윤경국 김성환 김덕기 를감소시키고역률을향상시킬필요성이대두되고있다. 이상적인입력교류전원은돌발전압과고조파전류가전혀없다. 정류과정의비선형성으로인해 AC 전원측에나타나는불연속적인입력전류는입력전압과같은형상으로정형되어야한다. 역률개선및고조파저감방식은크게두가지- 수동과능동- 로대별

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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, ol. 40, No. 3 pp. 223~227, 2016 ISSN (Print) J. Korean Soc. of Marime Engineering (JKOSME) ISSN (Online) Original Paper 효율을고려한새로운 AC/DC 컨버터 윤경국 1 김성환 2 김덕기 (Received November 27, 2015; Revised December 29, 2015;Accepted March 17, 2016) A novel energy-efficient bridgeless boost AC to DC converter Kyoung-Kuk Yoon 1 Seong-Hwan Kim 2 Deok-Ki Kim 요약 : 다이오드를이용한정류기는산업현장에서널리응용되고있다. 그러나입력전류에많은저차고조파가포함되어공급전압을왜곡시켜전력의품질을저하시키므로이를완화시킬수있는적절한설비가필요하다. 또한고조파전류는전력계통의전압왜곡, 가열및소음등을유발하여효율을떨어뜨린다. 고조파를감소시키고역률을상승시키기위하여입력전류가연속적이되도록하는부스트컨버터가등장하였다. 본논문에서는입력전류에포함된고조파전류를감소시키고, 역률을증가시킬수있을뿐아니라전체정류기효율을상승시키는부스트컨버터를제안하였다. 이는기존의부스트컨버터에비해전류가통과하는반도체의개수가감소하여효율의상승을기대할수있다. 또한, 소프트웨어 PSIM을활용하여제안된변환기의유효성을입증하였다. 주제어 : 고조파, 역률, 정류기효율, 부스트컨버터 Abstract: Power supplies make the load compatible with its power source. DC power supplies are extensively used with most electrical and electronic appliances such as computers, television, and audio sets. The presence of non-linear loads results in a low power factor and higher harmonics in the power system. Several techniques for power-factor correction and harmonic reduction have been reported in the literature. This paper proposes a bridgeless boost converter that improves the power factor and reduces the harmonic content in input line currents as compared to full-bridge rectifiers. This bridgeless boost converter eliminates the need of a line-voltage bridge rectifier in conventional boost converter and thereby reduces conduction losses. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is verified by computer simulations by using the PSIM software. Keywords: Total harmonic distortion, Power factor, Rectifier efficiency, Boost converter 1. 서론 최근직류전원 (DC power supplies) 이전기및전자장비에폭넓게응용됨에따라입력전류의고조파를감소시키고역률을개선시키는방안에대한연구가꾸준히진행되고있다. 전력의품질을평가하는데있어서가장중요한점은입력전원의왜곡현상이다. 이는주로정현파가아닌비선형전류를유발하는전자장비의사용에기인한다. 비선형전류의원인이되는비선형장치들도고조파전류및이로인해발생하는왜곡된전압의영향을받는다. 다이오드를이용한정류기는산업현장에서널리응용되고있다. 그러나입력전류에많은저차고조파가포함되어공급전압을왜곡시켜전력의품질을저하시키므로이를완화시킬수있는적절한설비가필요하다. 직류전원은컴퓨터, 음향기기, 텔레비전등다양한전기전자장치내부에사용되고있다. 비선형부하가존재하면전원시스템의역률이감소하고입력전류의고조파함유량이증가한다. 이는전원전압의왜곡을초래하여전력품질을저하시킨다. 대부분의전력변환장치에사용되는 AC/DC 변환기는출력전압의크기가임의로제어되지않는다이오드브리지정류기이며, 근본적으로비선형특성을가지므로비정현파전류가유입되어결과적으로고조파발생의원인이된다. 즉, 브리지정류기는전력시스템의총고조파왜형률 (; Total Harmonics Distortion) 을증가시키고역률을감소시킬뿐아니라효율도저하시킨다. 고조파전류는전력계통의전압왜곡, 가열및소음등을유발하여효율을떨어뜨린다. 이러한사실로말미암아입력전류에포함된고조파 Corresponding Author (ORCID: FLNG Engineering Department, Hyundai Heavy Industries, 1000, Bangeojinsunhwan-doro, Dong-gu, Ulsan 44032, Korea, sense315@hhi.co.kr, Tel: R&D Center, Seanet Co., LTD, navy2@daum.net, Tel: Division of Marine System Engineering, College of Maritime Sciences, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, kksh@kmou.ac.kr, Tel: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright c The Korean Society of Marine Engineering

2 윤경국 김성환 김덕기 를감소시키고역률을향상시킬필요성이대두되고있다. 이상적인입력교류전원은돌발전압과고조파전류가전혀없다. 정류과정의비선형성으로인해 AC 전원측에나타나는불연속적인입력전류는입력전압과같은형상으로정형되어야한다. 역률개선및고조파저감방식은크게두가지- 수동과능동- 로대별된다. 수동적인방식은저출력및저비용의응용부분에사용되고능동적인방식은뛰어난성능으로인해폭넓게적용되고있다. 고조파를감소시키고역률을상승시키기위하여, 입력전류를연속도통모드 (CCM; Continuous-conduction Mode) 화시키는부스트컨버터가등장하였다. 최근에는스위칭손실 (Switching loss) 과컨덕션손실 (Conduction loss) 을감소시켜전체정류기의효율을개선시키기위한방식들이연구되고있다. 본논문에서는입력전류에포함된고조파전류를감소시키고, 역률을증가시킬수있을뿐아니라전체정류기효율을상승시킬수있도록통전다이오드의개수를한개감소시킨부스트컨버터를제안하였다. 이는기존의부스트컨버터에비해전류가통과하는반도체의개수가줄어스위칭손실과통전손실이감소되므로전체효율이상승하는결과를가져온다. 소프트웨어 PSIM을활용하여제안된변환기의성능을확인해본다 [1][2]. 2. AC/DC 부스트컨버터 2.1 기존의브리지부스트컨버터 일반브리지정류기를 AC/DC 컨버터로활용할경우, 평활한전압을얻기위해불가피하게용량이큰커패시터를사용하므로결과적으로입력전류는펄스형의고조파가많이포함된왜곡된전류가되고역률은 0.4정도까지나빠지게된다. 따라서입력전류의고조파함유량을감소시키고역률을개선시키는것이양질의전력공급을위해중요한항목이되었다. 이러한문제에대한대책의일환으로부스트컨버터가등장하였다. 이것은전단에는전파브리지정류기가배치되고후단에는부스트컨버터가위치하고있다. 브리지정류기는전단에서교류전압을직류로변환하는역할을하고, 후단은전압을상승시키는부스트영역이다. 부스트컨버터의채용으로입력전류의불연속구간이거의사라지므로, 고조파함유량의감소와역률의상승이실현되었다. Figure 1은고조파감소와역률개선을위한기존의부스트컨버터를나타내고있다. 전원전압이양인경우, MOSFET 가턴-온되면 를통해인덕터 에전기에너지가자계에너지형태로저장되고, MOSFET 가턴-오프되면 의경로로전원전압과인덕터전압의합성전압이커패시터에인가되어정전에너지형태로커패시터를충전한다 [3][4]. Figure 1: Conventional boost converter 반면에, 전원전압이음인경우, MOSFET 가턴-온되면 를통해인덕터 에자계에너지형태로저장되고, MOSFET 가턴-오프되면 의경로로전원전압과인덕터전압의합성전압이커패시터를충전한다. 즉입력전류는연속도통모드 (CCM ; Continuous-conduction Mode) 화되어역률상승과고조파저감효과를기대할수있게되었다. 2.2 본논문에서제안하는브리지리스부스트컨버터 Figure 2는본논문에서제안하는브리지리스부스트컨버터이다 [5]. Figure 2: Proposed bridgeless boost converter 기존의부스트컨버터의경우, 충전시인덕터충전전류가두개의다이오드와 MOSFET 및인덕터를지나지만, 제안된컨버터는한개의다이오드와 MOSFET 및인덕터를통해흐른다. 또한방전시부하및커패시터에흐르는전류는기존의부스트컨버터의경우세개의다이오드와인덕터를지나지만, 제안된컨버터는두개의다이오드와인덕터를통과한다. 즉인덕터에에너지를충전할때나충전된에너지를방출할때모두통과하는다이오드의개수가한개줄어스위칭손실과컨덕션손실을감소시킬수있으므로컨버터전체효율이상승하게된다. 제안된부스트컨버트의작동은네개의모드로나눌수있다. 모드Ⅰ과 Ⅱ는전원전압이정의반주기동안작동되고모드Ⅲ과 Ⅳ는 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 40 권제 3 호 ( ) 224

3 효율을고려한새로운 AC/DC 컨버터 부의반주기동안작동된다. 1) 정의반주기 (positive half cycle) 전원전압이정인반주기동안,, 및 diode가구동된다. 정의반주기동안은아래두모드로구성된다. 모드Ⅰ동안은 이턴-온상태인경우로 Figure 3과같다. 가턴-온되어 diode 경로를통해인덕터 에에너지가자계에너지형태로저장된다. 모드 Ⅳ 동안은 가턴-오프상태인기간으로 Figure 6과같다. Figure 6: Mode Ⅳ operation Figure 3: ModeⅠoperation 이턴-온되면 diode 경로를통해인덕터 에에너지가자계에너지형태로저장된다. 모드 Ⅱ 동안은 이턴-오프상태인기간으로 Figure 4와같다. Figure 4: Mode Ⅱ operation 이턴-오프되면인덕터 에저장된에너지가방출되고전류는다이오드 과커패시터및부하 을통과하여 diode를통해전원으로되돌아온다. 2) 부의반주기 (negative half cycle) 전원전압이부인반주기동안,, 및 diode가구동된다. 부의반주기동안은아래두모드로구성된다. 모드 Ⅲ 동안은 가턴-온상태인경우로 Figure 5와같다. 이턴-오프되어인덕터 에저장된에너지가방출되는과정으로서전류는 & diode 을통해귀환한다. 3. 시뮬레이션 본논문에서제안한브리지리스부스트컨버터의성능을확인하기위하여컴퓨터시뮬레이션을행하였다. 소프트웨어는최근전기전자분야에서탁월한기능을나타내는 PSIM을활용하였다. Figure 7은부스트컨버터토플로지를사용하지않은일반전파정류회로의 PSIM 다이아그램이고, Figure 8은시뮬레이션결과이다. 입력전류의역률은 39[%] 로아주낮았고, 총고조파왜형률 () 은 228[%] 에달했다. 이는전원의용량에따라서전력의품질을심히저하시킬수도있다. Figure 9는기존의부스트컨버터토플로지를사용한파정류회로의 PSIM 다이아그램이고, Figure 10은시뮬레이션결과이다. 입력전류의역률은 80[%] 로향상되었고, 총고조파왜형률 () 은 38[%] 까지감소하여부스트컨버터의효과를실감할수있다. Iin A in s A CB L D3 D4 Figure 5: Mode Ⅲ operation Figure 7: PSIM diagram for single phase bridge rectifier 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 40 권제 3 호 ( ) 225

4 윤경국 김성환 김덕기 LB D5 A Iin in s A C1 L FFT Iin D3 D4 DR (a) Source voltage Figure 9: PSIM diagram for conventional booster converter (b) Phase current (a) Source oltage (b) Phase Current (d) (d) Figure 8: oltage, Current, Power factor, and Load Current of single phase bridge rectifier Figure 10: oltage, Current, Power factor, and Load Current of conventional booster converter 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 40 권제 3 호 ( ) 226

5 효율을고려한새로운 AC/DC 컨버터 Figure 11 은본논문에서제안한브리지리스부스트컨버 터토플로지를사용한정류회로의 PSIM 다이아그램이고, Figure 12 는시뮬레이션결과이다. in s Iin A A LB Figure 11: PSIM diagram for proposed bridgeless booster converter DR1 S1 (a) Source voltage DR2 S2 CB L 입력전류의역률은 80[%], 총고조파왜형률 () 은 38[%] 로기존의부스트컨버터와동일한효과를나타내었다. 앞서기술한바와같이, 기존의부스트컨버터에비해제안된컨버터는인덕터통전다이오드의개수를충전시 2 개에서 1개로, 방전시 3개에서 2개로줄임으로써다이오드스위칭및통전손실을 40[%] 정도까지감소시킬수있다. 4. 결론 최근직류전원이전기및전자장비에폭넓게응용됨에따라입력전류의고조파를감소시키고역률을개선시키는방안에대한연구가꾸준히진행되고있다. 다이오드를이용한정류기는산업현장에서널리응용되고있다. 그러나입력전류에많은고조파가포함될뿐아니라역률의악화를초래함으로써공급전압을왜곡시켜전력의품질을저하시키므로이를완화시킬수있는적절한설비가필요하다. 본논문에서는통전다이오드의개수를한개감소시킨브리지리스부스트컨버터를제안하였다. 앞장의컴퓨터시뮬레이션에의해확인된바와같이제안된방식은입력전류의역률과총고조파왜형률의측면에서기존의컨버터와동일한효과를나타내었다. 그러나다이오드의스위칭손실과통전손실을 40[%] 이상감소시키는결과를기대할수있어보다효율적인 AC/DC 컨버터임을확인하였다. (b) Phase current (d) References [1] S T. Erno and M. Frisch, Second generation of C solutions, Power Electronics Europe, pp , [2]A. I. Maswood and F. Liu, A unity power factor front end rectifier with hysteresis current control, IEEE transaction on Energy Conversion, vol. 21, no. 1, pp , [3] R. Crbone, A. Scappatura: A high efficiency passive power factor corrector for single phase bridge diode rectifier, 35th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp , [4] R. Martinez and P. N. Enjeti, A high performance single phase AC to DC rectifier with input power factor correction, IEEE Transactins on Power Electronics, vol. 11, no. 2, pp , [5] M. Gopinath, Bridgeless C converter for power factor correction, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Sciences and Technologies vol. 9, no.1, pp , Figure 12: oltage, Current, Power factor, and Load Current of proposed bridgeless booster converter 한국마린엔지니어링학회지제 40 권제 3 호 ( ) 227

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