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1 162 소아외과 : 제 16 권제 2 호 2010 년 Vol. 16, No. 2, December 2010 Hirschsprung 씨병의임상적경험 인하대학교, 성균관대학교의과대학외과학교실 1 박근명ㆍ최윤미ㆍ김장용ㆍ최선근ㆍ허윤석ㆍ이건영ㆍ김세중조영업ㆍ안승익ㆍ홍기천ㆍ신석환ㆍ김경래ㆍ서정민 1 서 론 Hirschsprung 씨병은 1886년 Hirschsprung에의해보고된질환으로, 신생아및소아에서주로하부소화관신경절의결핍으로인한연동운동의장애로배변장애와거대하게확장된결장소견을동반하는것으로알려져있다 1. 치료방법으로 Swenson, Bill 2 (1948) 은 abdomino-peritoneal pull through procedure 를소개하였으며, Duhamel 3 (1960) 이 retrorectal transanal pull through procedure를, 1963년 Soave 4 (1963) 가 endorectal pull through procedure 소개하였으며, 이들술식사이의장단점이있어여러가지술식으로보완되고변형되었다 5. De la Torre Mondragon, Ortega-Salgado 6 (1998) 는 Soave술식의변형인 one stage transanal endorectal 본연구는 2010 년도인하대학교의연구비지원에의해수행되었음. 본논문의요지는 2008 년 11 월대한외과학회추계학술대회에서구연발표되었음. 접수일 : 10/9/28 게재승인일 : 10 / 12 / 15 교신저자 : 최윤미, 인천시중구신흥동 3 가 인하대학교의과대학외과학교실 Tel : 032) , Fax: 032) gsmee@inha.ac.kr pull through (TEP) procedure를시행하였다. 최근에는미용적우수성과짧은입원기간등의우수성때문에복강경술식여부에상관없이 TEP는 Hirschsprung씨병의보편적인치료로시행되고있다. TEP는비교적최신수술적치료방법이기때문에이시술방법에대한장기추적연구는많이보고되지않았지만, 괄약근이과다하게긴장되는문제점이제기되고있다 7. 이연구는 Hirschsprung씨병에대한본원의수술적방법의변화및수술후추적관찰이가능한환자에대한장기예후에관해알아보고자시행하였다. 대상및방법 1996년 9월부터 2008년 6월까지인하대병원에입원하여 Hirschsprung 씨병으로진단받고, 수술받은 39명의환자를대상으로하였다. 근치적수술을본원에서받지않은환자는제외하였다. 관찰방법은 39예에대한연령, 성별분포, 재태기간, 출생체중, 임상증상, 무신경절의길이, 수술방법, 수술직후의합병증에관해분석하였다. 원격추적은전화
2 박근명외 :Hirschsprung 씨병의임상적경험 163 및외래병력지열람등을이용하였으며, 최단 6개월부터최장 12년까지추적하여 21명 (54 %) 이추적되었으며, 배변기능의평가는대변횟수와대변지림으로하였고, Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HSEC) 의유무를확인하였다. 결과 1) 연령및성별분포진단당시의나이는 4주미만 30명 (76.9 %), 4주이후 12개월까지 5명 (12.8 %), 12개월이후진단된경우도 4명 (10.3 %) 이있었다. 남아가 25예 (64.1 %), 여아가 14예 (35.9 %) 로남녀비율이 1.8:1 이었다. 환자의재태기간는 39.2 ± 1.6 주였으며, 출생체중은 3.22 ± 0.25 kg 이었다 ( 표 1). 2) 임상증상임상증상으로복부팽만이 33예 (84.6 %), 태변배출지연이 18예 (46.1 %), 변비와설사가각각 9예 (23 %) 에서발생하였다 ( 표 2). 3) 진단방법진단은 36예 (92.3%) 에서대장바륨조영술이시행되었고, 27예에서 Hirschsprung씨병이의심되었고, 22예 (61.1 %) 에서항문직장압력측정을시행하여 18예에서직장항문억제반사가소실된것을확인하였다. 직장흡입생검이 33예 (84.6 %) 에서시행되어 30 예에서진단이되었고, 3예에서는전신마취직장전층생검이추가적으로실시되었다.( 표 3). 모든환자에서수술중동결절편검사로신경세포를확인하였다. Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of Patients Numbers (%) Sex Male 25 (64.1) Female 14 (35.9) Age < 4 weeks 30 (76.9) 4weeks 12months 5 (12.8) >12 months 4 (10.3) Mean Gestational age (weeks) 39.2 ± 1.6 Mean birth weight (kg) 3.22 ± 0.25 Table 2. Clinical Symptoms of Patients Clinical symptoms Numbers (%) Abdominal distention 33 (84.6) Delayed passing of meconium 18 (46.1) Constipation 9 (23.1) Diarrhea 9 (23.1)
3 164 소아외과제 16 권제 2 호 2010 년 4) 무신경절범위길이 35예 (89.7 %) 는상부직장과에스자형결장에서국한된경우였고, 1예는횡행결장까지무신경절을보였고, 3예 (8 %) 에서는전체결장에서무신경절이관찰되었다. 5) 수술내용근치수술전 27예 (69.2 %) 에서결장조루술 (25예) 및회장조루술 (2예) 을시행하였고, 12 예 (30.8 %) 에서조루술없이일차적으로근치수술을시행하였다. Duhamel operation을 24예 (61.5 %) 에서시행하였고 6예 (15.4 %) 에서항문내괄약근후방절제술을시행하였다. 9예 (23.1 %) 에서는 TEP를시행하였고, Table 3. Diagnostic Tools of Patients Diagnostic tools Numbers (%) Baruim enema 36 (92.3) Suction Biopsy 33 (84.6) Anorectal manometry 22 (61.1) Full thickness biopsy 3 (7.7) 그중 5예 (12.8 %) 에서는 laparoscopic assisted TEP (LATEP) 을시행하였고 2006년이후로는모두 LATEP 으로시행하였다 ( 표 4). 6) 합병증 2예에서재수술이필요한합병증이발생하였으며, 한예는전결장무신경절증환자로회장조루술을시행한 3개월뒤, 근치적수술을하기전시행한대장바륨조영술로인해복막염이발생되어장루술을시행하였고, 3개월뒤 Duhamel operation을시행하였다. 다른한예는결장조루술을시행한후 14일째호전되지않는장마비로진단적개복술을시행하였고수술에서미세천공복막염이있어소장절제술을시행하였고이후 6개월뒤 Duhamel operation을시행하였다. TEP와 LATEP을시행한 9예에서는재수술이필요한합병증은관찰되지않았다. 그러나, 수술 4주이내항문주위에심한발적으로동반한탈피가 3예가있었다. Table 4. Type of Operations Operations Numbers (%) One stage operation 12 (30.8) Anorectal myomectomy 5 (12.8) TEP* 7 (18.0) (LATEP ) 5 (12.8) Two stage operation 27 (69.2) Anorectal myomectomy 1 (2.6) Duhamel operation 24 (61.5) TEP 2 (5.1) * TEP = Transanal endorectal pull through LATEP = Laparoscopic assisted transanal endorectal pull through
4 박근명외 :Hirschsprung 씨병의임상적경험 165 Table 5. Clinical Bowel Function after Operation Operations TEP* Duhamel operation Anorectal myomectomy No. of follow up Frequency of defection 1-3/day < 1/ 3days Soiling 1 2 * TEP = Transanal endo-rectal pull through 1 1 7) 원격성적전체 39예에서추적관찰이가능한경우는 21예였으며, 추적관찰기간은 6개월에서 12년으로중간값은 9년 2개월이었다. 6개월이후에배변회수는 1일 1회에서 3회보는경우가 17예 (80.9 %), 3일 1회미만으로보는경우가 TEP를시행한 1예에서보였고, 주 1회이상대변을본뒤추가로 1시간이내기저귀나팬티에변을묻히는대변지림은만 2세가지난 14명환자중 TEP를시행한 1예, Duhamel operation을시행한 2예로총 3예 (21.4 %) 에서보였다. 수술후 1년뒤심한복부팽만, 악취를동반한대변및발열등을보이는 HSEC가있었던경우는 Duhamel 수술을시행받은 1예에서있었다 ( 표 5). 고찰 Hirschsprung 씨병은신생아장폐색의흔한원인중하나로 5000명출생시한명이발생하는것으로알려져있으며, 남녀비가 3:1-4:1으로보고되고있다. 하지만전체대장에침범하는경우에있어서는남녀비가거의같은것으로알려져있다 1,8. 본연구에 서도남녀비가 1.8:1 로남아에서더많았다. 임상증상은신경절의선천적결여로인하여대장의연동운동장애, 내괄약근의과긴장등으로장폐쇄증세가나타나며, 만성적인변비가특징으로이로인해무신신경절의근위부대장이비후되며확장되어변과가스가배출되지못하고고이게된다. 신생아기에이런증상이지속되고악취를동반한대변, 발열, 복부팽만등을보이는경우 HSEC 를의심해볼필요가있다 9,10. 보통유소아기에는태변배출지연이나복부팽만보다는만성변비를호소한다 11. 이질환의진단은대장바륨조영술, 항문직장압력측정, 직장생검및 Acetylcholinesterase 측정법으로할수있으나, 확진은직장생검을통해서할수있다. 대장바륨조영술은무신경절과확장된정상대장사이의이행부를증명해야하며, 출생후충분히시간이지나지않았을때, 전결장무신경절인경우, 혹은대장세척후시행시정상으로보일수있다. 정상인에서직장이팽대되면항문내괄약근이이완되지만이질환의경우오히려수축이되는것을이용한항문직장압력측정법이있다. 또한 Acetylcholin-
5 166 소아외과제 16 권제 2 호 2010 년 esterase의분비가많아 acetylcholinesterase 활성도가증가하므로흡입직장생검표본을이용하여 acetylcholinesterase를측정하는 histochemistry 법도시행할수있다 12. 대장바륨조영술이민감도가 %, 특이도가 %, 항문직장압력측정법은민감도는 %, 특이도는 85 %-95 %, 직장흡입생검은민감도 90 %, 특이도는 95 % 이상으로보고되고있어본연구와큰차이가없었다 13. 무신경절은 Kleinhaus 등 1 (1979) 에의하면, 75 % 가직장과 S상결장에국한된경우이고, 8% 에서는전대장을침범하였다고하였다. 국내에서도 % 가직장과 S상결장에국한되는경우였고, 98 % 로보고한예도있었다14. 본연구에서도 91 % 가직장과 S상결장에국한된경우였다. Hirschsprung 씨병은 Swenson 등 2 (1948) 의 abdominoperitoneal pull-through 술식이소개된후, Swenson, Duahamel, Soave, transanal one-stage pull-through 술식까지보고되고있다 6. Teitelbaum 등 7 (2000) 은 transanal one-stage pull-through 술식의적응증과금기증을제시하였는데신생아기에 Hirschsprung 씨병으로진단된환자에서는적용이가능하나, 진단의지연으로근위부결장이과도하게팽창되거나이미소장결장염이심하여과도한복부팽만과설사, 그리고패혈증이발생한경우적용할수없다고제시하고있다. TEP는기존의수술에비해몇가지장점을가지고있다. 첫째, 결장조루술없이한번의수술로치료를끝낼수있기때문에입원기간이짧고, 전체적인의료비가적게 든다는점이다. 둘째, 복부의절개없이수술이끝나기때문에수술후장운동의회복이빨라조기에수유를시작할수있고, 개복술시발생할수있는장유착과장폐쇄, 복강내출혈이나감염, 농양형성그리고골반강내장기의손상과같은합병증이적다는점이다. 또한복부절개로인한수술후통증도없다. 셋째, TEP는복벽에반흔이크지않아미용상의이점도있다 7,15,16. 하지만, 이술식도몇가지한계점을가지고있다. 장운동의객관적인기능적평가없이단지신경절이존재한다는동결절편생검의결과에만의존하여무신경절부위를절제하고 Pull-through 술식을한다는것이다. 따라서, 장운동장애의다른원인이존재한다면신경절이존재하는결장과항문을연결을하여도증상이호전되지않을수있다 17. 또한, 신경절이존재하지않는장길이가긴경우시행을하지못하는단점이있다. 이를보완하는복강경보조하 TEP 시술이시행되고있다 18. 초기결과는비교적양호하였으나, 장기적으로수술후결과에대한추적관찰이요망된다. 수술후결과의판단은항문기능의회복여부에있다. 항문은변을보는기능도중요하지만변을참는기능도중요하다, 즉변비와변실금의발생없이정상적인배변습관과배변자제능력을가질수있어야한다. 배변기능의객관적인검사로는항문압측정, 결장통과시간측정, 그리고음부신경말단운동잠복의측정등이있다. 이러한검사는성인과같이피검사자의협조가가능한경우, 객관적인수치로평가가가능한검사법이다. 하지만, 신생아나영유아의경
6 박근명외 :Hirschsprung 씨병의임상적경험 167 우피검사자의협조가힘들어검사가어렵다. 이런이유로대부분의경우배변기능의평가는대변회수, 대변지림의유무등으로평가를하는 SanFilippo 방법을많이사용한다. 본연구에서는추적관찰이되었던 21예중 4예를제외하고는변비증상을보이고있지않았으며, 또한 3예에서만대변지림을보였다. 국내연구에서도수술술식에따른수술후결과들사이에통계학적으로유의한차이는없었다 19. 요 약 남녀의비는 1.8로남아가많았으며, 진단시나이는 76.9 % 에서 4주이내신생아시기에진단되었다. 임상증상은복부팽만 84.6 %, 태변배출지연이 46.1 %, 설사와변비가 23.1 % 였다. 무신경절의범위가 89.7 % 에서직장및에스자형결장에한정되었으며, 전결장에침범한경우가 8 % 였다 % 에서결장조루술후근치적수술을시행하였으며, 30.8 % 에서바로근치적수술을시행하였다. 수술후 6개월이상추적은 54 % 였으며, 추적관찰환자중 14.3 % 에서대변지림을보였고, 19.0 % 에서변비를보였다. 참고문헌 1. Kleinhaus S, Boley SJ, Sheran M, Sieber WK: Hirschsprung's disease -- a survey of the members of the Surgical Section of the American Academy of Pediatrics. J Pediatr Surg 14: , Swenson O, Bill AH: Resection of the rectum and rectosigmoid with preservation of the sphincter for being producing megacolon; an experimental study. Surgery 24: , Duhamel B: A new operation for the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease. Arch Dis Child 35:38-45, Soave F: A new surgical technique for the treatment of the Hirschsprung's disease. Surgery 56: , Dasgupta R, Langer JC: Hirschsprung disease. Curr Probl Surg 41: , De la Torre-Mondragon L, Ortega- Salgado JA: Transanal endorectal pullthrough for Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg 33: , Teitelbaum DH, Cilley RE, Sherman NJ, Bliss D, Uitvlugt ND, Renaud EJ, Kirstioglu I, Bengton T, Coran AG: A decade of experience with the primary pull-through for Hirschsprung disease in the newborn period: a multicenter analysis of outcomes. Ann Surg 232 : , Suita S, Taguchi T, Ieiri S, Nakatsuji T: Hirschsprung's disease in Japan: analysis of 3852 patients based on a nationwide survey in 30 years. J Pediatr Surg 40: , Singh SJ, Croaker GD, Manglick P, Wong CL, Athanasakos H, Elliott E, Cass D: Hirschsprung s disease: The Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit s experience. Pediatr Surg Int 19: , Hackam DJ, Reblock KK, Redlinger RE, Barksdale EM Jr: Diagnosis and outcome of Hirschsprung s disease: Does age really matter? Pediatr Surg Int 20: , Khan AR, Vujanic GM, Huddart S: The
7 168 소아외과제 16 권제 2 호 2010 년 constipated child: how likely is Hirschsprung's disease? Pediatr Surg Int 19:439-42, De Lorijn F, Reitsma JB, Voskuijl WP, Aronson DC, Ten Kate FJ, Smets AM, Taminiau JA, Benninga MA: Diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease: a prospective, omparative accuracy study of common tests. J Pediatr 146:787-92, George WH, Patrick M: Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery(ed 5) chap 35. Philadelphia, PA, WB Sounders, 2009, Pp Kim YJ, Han SH, Hwang EH: Clinical experience of Duhamel's operation for Hirschsprung's disease. J Korean Surg Soc 48: , Templeton JM, Ditesheim JA: High imperforate anus--quantitative results of long term fecal continence. J Pediatr Surg 21: , Albanese CT, Jennings RW, Smith B, Bratton B, Harrison MR: Perineal one-stage pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease. J Pediatr Surg 34: , Banani SA, Forootan HR, Kumar PV: Intestinal neuronal dysplasia as a cause of surgical failure in Hirschsprung's disease: a new modality for surgical management. J Pediatr Surg 31: , Georgeson KE, Cohen RD, Hebra A, Jona JZ, Powell DM, Rothenberg SS, Tagge EP: Primary laparoscopic-assisted endorectal colon pull-through for Hirschsprung's Disease: a new gold standard. Ann Surg 229: , Kim HY, Jo HJ, Cho YH: The outcome of transanal one-stage pull-through procedure for Hirschsprung disease. J Korean Surg Soc 68: , 2005
8 박근명외 :Hirschsprung 씨병의임상적경험 169 Clinical Experience with Hirschsprung s Disease Keunmyoung Park, M.D., Yun-Mee Choe, M.D., Jang Young Kim, M.D., Sun Keun Choi, M.D., Yoon Seok Heo, M.D., Keon Young Lee, M.D., Sei-Joong Kim, M.D., Young Up Cho, M.D., Seung Ik Ahn, M.D., Kee Chun Hong, M.D., Seok Hwan Shin, M.D., Kyung Rae Kim, M.D., Jeong-Meen Seo, M.D. 1 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine 1, Seoul, Korea The aim of this study is to review our clinical experience with patients with Hirschsprung s disease (HD) Medical records of 39 children who underwent definitive surgery for HD at Inha University Hospital from September 1996 to June 2008 were analyzed by age at presentation, sex, gestational age, birth weight, clinical presentation, diagnostic tools, level of aganglionosis, surgical procedures, postoperative complications, and postoperative bowel function. Twenty-five patients (64.1 %) were males and 14 (35.9 %) were females. Thirty patients (76.9 %) were diagnosed and treated in the neonatal period. The transitional zone was at the rectosigmoid region in 89.7 %. Twenty-seven patients (69 %) were treated by preliminary colostomy or ileostomy. Twenty-four patients had the Duhamel operation, 6 patients anorectal myectomy, and 9 patients had transanal endorectal pull-through (TEP). Five of 9 patients who had the TEP procedure did laparoscopic assistance. Postoperatively, seventeen patients (83 %) passed stool once or more times per day and 3 patients had stool soiling. This study demonstrated that the majority of the patients had good results. To determine which treatment is most effective comparative review by operation method would be required. (J Kor Assoc Pediatr Surg 16(2):162~169), Index Words:Hirschsprung s disease, Transanal, Pull-through, Bowel function Correspondence:Yun-Mee Choe, M.D., Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Inha University, 7-206, 3rd ST, Shinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon , Korea Tel : 032) , Fax : 032) gsmee@inha.ac.kr
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