg의체중감소를보였다. 내원당시혈압 120/80 mmhg, 맥박 72회 / 분, 호흡수 20 회 / 분, 체온 36.4 였다. 환자는만성병색소견을보였고복부종괴는촉지되지않았으나심한복부팽만이관찰되었다. 장음은감소되어있었으며복부진탕음이있었으나압 Fig. 1. (Case 1) Abdominal CT shows marked bowel distension and fecal materials without definite obstructive lesion. 통소견은없었고가스배출은잘되었다. 입원후시행한말초혈액및혈청생화학검사와갑상선기능검사, 종양표지자는정상범주였다. 외부병원에서시행한복부전산화단층촬영 (Computerized tomography, CT) 에서상행결장내다량의대변과대장확장을보였으나종괴나협착부위등에의한기계적장폐쇄의증거는관찰되지않았다 (Fig. 1). 대장바륨조영술에서도대장내점막병변이나협착을의심할만한소견은없었다. 직장항문내압검사에서휴지기항문압은 107 mmhg, 최대압축압은 212 mmhg, 직장항문억제반사 (rectoanal inhibitory reflex) 는양성이었고배변시역행적수축은관찰되지않았으며풍선배출검사에서배출은잘되었다. 위배출주사에서반감기 (T 1/2) 는 64.53분으로정상범위였다. 입원후 2주간의내과적치료및보존적치료에도증상호전이없어입원 14일째수술적치료를시행하였다. 수술은복강경아전결장절제술과회장-S자결장문합술을시행하였다. 절제된조직은말단회장부터하행결장까지 121 cm이었으며직경은 6 cm이었다. 회맹장부터하행결장의장막에는부분적인점상출혈소견이있었고점막층에약간의부종이있었지만변비증상을일으킬만한협착이나점막병변은없었다. 병리조직소견에서는횡행결장분절의장근신경총내신경절세포의감소가관찰되었다 (Fig. 2). 환자는수술후한차례장폐색증상이있어입원하였으나보존적치료후증상이호전되어퇴원하였고 3 개월후추적검사에서복부팽만없이하루 6회정도의배변을보여외래에서추적관찰중이다. Fig. 2. (Case 1) Histologic findings of transverse colon. (A) Slender nerve plexus with decreased numbers of ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus (H&E staining x 200). (B) C-kit staining shows markedly decreased numbers of ICCs in the submucosal layer (c-kit staining 200).
3 장재훈외 5 인. 성인에서발생한대장의분절형저신경절증 3 예 : 증례보고및국내문헌고찰 135 증례 2 47세남자가 3주간악화된변비와복통으로내원하였다. 과거력상당뇨, 고혈압, 간염은없었고 5년전부터변비와복통이반복되어시행한복부 CT, 대장내시경및대장바륨조영술에서기계적장폐쇄병변은보이지않아보존적치료중이었다. 흡연력은 20갑년이었고음주력은없었으며최근 2개월간 6 kg의체중감소가있었다. 내원당시혈압 120/75 mmhg, 맥박 80회 / 분, 호흡수 20 회 /min, 체온 36.7 였다. 환자는만성병색을보였고복부팽만이관찰되었으나복부종괴는촉지되지않았다. 장음은감소되어있었고배꼽주변으로약한압통이있었으나반사통은없었으며가스배출은잘하였다. 말초혈액검사및혈청생화학검사와갑상선기능검사, 종양표지자 는정상범주였다. 환자는과거에도조절되지않는만성변비로수차례내원하여대장내시경및조직생검, 소장조영술, 식도내압검사, 대장바륨조영술을시행하였지만특이소견은없었다. 입원후다시시행한복부 CT에서대장내대변과대장확장이관찰되었지만폐쇄소견은관찰되지않았다. 오랜기간동안의만성변비와잦은장폐쇄해결을위해입원 8일째아전결장절제술과회장-직장문합술을시행하였다. 절제된조직은말단회장부터직장까지 150 cm이었고평균직경은 13 cm로확장되어있었으나직장으로부터근위부 11 cm의 S자결장분절에직경이 4.5 cm로줄어있는부분이관찰되었고, 이부분의점막하층과장근신경총내신경절의현저한감소가보였다 (Fig. 3). 환자는수술후 3 주뒤하루 2회배변을보이고증상이호전되어퇴원후 Fig. 3. (Case 2) (A) Nerve plexuses with many ganglion cells in the normal control (H&E staining x 200). (B) Nearly absent ganglion cells in a thin myenteric plexus (H&E staining x 100). (C) Markedly decreased numbers of ICCs in the submucosa (c-kit staining x 200). (D) Small ICCs within hypertrophic muscle layer (c-kit staining x 200).
4 136 Kor J Neurogastroenterol Motil: Vol. 14, No. 2, 2008 외래에서추적관찰중이다. 증례 3 41세여자가잦은복부팽만과악화된변비를주소로내원하였다. 과거력상당뇨, 고혈압, 간염은없었고 3년전외부병원에서대장무력증 (colonic inertia) 으로진단받았으나내과적치료에도불구하고증상이호전되지않았다. 말초혈액검사및혈청생화학검사와갑상선기능검사, 종양표지자는정상범주였다. 복부 CT에서맹장부에서비장굴곡부까지대장의확장이보였으나폐쇄병변은관찰 되지않았고대장바륨조영술상대장확장이관찰되었다 (Fig. 4). 기저위장운동장애를감별하기위해시행한위배출주사에서반감기 (T1/2) 는 66.92분으로정상범위였고, 배변조영술도정상소견을보였다. 직장항문내압검사에서휴지기항문압은 106 mmhg, 최대압축압은 282 mmhg, 직장항문억제반사는양성이었고배변시역행적수축은관찰되지않았으며풍선배출검사에서배출은잘되었다. 입원후비위관삽입, 금식, 수액공급등의내과적치료및보존적치료후증상호전있어퇴원하였으나 3개월동안 2 차례가성장폐쇄가반복되고변비가악화되어외과적절제를시행하였다. 수술은아전결장절제술과회장-S자결장문합술을시행받았고병리소견상말단회장부터 S자결장까지 139 cm이었으며회맹부와상행결장의확장이심했고 ( 최대지름 27 cm) 장벽이얇아져있었으며점막부종이관찰되었지만육안적으로폐쇄성병변은관찰되지않았다. 병리조직소견에서근위부횡행결장장근신경총내신경절의현저한감소가관찰되었다 (Fig. 5). 환자는수술후증상호전되고하루 3회배변으로감소하여퇴원하였고특별한합병증없이외래추적관찰중이다. 고 찰 Fig. 4. (Case 3) Barium enema shows large bowel dilatation with fecal materials in ascending, transverse and descending colon without obstructive lesion. 저신경절증은위장관에발생하는장관신경기형증 (intestinal neuronal dysganglionosis) 의일종으로 1964년 Bentley 등 5 이처음 22명의거대 S자결장및거대직장환자중 5명의저신경절을처음보고하였으며국내에서는현재까지 7예의보고가있었다 (Table 1) 위장관의장관신경기형증은장벽의장근과점막하신경총내신경절세포의선천적인결 Fig. 5. (Case 3) (A) Long slender nerve plexus with scarce ganglion cells (H&E staining x100). (B) Very few ICCs between or within muscle layers (c-kit staining x200).
5 Jahng JH. et al. Three Cases of Colonic Segmental Hypoganglionosis : Case Reports With a Review of Previously Reported Cases in Korean Literatures 137 손에의해무신경절증의형태로나타나는 Hirschsprung병, 점막하교감신경절이형성증 (A형 IND) 또는부교감신경절의이상적인비후를보이는신경장이형성증 (B형 IND), 정상보다신경절이적은저신경절증으로나눌수있다. 12 저신경절증은다시 Hirschsprung병과동반되어무신경절에서정상신경절로이행하는부위 (transitional zone) 에존재하는저신경절증과독립된저신경절증 (isolated hypoganglionosis) 으로구분할수있으며본증례에서기술하는저신경절증 은독립된형태라하겠다. 13 저신경절증은주로소아에서발생하는경우가많지만만성변비를일으키는성인환자에서도보고되고있으며, 6-11 본증례와같이성인에서독립적저신경절증으로나타나는경우에좀더좋은예후를보일수있다고보고되고있다. 4 발생학적으로태아가자궁내 5주에서 12주사이에머리에서꼬리방향으로장근신경총에서신경아세포가형성되며이시기에문제가발생하면무신경절증이발생한다. 3 Table 1. Summary of the Patients with Adult Hypoganglionosis in the Korean Reports Authors (published year) Kim JJ 7 (1997) Age/ Sex 41/ Symptoms Duration Past History Diagnostic study Operation Final pathology Abdominal pain Constipation 3 mo Rt colectomy Segmental resection of descending colon Hypoganglionosis combined with aganglionic segment Kim JC et al. 8 (1998) 63/ Abdominal distension & pain 1 wk DM (20 yrs) Colon transit study Abd CT ileorectal myenteric and submucous plexus Kim JC et al. 8 (1998) 17/ fe Chronic constipation Remotely from childhood none ARM Defecogram Colon transit study ileorectal myenteric plexus in entire colon Jung YJ et al. 9 (1999) 71/ fe Abdominal distension & pain Weight loss 1 yr DM (8 years) Uterine myectomy (30 yrs ago) Abd CT ileorectal myenteric plexus in proximal descending colon (15 cm in length) Kwon JG et al. 10 (2002) 43/ fe Constipation Nausea Abdominal pain 1 mo none Abd CT Right hemicolectomy with ileocolic myenteric and submucous plexus in proximal transverse colon (3 cm in length) Kim SK et al. 11 (2006) 68/ Abdominal 20 days distension & pain Remotely 18 mo ago DM (23 yrs) RUL lobectomy d/t lung cancer (12 yrs ago) Abd CT ARM ileosigmoid myenteric plexus in descending colon (1.5 cm in length) Kang MJ et al. 12 (2008) 74/ Abdominal pain Constipain 7 mo DM (10 yrs) Abd CT ARM Colon trasit study colectomy trasitional segment Abbreviations : yr=year, mo=month, RUL=right upper lobe, ARM=anorectal manometry, Abd CT=abdomen CT, DM=diabetes mellitus, =barium enema
6 138 대한소화관운동학회지 : 제 14 권 2 호, 2008 전형적인장관신경절의결손은내항문조임근부위에서시작하여근위부로이어지게되지만성인에서발생하는저신경절증은이와다른양상을보여태생기의신경세포이동장애만으로는충분히설명되지않는다. 특히성인에서나타나는후천적저신경절증은증상의발현기간이길지않고완전장폐쇄보다는만성변비의형태를보이는경우가많다. 4 병인으로는바이러스감염, 면역반응, 허혈, 신경독성물질등의여러가지원인과관련이있을것으로알려져있으며, 14 Kobayashi 등 15 은대장평활근세포에서 neural cell adhesion molecule이과발현되어있다는사실을보고하면서저신경절증이일종의신경근접합부질환일가능성을제시하였다. Wedel 등 16 은서행성변비 (slow transit constipation) 와거대결장환자에서카할간질세포 (interstitial cell of Cajal) 의그물망형태가변형되고세포개수도감소되었고장근신경총내신경세포도감소함을보여줌으로써카할간질세포가저신경절증과관련이있다고보고하였다. 또다른보고에의하면 c-kit 면역양성을보이는장근신경총내카할간질세포가저신경절증에서감소되어있고이는장운동장애로이어져카할간질세포가저신경절증의증상발현에중요한역할을할것이라는주장도있다. 17 저신경절증의임상증상은무신경절증과매우유사한양상을보이며유아나소아에서는배변의빈도가매우저하되는소견이나타나고성인에서는만성변비로인한복부팽만과장내가스배출장애로인한복통의형태로나타난다. 만성변비, 복통, 만성가성장폐쇄가의심되면영상의학적으로복부 CT나대장조영술을시행해볼수있겠지만이러한검사들은저신경절증의진단보다는기계적장폐쇄, 염증성장염, 악성종양등의감별진단에유용하겠다. 성인에서발생한 Hirschsprung병과저신경절증의영상의학적소견감별을위해복부 CT와대장조영술에서보이는확장된대장과정상부위로이행부위비율 (transitional zone ratio) 이길수록 Hirschsprung병가능성이높을수있다는보고도있지만아직까지영상의학적으로저신경절증을진단하는기준은없다. 18 Hirschsprung병소아에서직장항문내압검사는재현성과협조가떨어지기때문에 Hirschsprung병을진단하는데보조적인검사로생각되어왔지만 19 최근의연구에의하면성인의저신경절증환자에서직장항문억제반사양성소견이 Hirschsprung병보다통계적으로유의하게높게나타난다는보고가있어감별에중요한단서가될수있겠다. 유전적으로 Hirschsprung병은 RET나 GNDF- 유전자의돌연변이가발견되지만성인에서발생한독립된저신경 절증에서는이러한유전자변이가발견되지않는점도두질환이다른병인에의해발생한것임을시사한다. 20 일반적으로저신경절증에서병리조직검사는 hematoxylin-eosin 염색법만으로도신경절세포의분포를확인할수있지만, 3,19 acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lactate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase 염색법등을이용하면신경절과신경총의분포, 개수및이상유무를좀더정확히확인할수있다. 3,15,17 특히 Hirschsprung병에서 AChE의증가를보이게되는데이는무신경절이존재하는장의부교감신경에서아세틸콜린이조절되지못하고과다하게분비되기때문이다. 반대로저신경절증에서는 AChE 활성도가떨어져있어임상적으로잘구분되지않는 Hirschsprung병과저신경절증의감별에도움이된다. 3,17 이외에도 c-kit, nitric oxide synthase, silver impregnant, neuron-specific enolase, protein gene product 9.5 등을이용해신경절과신경총의이상유무를확인할수있다. 3,17 Meier-Ruge 등 3 은저신경절증에서 AChE의활성도가감소하며단위길이당존재하는장근신경총의수가적고신경총내존재하는신경절들의크기가작다고하였으나, B형신경장이형성증에서는이와는반대로점막하층에거대신경절이 20% 이상존재하고단일신경절내에정상보다작은크기의신경세포가증가되어있다고하였다. 저신경절증은아직독립된질병으로인정받지못하고있지만 19 국외뿐만아니라국내에서도적지않게보고되고있다 Table 1은국내에서보고된저신경절증과관련된환자에대한요약이다. 저신경절증의발병평균연령은 53.8세 (17~74세), 남녀비율은 4:3 이었으며증상은복부팽만, 복부통증, 변비등이었다. 증상발병기간은적게는 1 주부터 1개월및 1년까지다양하였고진단을위해대부분대장내시경, 대장바륨조영술, 복부 CT 등을시행하였으며일부는직장항문내압검사, 배변조영술, 대장통과시간검사등을시행하였다. 수술은 5예에서아전결장절제술을시행하였고 1예에서우측결장절제술, 또 1예에서는좌측결장분절절제술을시행하였다. 표에서알수있듯이조직학적으로동일한저신경절증이라하더라도침범길이나점막하층, 장근신경총침범유무는다양하였다. 김등 6 이 1997 년에보고한증례는무신경절분절도동반되어있어성인 의 Hirschsprung병과구분이쉽지않다. 12 이런이유는저신경절증의명확한진단기준이없고그것을확인하는검사법이통일되지않았기때문이며이를해결하기위해앞서언급한 AChE나 c-kit, LDH 등의특수염색법이동반되어시행되어야할것으로생각된다. 성인의저신경절증에서는
7 장재훈외 5 인. 성인에서발생한대장의분절형저신경절증 3 예 : 증례보고및국내문헌고찰 139 소아와달리내시경적으로장벽전층조직검사를얻기어렵기때문에결국진단및치료목적으로수술을진행하게되며이때저신경절증이침범된대장분절만절제하면예후는좋다고알려져있다. 4 하지만신경절감소가있는곳이대장의어느분절인지를감별하는것은쉽지않으며불충분하게절제하였을경우에는재수술이필요한경우도있어주의를요한다. 그러므로수술실내에서의심되는부위주변으로여러개의장벽전층조직검사를시행해 AChE 반응성을보는방법도고려해볼수있겠다. 본증례들은만성변비와가성장폐쇄증상을보인성인들에서후천적으로발생한독립적인저신경절증으로수술적절제이후에는좋은예후를보일것으로생각된다. 4 저자등은성인에서조절되지않는만성변비와복부팽만을주소로내원한환자에서수술후진단된대장의분절형저신경절증 3예를치험하였기에국내증례고찰과함께보고하는바이다. 참고문헌 1. Toulokian RJ, Duncan R. Acquired aganglionic megacolon in premature infant. Report of a case. Pediatrics 1975;56: Faulk DL, Anuras S, Christensen J. Clinical trends and topics: chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction. Gastroenterology 1978;74: Meier-Ruge WA, Bruder E. Pathology of chronic constipation in pediatric and adult coloproctology. Pathobiology 2005;72: Tomoaki Taguchi, Kouji Masumoto, Satoshi Ieiri,Takanori Nakatsuji, Junko Akiyoshi. New classification of hypoganglionosis: congenital and acquired hypoganglionosis. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41: Bentley JF. Some new observations on megacolon in infancy and childhood with special reference to the management of megasigmoid and megarectum. Dis Colon Rectum 1964;7: Kim JJ. A case of localized hypoganglionosis. J Korean Soc Coloproctol. 1997;13: Kim JC, Yang SK, Lee HI, Yu CS, Gong GY. Total colonic hypoganglionosis in two adult patients. Korean J Gastroenterol. 1998;32: Jung YJ, Kim YS, Lee KH, et al. A case of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction. Korean J Gastroenterol. 1999;34: Kweon JG, Kim EY, Lee CH, et al. A case of adult type colonic hypoganglionosis. Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2002;24: Kim SK, Yoo SW, Kwon HJ, et al. Segmental colonic hypoganglionosis in an adult patient. Korean J Gastrointest Motil 2006;12: Kang MJ, Jung SA, Jung JM, et al. A case of colonic hypoganglionosis in adult. Kor J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008;14: Meier-Ruge W. Classification of malformation of colorectal innervations. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 1991;75: Kobayashi H, Yamataka A, Lane Geoffrey J, Miyano T. Pathophysiology of hypoganglionosis. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 2002;34: Wedel T, Roblick U, Gleiss J, et al. Disorders of intestinal innervations as a possible cause for chronic constipation. Zentrlbl Chir 1999;124: Kobayashi H, Li Z, Yamataka A, Lane GJ, Miyano T. Overexpression of neural cell adhesion molecule(ncam) antigens on intestinal smooth muscles in hypoganglionosis: is hypoganglionosis a disorder of the neuromuscular junction? Pediatr Surg Int 2003;19: Wedel T, Spiegler J, Soellner S, et al. Enteric nerves and interstitial cells of Cajal are altered in patients with slow-transit constipation and megacolon. Gastroenterology. 2002;123: Rolle U, Piaseczna-Piotrowska A, Puri P. Interstitial cells of Cajal in the normal gut and in intestinal motility disorders of childhood. Pediatr Surg Int 2007;23: Kim HJ, Kim AY, Lee CW, et al Hirschsprung disease and hypoganglionosis in adults: radiologic findings and differentiation. Radiology. 2008;247: Martucciello G, Pini Prato A, Puri P, et al. Controversies concerning diagnostic guidelines for anomalies of the enteric nervous system: a report from the fourth International Symposium on Hirschsprung's disease and related neurocristopathies. J Pediatr Surg 2005;40: Bruder E, Meier-Ruge WA. Hypoganglionosis as a cause of chronic constipation. Pathologe 2007;28:
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