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- 미선 만
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1 심근관류 SPECT 의정량적분석에서관류정량값정상변이의고려 : 생존심근평가에서의유용성 서울대학교의과대학핵의학교실 1, 흉부외과학교실 2 팽진철 1 임일한 1 김기봉 2 이동수 1 Nucl Med Mol Imaging Vol. 42, No. 4, Aug 2008 Consideration of Normal Variation of Perfusion Measurements in the Quantitative Analysis of Myocardial Perfusion SPECT: Usefulness in Assessment of Viable Myocardium Jin Chul Paeng, M.D. 1, Ilhan Lim, M.D. 1, Ki Bong Kim, M.D. 2, Dong Soo Lee, M.D. 1 Departments of Nuclear Medicine 1 and Cardiovascular Surgery 2, Seoul national University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Purpose: Although automatic quantification software of myocardial perfusion SPECT provides highly objective and reproducible quantitative measurements, there is still some limitation in the direct use of quantitative measurements. In this study we derived parameters using normal variation of perfusion measurements, and tried to test the usefulness of these parameters. Materials and Methods: In order to calculate normal variation of perfusion measurements on myocardial perfusion SPECT, 55 patients (M:F=28:27) of low-likelihood for coronary artery disease were enrolled and 201 Tl rest / 99m Tc-MIBI stress SPECT studies were performed. Using 20-segment model, mean (m) and standard deviation (SD) of perfusion were calculated in each segment. As a myocardial viability assessment group, another 48 patients with known coronary artery disease, who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) were enrolled. 201 Tl rest / 99m Tc-MIBI stress / 201 Tl 24-hr delayed SPECT was performed before CABG and SPECT was followed up 3 months after CABG. From the preoperative 24-hr delayed SPECT, Q delay (perfusion measurement), Δ delay (Q delay m) and Z delay ((Q delay m)/sd) were defined and diagnostic performances of them for myocardial viability were evaluated using area under curve (AUC) on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: Segmental perfusion measurements showed considerable normal variations among segments. In men, the lowest segmental perfusion measurement was 51.8±6.5 and the highest segmental perfusion was 87.0±5.9, and they are 58.7±8.1 and 87.3±6.0, respectively in women. In the viability assessment, Q delay showed AUC of 0.633, while those for Δ delay and Z delay were and 0.716, respectively. The AUCs of Δ delay and Z delay were significantly higher than that of Q delay (p=0.001 and 0.018, respectively). The diagnostic performance of Δ delay, which showed highest AUC, was 85% of sensitivity and 53% of specificity at the optimal cutoff of Conclusion: On automatic quantification of myocardial perfusion SPECT, the normal variation of perfusion measurements were considerable among segments. In the viability assessment, the parameters considering normal variation showed better diagnostic performance than the direct perfusion measurement. This study suggests that consideration of normal variation is important in the analysis of measurements on quantitative myocardial perfusion SPECT. (Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008;42(4): ) Key Words: myocardial perfusion SPECT, quantitative analysis, viability assessment, normal variation 서 론 Received: Accepted: Address for reprints: Dong Soo Lee, M.D., Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yeongeon-dong Chongno-gu, Seoul, , Korea Tel: , Fax: dsl@plaza.snu.ac.kr 심근관류 SPECT 는심근의관류평가와더불어게이트기법을이용한심근기능의평가까지가능하기때문에그임상적유용성이매우높은진단수단이지만, 심근관류 SPECT 를이용한임상진단이나연구에서는판독자에의한평가의주관성문제가과거부터꾸준히제기되어왔다. 그러나현재는다양한자동화정량분석소프트웨어가상 285
2 Jin Chul Paeng, et al. Consideration of Normal Variation of Perfusion in Viability Assessment 용화되어심근의관류와기능지표를전체적또는분절별로자동정량화할수있기때문에높은재현성과객관성을가지고게이트심근관류 SPECT 를정량분석하는것이가능하게되었다. 1,2) 그런데이러한관류또는기능에대한정량값들을진단이나연구를위한분석에서실제이용하기위해서는세심하게고려하여야할문제들이적지않으며, 그런문제로서가장중요한것중의하나는관류나기능의심근분절별정상변이이다. PET이나 SPECT 를이용한기존의연구에서, 심근내분절의위치에따라관류와기능은모두상당한정상변이를보이는것으로알려져있다. 3-7) 이는분절위치에따라관류와기능이생리적으로다르기도하고, 5) 영상획득시감쇠의차이가있기도한때문이지만, 8) 그기전이어떻더라도이러한정상변이를고려하지않고관류나기능의정량값들을바로이용하는것은경험있는핵의학전문의가판독하여평가하는것에비해오히려오류를만들수도있다. 이에따라정량값들을이용해다시반정량적인등급을매기려는노력도꾸준히이어진바있는데, 4,9-10) 이는자료가가지고있는정보가감소된다는면에서손실이있기도하지만이러한등급화조차도정량값들에대한올바른이해가있어야가능할것이다. 심근관류 SPECT 의주요한이용목적중하나로허혈성심근기능이상에서재관류술시행에따른기능회복의예측을들수있다. 일반적으로생존심근평가라고하는이러한기능회복의예측은재관류술의적응증을정하는데중요한고려요소이다. 11) 일찍부터 PET 을이용한대사및관류의평가가생존심근평가에서가장중요한예후인자였고, 이후 201 Tl의재분포역시생존심근을평가할수있음이알려져, 201 Tl이나 99m Tc 표지심근관류제제를이용한 SPECT 가 PET 에가까운진단성능을보이며재관류후기능회복의예측에이용되고있다 ) 이연구에서는, 게이트심근관류 SPECT 에서자동화정량분석소프트웨어를통해얻어지는관류정량값을보다잘이해하고이를보다합리적이고효과적으로이용할수있는방식을찾아보고자하였다. 이를위해관류정량값의정상변이를구하고이를고려한관류평가지표를도출하여, 생존심근평가에있어이러한고려가임상적의미를가지는지알아보았다. 대상및방법 1. 심근관류 SPECT 영상법및분절별관류와기능의정량 휴식상태의환자에게 111 MBq 의 201 Tl을정맥주사하고 10분후휴식기영상을얻었다. 이어 0.56 mg/kg 의디피리다몰을 4분간정맥주사하여약물부하를유도하고 3 분뒤 925 MBq 의 99m Tc-MIBI 를주사하였다. 90분뒤지방식이를실시하고부하기영상을촬영하였다. 심근의기능회복예측을위한검사에서는다음날 201 Tl에대한 24시간지연영상을추가로얻었다. 영상획득은저에너지고해상도조준기를장착한 2중헤드감마카메라 (Vertex EPIC, ADAC Laboratories, CA, USA) 를이용하였으며, 우전사위에서좌후사위까지 3도의간격으로회전하며 step-and-shoot 방식으로각 step 당 25초씩영상을얻었다. 게이트영상을위하여심전도상 R-R 간격을 16 프레임으로나누어각프레임당 40% 의범위에서영상을얻었으며, 에너지창은 201 Tl의경우는 72 kev에, 99m Tc의경우는 140 kev에중심을두고 20% 창을열었다. 영상의재구성은여과역투사방식을이용하였고, 201 Tl 휴식기영상에대하여는차단주파수 0.35, 차수 10, 99m Tc의경우는차단주파수 0.45, 차수 10, 그리고 201 Tl에대한 24시간지연영상의경우는차단주파수 0.30, 차수 10 의 Butterworth 필터를적용하였다. 관류및기능의분절별정량화는 QPS 와 QGS 알고리듬을내장한 AutoQuant (ADAC Laboratories, Milpitas, CA, USA) 프로그램을이용하였다. AutoQuant 에서는 20 분절모델을적용하며, 전체심근영상에서관류영상제제의최대섭취를보인화소의계수를 100으로하여각화소의섭취를백분율로나타내고, 각분절내화소들의백분율평균값을각분절의관류정량값으로계산한다. 분절별기능은수축기두꺼워짐 (systolic thickening) 으로평가하였는데, 이는확장기말심근두께를기준으로수축기말심근의두꺼워짐을백분율로표현한것이다. 2. 분절별관류정량값의정상분포분절별관류정량값의정상분포를구하기위하여, 남자 28명, 여자 27명의관상동맥질환저확률군을선정하여정상군으로정의하였다 (Table 1). 정상군의선정은, 과거관상동맥질환및다른심장질환의병력이없고, 검사전유병확률평가에서 15) 관상동맥질환의유병확률이 5% 미만이며, 핵의학전문의에의한심근관류 SPECT 판독상이상이발견되지않은것을기준으로하였다. 남녀각각 201 Tl 휴식기 SPECT 영상으로부터각분절별관류정량값의정상분포에대해평균 (m) 과표준편차 (SD) 를구하였다. 201 Tl의 24시간지연영상에대한정상분포로 201 Tl 휴식기영상의정상분포를같이이용하였다. 286
3 팽진철외. 생존심근평가에서관류정상변이의고려 Table 1. Characteristics of Low-Likelihood Group and Viability Assessment Group Table 2. Definitions of Segmental Parameters Evaluated in the Assessment of Viable Myocardium Number Age (yr) Sex (M:F) Hypertension DM Pre-test Likelihood Ejection Fraction (%) Low-Likelihood Group 55 49±9 29: ± ±7 Viability Assessment Group 48 61±8 45: ±9 Parameters Q delay Δ delay Z delay Definition Perfusion measurement on 24-hr 201 Tl SPECT Q delay m* (Q delay m)/sd * m: mean of measurements of low-likelihood group, SD: standard deviation of measurements of low-likelihood group, Table 3. Change of Perfusion and Function Parameters after CABG in the Total Segment Group and Ischemic Dysfunctional Segment Group Total Segments (n=960) Ischemic Dysfunctional Segments (n=219) *. Postoperative: 3 months after CABG Preoperative 58±18% 62±16% 20±15% 37±9% 48±13% 9±10% Postoperative* 64±16% 65±15% 25±16% 52±15% 56±15% 20±16% 3. 생존심근평가심근관류 SPECT 에서구해지는여러지표들의생존심근진단성능을평가하기위하여, 관상동맥우회로이식술 (coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CABG) 을시행받은환자로서수술전좌심실구혈률 50% 미만의좌심실기능이상이있었던 48명이분석대상에포함되었다 (Table 1). 이들은수술전 15±13일에 201 Tl에대한 24시간지연영상을포함한심근관류 SPECT 를실시하였고, 수술 3개월 (105±37일 ) 후지연영상을제외하고동일한방식으로추적심근관류 SPECT 검사를시행하였다. 이들의심근분절가운데허혈성기능이상분절을선별하기위하여수술전부하기관류정량값이 50% 미만의관류저하를보인분절이분석대상에포함되었다. 이가운데, 각분절별기능의정상변이를고려하여보고된문헌값 4) 을기준으로수술전수축기두꺼워짐이정상군평균값보다 -2 SD 이하로감소되어있는분절을기능이상심근으로정의하였고, 이중 CABG 이후수축기두꺼워짐이정상군평균값의 -2 SD 이상으로호전된경우기능회복을보인생존심근으로정의하였다. 생존심근에대한진단인자로서, 24시간지연영상의분절별관류정량값 (Q delay), 이값과휴식기 201 Tl SPECT 정상분포상의평균값과의차이 (Δ delay), 그리고관류정량값을정상분포상의평균과표준편차를이용해표준화한값 (Z delay), 이렇게세가지지표를정의하여이들의진단성적을비교평가하였다 (Table 2). 진단성적을평가하기위해수신자특성 (receiver operating characteristic; ROC) 곡선분석상의곡선하면적 (area under curve; AUC) 을구하였고, ROC 곡선분석을포함한통계분석에는 MedCalc 6.0 (MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium) 을이용하였다. 결과 1. 분절별관류정량값의정상분포 정상군으로부터얻어진휴식기 201 Tl SPECT 관류정량값의정상분포는, 남성의경우최저치분절에서 51.8±6.5, 최고치분절에서 87.0±5.9 였고, 여성의경우최저치분절 58.7±8.1, 최고치분절 87.3±6.0 으로분절간에상당한변이를보였다 (Fig. 1). 분절위치별로보면전반적으로기저부심근의관류정량값이다른부위에비해낮게측정되었고, 남자의경우에는심근하벽및하중격벽에서상대적으로낮은관류정량값이관찰되었다. 2. CABG 전후관류및기능의변화전체 48명환자의 960 분절중, 수술전부하기관류가 50% 미만으로감소된허혈성심근분절은 331개였고, 이가운데수축기두꺼워짐이정상군평균값보다 -2 SD 이상 287
4 Jin Chul Paeng, et al. Consideration of Normal Variation of Perfusion in Viability Assessment Table 4. Change of Perfusion and Function Parameters after CABG in the Viable Segment Group and Non-Viable Segment Group Viable Segments (n=65) 24-hr Delayed Uptake Non-Viable Segments (n=154) 24-hr Delayed Uptake *. Postoperative: 3 months after CABG Preoperative 39±9% 53±13% 56±13% 10±12% 36±9% 46±13% 50±13% 9±9% Postoperative* 61±15% 62±13% - 36±16% 49±14% 53±15% - 14±11% 감소되어있는기능이상분절은 219개로, 이들이재관류후기능회복평가대상군이되었다. 전체 960개심근분절에서수술후부하기및휴식기관류모두호전되었으나특히부하기관류가수술전 58±18% 에서수술후 64± 16% 로두드러진호전을보였으며수축기두꺼워짐역시 20±15% 에서 25±16% 로호전되었다 (p<0.001). 분석에포함된허혈성기능이상분절에서는이러한호전이두드러져, 부하기관류, 휴식기관류, 수축기두꺼워짐모두수술후뚜렷한호전을보였다 (p<0.001, Table 3). 3. 각지표들의생존심근진단성적분석에포함된 219개허혈성기능이상분절중수술후기능회복을보인분절은 65개, 그렇지않은분절은 154개였다 (Table 4). 이들에대한예측에있어각지표들의진단성적을평가했을때, Δ delay 와 Z delay 의 AUC 는각각 와 0.716으로 Q delay 의 AUC 에비해모두유의하게높은값을보였으며 ( 각각 p=0.001, p=0.018), 이가운데 Δ delay 는 Z delay 에비해서도 AUC 가유의하게높다고판정되었다 (p=0.038)(table 5). Q delay 의경우최적분리점 (optimal cutoff) 45% 에서예민도 83%, 특이도 38% 였고, 가장높은 AUC 를보인 Δ delay 의경우, 최적분리점 -24.7에서예민도는 85%, 특이도는 53% 였다 (Fig. 2). 고찰 이연구에서는정량적게이트심근관류 SPECT 에서관류정량값의정상변이를조사하였고, 이러한정상변이를고려하여관류정량값으로부터유도된지표들이관류정량값자체보다생존심근진단에있어더우수하다는것을보였다. 게이트심근관류 SPECT 는심근의관류와기능을한번 Table 5. AUCs in ROC Analysis for Functional Recovery after CABG Parameters Q delay Δ delay Z delay AUC * 0.716* *. Significant difference from AUC of Q delay 에볼수있으며, 진단정확도도높아임상적으로매우유용한진단수단이다. 과거에는다른영상법과마찬가지로판정의주관성이문제로제기되어왔으나, 근래에는다양한자동화정량분석소프트웨어가상용화되어보급되고있어이러한문제를극복하고있다. 이연구에서이용한정량분석소프트웨어는그중대표적인것으로서객관성과재현성이잘알려져있고, 1-2) 최근에는생존심근평가에대한다기관임상연구에서도그유용성이확인된바있다. 16) 그러나이로부터얻어지는정량적자료들을실제임상진단이나연구등에서이용하기위해서는그이용방식에대해좀더많은연구가필요하다. 특히이러한자동정량화소프트웨어를통해얻어지는관류정량값의경우실제관류량을측정하는것이아니고최대섭취화소에대한상대적섭취값을표시하는간접적또는반정량적측정치임을고려해야한다. 예를들어관류예비량 (coronary flow reserve) 에대한정보를얻고자한다면, 실제관류량자료에서처럼부하기와휴식기관류정량값사이의비율을구해야할지아니면단순히차이만구할지등을신중히결정해야한다. 그러나이러한기술적문제보다도더큰문제는심근의위치에따라다르게나타나는관류의정상변이이다. 심근의관류가생리적으로적지않은정상변이를보임은여러연구에서보고된바있다. 5-7) 이러한정상변이는개인사이뿐만아니라한개인내에서도상당한정도여서, 13 N-암모니아 PET 에서심근을전벽, 측벽, 하벽, 격벽의네곳으로나누어정상성인의심근관류를측정한한연구에서는 288
5 팽진철외. 생존심근평가에서관류정상변이의고려 Figure 1. Normal variations of segmental perfusion measurements on 201 Tl rest myocardial perfusion SPECT. 심근의위치에따라여성의경우 1.403~1.738 ml/min/g, 남성의경우는 1.178~1.357 ml/min/g의변이를보였다고보고한바있다. 5) 이러한생리적정상변이와더불어심근관류 SPECT 에서는광자의감쇠효과도영상에크게반영되는데, 8) 남성의경우하벽에서여성의경우전벽에서감쇠가심한것으로알려져있다. 심근관류 SPECT 에서 20 분절모델을이용해정상군의관류분포를평가한이번연구에서는이러한정상변이가더욱크게나타나서관류정량값이분절에따라남성의경우 51.8~87.0, 여성의경우는 58.7~87.3으로조사되었다. 남성의경우 PET 에서의보고 5) 에서와마찬가지로여성보다전반적으로관류정량값이낮았고, 특히하벽에서관류가낮게평가되었다. 여성의전벽부위에서관류의저평가가그다지심하지않았던것은우리나라여성의유방에의한관류감쇠가덜하기때문일수도있겠지만, 관류정량값의특성에기인하는바가클것으로보인다. 즉, 최대섭취화소에대한백분율로관류정량값이표시되는데최대정량값을보이는화소가대개전벽이나전측벽에위치하기때문에이들도감쇠의영향을같이받는경우가많을것이기때문이다. 이렇게분절간의평균값변이범위가큼에도불구하고각분절내에서관류정량값의표준편차는최소 5.4에서최대 8.2로비교적균질하게나타나 (Fig. 1), 이러한변이가무작위적으로발생하는것이아니라일정한경향성이있음을시사하였다. 이때의경향성은, 생리적인관류의차이와감쇠효과모두가성별및심근의위치에따라비교적일정한양상으로나타나기때문일것으로생각한다. 이러한분절별정상변이는관류만이아니라기능에서도뚜렷하여, 20분절모델을이용하여정상인의수축기두꺼워짐 Figure 2. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of Δ delay. The area under curve was and the diagnostic performance was 85% of sensitivity and 53% of specificity at the optimal cutoff of (arrow). 정상분포를조사한연구에서는분절별로최저 20% 에서최고 69% 의값을보이는것으로보고된바있다. 4) 이러한정상변이를고려하여최근의자동화정량분석소프트웨어에서는정상인의자료를데이터베이스로제공하고이데이터베이스에기반하여등급을매기는알고리듬을포함하고있으며일부에서는이정상데이터베이스를각기관에맞추어편집하는것이가능하기도하다. 그러나적절히이용할수있다면순위척도인등급화자료에비하여비례척도에가까운정량값자료가각종통계등분 289
6 Jin Chul Paeng, et al. Consideration of Normal Variation of Perfusion in Viability Assessment 석에더유용하다는사실은분명하다. 이연구에서는이러한분절별정상분포를반영한지표들이생존심근예측에있어관류정량값자체보다더뛰어난성능을가지는것으로나타났다. ROC 곡선분석상에서 24시간지연관류정량값 (Q delay) 자체의 AUC 는 0.633이었으나분절별평균과의차이값 (Δ delay) 또는평균과표준편차를이용한표준화값 (Z delay) 은모두이보다유의하게높은 AUC 를보인것이다. 이가운데 AUC 가가장높았던 Δ delay 의경우에는최적분리점에서예민도 85%, 특이도 53% 로서, 메타분석연구에서보고한 201 Tl 휴식-재분포영상의생존심근진단성적인예민도 90%, 특이도 54% 와비교적일치하였다. 14) 그런데이메타분석연구에서다루었던대상이대부분경험있는판독자의판정에의존한연구들이었음을고려하면, 정량화소프트웨어의뛰어난객관성, 재현성이라는특성을살리면서경험있는핵의학전문의의진단성적에접근하기위해서는정량적자료에대한세심한분석이필요함을알수있다. 이연구에서는정상변이를고려한관류정량값을생존심근의진단에적용하였으나심근관류 SPECT 의가장중요한시행목적인허혈성심장질환의진단에있어서도이러한접근법은유효할것이다. 향후정량적게이트심근 SPECT 에서부하기나휴식기관류정량값의각분절별정상변이를고려하여허혈성심근의진단기준을설정하는방식에대해서도추가적인연구가필요할것이다. 이연구에서정의한정상군은엄밀히보면정상군으로서의제한점을가지고있다. 이들은관상동맥질환에대해 5% 미만의검사전유병확률을가지고있으면서핵의학전문의의심근관류 SPECT 판독에서정상으로판정된경우를후향적으로선택한것인데, 정상군과큰차이가있을것으로생각되지는않지만완벽한의미의정상군은아니다. 또, 이들의 201 Tl 휴식기관류분포를 24시간지연관류정량값의정상분포로대신이용했다는것도제한점이되는데, 관상동맥질환이없는경우 201 Tl의휴식기분포와지연재분포사이에큰차이가없으리라는점에서자료분석에결정적인제한점은아니었을것으로생각한다. 전체또는분절별관류와기능의자동화정량분석은게이트심근관류 SPECT 의큰장점으로, 정량분석을간편하게시행할수있도록해주는동시에 100% 에가까운객관성과재현성을제공한다. 그러나이러한정량값을진단이나연구에이용할때는세심한분석을필요로하며, 그중에가장크게고려해야할사항은정상변이이다. 이연구는이러한분절별정상변이의고려가매우중요함을생존심근진단의경우에서보여주었다. 분절별정상변이의 양상은인종이나성별에의해서도달라질수있지만, 기관별로각기다른장비의특성이나검사프로토콜에의해서도달라질수있을것이다. 각기관별로정상변이에대한자료를확보하고이러한자료를활용하면정량적게이트심근관류 SPECT 의임상적유용성이더욱커질것으로기대한다. 요약 목적 : 심근관류 SPECT 에서자동정량화소프트웨어를이용해관류및기능에대한객관적이고재현성높은정량값을얻을수있지만, 이러한정량값들을이용할때는분절별로적지않은정상변이가있음을고려해야한다. 이연구에서는관류에대한정량값에서정상변이를고려한새로운지표들을유도하고, 이러한지표들이임상적유용성을가지는지생존심근평가를통해알아보았다. 대상및방법 : 심근관류 SPECT 에서관류의정상변이를구하기위해 55명 ( 남 : 여 =28:27) 의관상동맥질환저확률군을선정하였다. 이들에게서 201 Tl 휴식기 / 99m Tc-MIBI 부하기심근관류 SPECT 를실시하고, 20분절모델을이용하여 201 Tl 휴식기관류정량값에대한각분절의평균 (m) 과표준편차 (SD) 를구하였다. 생존심근평가를위해서는관상동맥질환을진단받고관상동맥우회로이식술 (CABG) 을시행한환자 48명을연구대상에포함하였다. 이들은수술전 201 Tl 휴식기 / 99m Tc-MIBI 부하기게이트 / 201 Tl 24시간지연 SPECT 을실시하였고, 수술 3개월후추적게이트 SPECT 를실시하여생존심근을판정하였다. 수술전 201 Tl 24시간지연 SPECT 에서분절별 Q delay ( 관류정량값 ), Δ delay (Q delay m), Z delay ((Q delay m)/sd) 가정의되었고이들의생존심근에대한진단성적은수신자특성곡선상의곡선하면적 (AUC) 을통해평가하였다. 결과 : 관류정량값은분절사이에상당한변이를보여, 남자의경우최저치분절에서 51.8±6.5, 최고치분절에서 87.0±5.9였고, 여성의경우최저치분절 58.7±8.1, 최고치분절 87.3±6.0으로나타났다. 생존심근에대한진단성능평가에서 Q delay 의 AUC 는 0.633인데반해 Δ delay 와 Z delay 의 AUC 는각각 0.735와 0.716으로나타나 Q delay 에비해유의하게높은값을보였다 ( 각각 p=0.001, 0.018). 가장높은 AUC 를보인 Δ delay 는, 최적분리점 -24.7에서 85% 의예민도와 53% 의특이도를가지는것으로나타났다. 결론 : 심근관류 SPECT 의자동정량화분석에서관류정량값의정상변이는분절에따라상당한것으로나타났다. 이들을고려하여유도된정량적지표들은직접적인관류정량값에비해생존심근진단에서더나 290
7 팽진철외. 생존심근평가에서관류정상변이의고려 은진단성적을보였다. 이연구는심근관류 SPECT 의정량적분석에서정상변이의고려가중요함을시사한다. References 1) Germano G, Kavanagh PB, Waechter P, Areeda J, Van Kriekinge S, Sharir T, et al. A new algorithm for the quantitatin of myocardial perfusion SPECT. I: technical principles and reproducibility. J Nucl Med 2000;41: ) Paeng JC, Lee DS, Cheon GJ, Lee MM, Chung JK, Lee MC. Reproducibility of an automatic quantitation of regional myocardial wall motion and systolic thickening on gated 99mTcsestamibi myocardial SPECT. J Nucl Med 2001;42: ) Eisner RL, Tamas MJ, Cloninger K, Shonkoff D, Oates JA, Gober AM, et al. Normal SPECT thallium-201 Bull's-eye display: gender differences. J Nucl Med 1988;29: ) Sharir T, Berman DS, Waechter PB, Areeda J, Kavanagh PB, Gerlach J, et al. Quantitative analysis of regional motion and thickening by gated myocardial perfusion SPECT: normal heterogeneity and criteria for abnormality. J Nucl Med 2001;42: ) Chareonthaitawee P, Kaufmann PA, Rimoldi O, Camici PG. Heterogeneity of resting and hyperemic myocardial blood flow in healthy humans. Cardiovasc Res 2001;50: ) Czernin J, Muller P, Chan S, Brunken RC, Porenta G, Krivokapich J, et al. Influence of age and hemodynamics on myocardial blood flow and flow reserve. Circulation 1993;88: ) Uren NG, Melin JA, De Bruyne B, Wijns W, Baudhuin T, Camici PG. Relation between myocardial blood flow and the severity of coronary artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1994;330: ) DePuey EG 3rd. How to detect and avoid myocardial perfusion SPECT artifacts. J Nucl Med 1994;35: ) SharirT, Germano G, Waechter PB, Kavanagh PB, Areeda JS, Gerlach J, et al. A new algorithm for the quantitation of myocardial perfusion SPECT. II: validation and diagnostic yield. J Nucl Med 2000;41: ) Verbeme HJ, Habraken JB, van Royen EA, Tiel van Buul MM, Piek JJ, van Eck-Smit BL. Quantitative analysis of 99Tcmsestamibi myocardial perfusion SPECT using a three-dimensional reference heart: a comparison with experienced observers. Nucl Med Commun 2001;22: ) Pitt M, Lewis ME, Bonser RS. Coronary artery surgery for ischemic heart failure: risks, benefits, and the importance of assessment of myocardial viability. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2001; 43: ) Maddahi J, Schelbert H, Brunken R, DiCarli M. Role of thallium-201 and PET imaging in evaluation of myocardial viability and management of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. J Nucl Med 1994;35: ) Dilsizian V, Arrighi JA, Diodati JG, Quyyumi AA, Alavi K, Bacharach SL, et al. Myocardial viability in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. Comparison of 99m Tc-sestamibi with thallium reinjection and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose. Circulation 1994;89: ) Bax JJ, Wijns W, Cornel JH, Visser FC, Boersma E, Fioretti PM. Accuracy of currently available technipues for prediction of functional recovery after revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction due to chronic coronary artery disease: comparison of pooled data. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30: ) Pryor DB, Shaw L, Harrell FE Jr, Lee KL, Hlatky MA, Mark DB, et al. Estimating the likelihood of severe coronary artery disease. Am J Med 1991;90: ) Nakajima K, Tamaki N, Kuwabara Y, Kawano M, Massunari I, Taki J, et al. Prediction of functinal recovery after revascularization using quantitative gated myocardial perfusion SPECT: a multi-center cohort study in Japan. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging In press,
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