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Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Analysis of Factors Affecting Postoperative Loss of Reduction in Unstable Thoracolumbar Fractures Jaewan Soh, M.D., Chang-Hwa Hong, M.D., Chung-Won Bang, M.D., Jae Chul Lee, M.D., Byung-Joon Shin, M.D. J Korean Soc Spine Surg 2017 Sep;24(3):190-197. Originally published online September 30, 2017; https://doi.org/10.4184/jkss.2017.24.3.190 Korean Society of Spine Surgery Asan Medical Center 88, Olympic-ro 43 Gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Korea Tel: +82-2-483-3413 Fax: +82-2-483-3414 Copyright 2017 Korean Society of Spine Surgery pissn 2093-4378 eissn 2093-4386 The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://www.krspine.org/doix.php?id=10.4184/jkss.2017.24.3.190 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. www.krspine.org

Original Article J Korean Soc Spine Surg. 2017 Sep;24(3):190-197. https://doi.org/10.4184/jkss.2017.24.3.190 Analysis of Factors Affecting Postoperative Loss of Reduction in Unstable Thoracolumbar Fractures Jaewan Soh, M.D., Chang-Hwa Hong, M.D., Chung-Won Bang, M.D., Jae Chul Lee, M.D.*, Byung-Joon Shin, M.D.* Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Korea *Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea Study Design: Retrospective analysis Objectives: Loss of fracture reduction after posterior surgery to treat unstable thoracolumbar fractures can cause several complications. We analyzed the factors influencing postoperative loss of reduction. Summary of Literature Review: Controversy exists about the factors causing postoperative loss of reduction in thoracolumbar fractures during the follow-up period. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the records of 59 patients who underwent posterior surgery for thoracolumbar unstable fractures and had completed a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Postoperative loss of reduction was defined as 30% or more loss of vertebral body height or 15 or more progression of the kyphotic angle at the 1-year follow-up compared to immediately after surgery. The associations between the patients gender, age, level of fracture, injury of the posterior column, initial loss of fractured vertebral body height, loadsharing score, Thoraco-Lumbar Injury Classification and Severity score, number of fixed segments, type of pedicle screws, degree of postoperative reduction, degree of postoperative corrected kyphotic angle, changes in the insertion angle of the most proximal and the most distal pedicle screws, decreases in the upper and lower disc height of the fractured vertebral body, and postoperative loss of reduction were analyzed. Results: Thirteen patients (22.0%) had postoperative loss of reduction. Age at the time of the operation (p=0.034), initial loss of fractured vertebral body height (p=0.042), and changes in the insertion angles of the most distal pedicle screws (p=0.021) were significantly associated with postoperative loss of reduction. However, the other factors did not show a significant relationship. Conclusions: In patients who underwent posterior surgery for unstable thoracolumbar fractures, the frequency of loss of reduction was high in patients more than 45 years old at the time of the operation, with a 50% or more loss of the initial fractured vertebral body height, and with changes of 5 or more in the insertion angles of the most distal pedicle screws. Key words: Thoracolumbar, Unstable fractures, Posterior surgery, Loss of fracture reduction 서론 외상에의한척추골절은흉-요추부부위에서가장흔하게발생하며, 가해지는변형력의종류및크기에따라수술적치료가필요한불안정성골절과수술적치료가필요하지않은안정성골절로나뉘게된다. 이러한수술적치료여부를결정하기위해여러분류들이소개되어왔는데, 현재임상적으로많이사용되고있는것은 Denis 1) 의분류, McCormack 등 2) 이발표한 load sharing 분류와 Vaccaro 등 3) 이발표한 TLICS (Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score) 분류등이다. 이는그손상기전에따른불안정성의입증과함께수술적치료가필요한흉-요추부골절을분류하기위함이고, 전방및후방수술이필요한형태의골절까지분류하고있다. 수술적치료는크게전방도달법과후방도달법이있는데, 많 은문헌들에서이러한불안정성흉 - 요추부골절에대한수술적 치료방법과결과에대한보고를하고있으나, 수술적치료후 추시과정에서골절의정복이소실되면서후만변형이발생하 Received: June 15, 2017 Revised: August 16, 2017 Accepted: August 24, 2017 Published Online: September 30, 2017 Corresponding author: Chang-Hwa Hong, M.D., ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8974-3529 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, 31 Soonchunhyang 6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31151 Korea TEL: +82-41-570-2170, FAX: +82-41-572-7234 E-mail: chhong@schmc.ac.kr 190 Copyright 2017 Korean Society of Spine Surgery Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery. www.krspine.org. pissn 2093-4378 eissn 2093-4386 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Postoperative Loss of Reduction for Thoracolumbar Fractures 는요인에대해서는논란이있다. 이에, 저자들은흉-요추부불안정성골절에서후방수술을시행받고 1년이상추시된환자들을후향적으로분석하여, 수술후정복소실에영향을미치는요인들을분석해보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상 2010년 6월부터 2016년 1월까지흉-요추부방출성골절로구조적, 신경학적불안정성이있거나, 후방주손상까지동반된 3주골절또는골절-탈구로 2명의척추외과의사에의해수술적치료를시행받고 1년이상추시된 70명의환자중, 전방수술이병행되었거나, 다분절골절이있었던 11명을제외하고단분절골절만있었던 59명의환자를대상으로의무기록과방사선사진을후향적으로분석하였다. 최초수상당시척추골절편이신경관으로 50% 이상감입되고신경학적이상소견이동반되어전방수술로직접감압이필요하였을경우이외에는후방수술을우선적으로시행하였는데, 척추경나사못을이용하여골절추체상, 하로단분절또는 2분절고정을시행한후, 정복술및골이식을하여후방유합술을시행하였고, 수상직후신경손상의정도가완전마비였을경우에는후방수술만시행하였다. 수술당시환자의평균연령은 45.3세 (15~76 세 ) 였고, 남자가 47명, 여자가 12명이었다. 평균추시기간은 18.3개월 (12~48 개월 ) 이었다. 방사선학적추시는수술전, 수술직후, 수술후 2주, 6주, 3개월, 6개월, 9개월, 12개월에시행하였고, 수술후 1년이후에는 6개월마다시행하였다. 2. 연구방법 1) 수술후정복소실의기준수술후정복소실은흉-요추부측면단순방사선사진상에서, 수술직후의골절척추체와비교하여 1년추시시의골절척추체가 30% 이상척추체높이의소실이있을때또는수술직후의골절부상위추체의상연과하위추체하연이이루는 Cobb씨각도와 1년추시시의 Cobb씨각도의차이가 15도이상후만각이진행된경우로정의하였다 (Fig. 1). 2) 환자요인먼저환자자체요인중영향을줄수있는인자로성별과최초수술시연령에따라분석하였는데, 평균나이인 45.3(± 14.9) 세를기준으로, 45세이상과미만으로나누어분석하였다. 3) 수술전요인정복소실에영향을줄수있는수술전요인으로골절의위 A B C Fig. 1. Three simple plane lateral radiographs show that (A) the loss of the preoperative fracture vertebral body height was 50% or more at the L3 level, (B) postoperative reduction of the L3 body height was nearly normal, and (C) postoperative loss of reduction at the 1-year follow-up was 30% or more. 치, 후방주손상여부, 최초골절시추체높이소실정도, loadsharing 점수, TLICS 점수등을고려하였다. 골절의위치는불 안정성골절부위가흉 - 요추연결부 (T-L junction) 인제 12 흉추와제 1 요추를포함하는지여부로나누어서분석하였고, 후방주손상여부는컴퓨터단층촬영 (CT) 과자기공명영상 (MRI) 상에서후방인대복합체의손상여부로나누어서분석 하였다. 최초골절시추체높이소실정도는수술전흉 - 요추부 측면단순방사선사진상에서골절추체전연의높이를골절부 위상, 하추체전연높이의합을 2 로나눈값으로다시나누어, 골절추체의남은비율을계산한다음, 이를 1 에서차감하여압 박률을계산하였는데, 50% 을기준으로, 그이상과미만으로나 누어분석하였다. 또한 load-sharing 점수는 7 점을기준으로그 이상과미만으로나누어분석하였고, TLICS 점수는 6 점을기준 으로그이상과미만으로나누어분석하였다 4) 치료방법에따른요인 수술적치료에의한인자로, 골절추체상, 하고정분절수, 척추경나사못의종류를고려하였다. 골절추체상, 하고정분 절수는골절추체상, 하로단분절고정을시행한경우와, 골절 추체상, 하로 2 분절고정을시행한경우로나누어분석하였다. 또한, 척추경나사못의종류는단축 (monoaxial) 척추경나사못 을사용한경우와다축 (polyaxial) 척추경나사못을사용한경 우로나누어분석하였다. 5) 수술후방사선학적변화요인 수술적치료결과의차이로수술직후의방사선학적사진상 측정치를평가하였다. 수술후흉 - 요추부측면단순방사선사 진상골절의정복정도, 후만각교정정도를측정하였다. 수술 www.krspine.org 191

Jaewan Soh et al Volume 24 Number 3 September 2017 후골절의정복정도는수술전골절추체의압박률과마찬가지로, 수술후골절추체의압박률을계산하여, 골절의정복된높이가 80% 이상과미만으로나누어분석하였다. 또한, 수술후후만각교정정도는수술전골절추체상위추체의상연과하위추체의하연이이루는 Cobb씨각도를측정하고, 수술후같은방법의 Cobb씨각도를측정한다음, 그차이각도로정의하였고, 그평균값인 15도를기준으로그이상과미만으로나누어분석하였다. 또한수술직후흉-요추부측면단순방사선사진과 1년추시흉-요추부측면단순방사선사진을비교하여, 고정의최근위부와최원위부의척추경나사못삽입각도변화를측정하였다. 척추경나사못삽입각도변화는고정의최근위부와최원위부의척추경나사못삽입된축과해당척추체상연이이루는 Cobb씨각도를측정하였는데, 수술직후와 1년추시시각도차이를그평균값인 5도를기준으로그이상과그미만으로나누어분석하였다. 그리고, 수술후정복소실의기준중하나인추시과정에서골절부상, 하위추체가이루는후만각이진행되는요인으로, 회복되었던추간판높이의감소와의연관성을알아보기위해흉-요추부측면단순방사선사진상에서추간판높이를측정하였다. 골절척추체상, 하추간판높이는단순방사선사진간의확대 (magnification) 에따른오차를줄이기위해, 흉-요추부측면단순방사선사진상에서골절척추체상, 하추간판중간의높이를측정하여, 상위추간판높이를상위척추체전연의높이로나눈비율로계산하였고, 하위추간판높이를하위척추체전연의높이로나눈비율로계산하여, 수술직후와 1년추시의값을측정하여, 그차이를계산하였고, 평균값인 0.05를기준으로그이상과미만으로나누어분석하였다. 6) 통계적분석방법통계적분석은각종인자의유의성검증을위해 SPSS 14.0(SPSS Inc., Richmond, CA, USA) 을이용하였다. 나이, 방사선학적측정값등연속변수들의평균값을차단 (cut-off) 값으로적용하기위해, 정규분포를따르는지통계적으로 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test를이용하여검증하였다. 그리고, 수술후정복소실을각각의요인들과교차분석시행하였고, Chi-square 검증을사용하였다. 유의수준은 p<0.05 로하였다. 결과 1. 수술후정복소실수술직후의골절척추체와비교하여 1년추시시의골절척추체가 30% 이상척추체높이의소실이발생했거나수술직후의골절부상위추체의상연과하위추체하연이이루는 Cobb 씨각도와 1 년추시시의 Cobb 씨각도의차이가 15 도이상후만 각이진행된경우는 59 예중 13 예 (22.0%) 였다. 2. 환자의신경학적손상여부 환자들의신경학적손상여부는미국척수손상학회에서제 시한척수손상의신경학적및기능적분류 (ASIA [American Spinal Injury Association] impairment scale) 에따라분류하였 다. 최초손상직후에는 A 가 5 예, B 가 2 예, C 가 4 예, D 가 16 예, E 가 32 예였으며, 1 년뒤추시과정에서는 A 가 5 예, D 가 9 예, E 가 45 예였다. 최초손상직후신경학적등급이 A 였던환자는호 전되었던경우가없었고, B 였던 2 예는 1 년추시시 D 로호전되 었으며, C 였던 4 예중 3 예에서 1 년추시시 D 로호전되었고, 1 예는 E 로회복되었다. 최초 D 였던 16 예중, 4 예는회복이없었 고, 12 예는 E 로회복되었다. 3. 원인인자분석 1) 환자요인 성별에따른분류에서남자는 47 예중 11 예 (23.4%) 에서수 술후정복소실이발생하였고, 여자는 12 예중 2 예 (16.7%) 에 서수술후정복소실이발생하였으나, 통계적으로유의한차이 는없었다 (p=0.474). 나이에따른분류에서, 평균값인 45 세를 기준으로 45 세이상인 35 예중 11 예 (31.4%), 45 세미만인 24 예 중 2 예 (8.3%) 에서수술후정복소실이발생하였고, 이는통계 적으로유의하였다 (p=0.034) (Table 1). 2) 수술전요추부요인 수술전요인에서골절의위치는흉 - 요추부이행부위인 제 12 흉추체또는제 1 요추체가골절이었던경우 31 예중 6 예 (19.4%) 에서, 흉 - 요추부이행부위를포함하지않는골절이었 던 28 예중 7 예 (25.0%) 에서수술후정복소실이발생하였으 나, 통계학적인연관성은없었다 (p=0.417). 또한, 후방주손상 Table 1. Univariate analysis of patient-related risk factors for postoperative loss of reduction in unstable thoracolumbar fractures Factors Postoperative Loss of Reduction Patient-related Yes No p-value Gender Male 11 36 0.474 Female 2 10 Age <45 2 22 0.034 45 11 24 192 www.krspine.org

Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Postoperative Loss of Reduction for Thoracolumbar Fractures Table 2. Univariate analysis of pre-operative risk factors for postoperative loss of reduction in unstable thoracolumbar fractures Factors 이있었던 24 예중 6 예 (25.0%) 에서, 후방주손상이없었던 35 예중 7 예 (20.0%) 에서수술후정복소실이발생하였으나, 유의 한차이는없었다 (p=0.442). 그러나, 최초골절시추체높이가 50% 이상소실되었던 14 예중 6 예 (42.9%) 에서, 50% 미만소 실되었던 45 예중 7 예 (15.6%) 에서수술후정복소실이발생하 였는데, 이는통계학적으로유의하였다 (p=0.042). 최초손상시 의 load sharing 점수에의한분류에서, 7 점이상이었던 20 예중 5 예 (25.0%) 에서, 7 점미만이었던 39 예중 8 예 (20.1%) 에서수 술후정복소실이발생하였고, 통계적으로유의한차이는없 었다 (p=0.467). 또한최초손상시의 TLICS 점수에의한분류에 서, 6 점이상인 14 예중 3 예 (21.4%) 에서, 6 점미만인 45 예에서 10 예 (22.2%) 에서수술후정복소실이발생하였으나, 유의한 차이는없었다 (p=0.633) (Table 2). 3) 치료방법에따른요인 Postoperative Loss of Reduction Pre-operative Yes No p-value Level of fracture T-L junction level (T12, L1) 6 25 0.417 Other level 7 21 Posterior column injury Injured 6 18 0.442 Not injured 7 28 Initial loss of vertebral body height <50 7 38 0.042 50% 6 8 Load sharing score <7 8 31 0.467 7 5 15 TLICS score <6 10 35 0.633 6 3 11 치료방법에따라영향을받는인자로, 먼저골절추체상, 하 고정분절수를고려하였는데, 2 분절고정을시행한 26 예중 3 예 (11.5%) 에서, 1 분절고정을시행한 33 예중 10 예 (30.3%) 에 서수술후정복소실이발행하였고, 이는유의한차이가없었 다 (p=0.077). 또한, 척추경나사못의종류에따라, 단축척추경 Table 3. Univariate analysis of surgery-related and radiologic risk factors for postoperative loss of reduction in unstable thoracolumbar fractures Factors 나사못을사용한 44 예중 10 예 (22.7%) 에서, 다축척추경나사 못을사용한 15 예중 3 예 (20.0%) 에서수술후정복소실이발 생하였는데, 이는통계적유의성이없었다 (p=0.569) (Table 3). 4) 수술후방사선학적변화요인 Postoperative Loss of Reduction Surgery-related and Radiologic Yes No p-value Number of fixed segments Mono-segment 10 23 0.077 2 segments 3 23 Type of pedicle screw Monoaxial screw 10 34 0.569 Polyaxial screw 3 12 Degree of postoperative reduction <80% 3 13 0.505 80% 10 33 Correction of postoperative kyphotic angle <15 8 28 0.614 15 5 18 Change of most upper pedicle screw insertion angle <5 10 36 0.593 5 3 10 Change of most lower pedicle screw insertion angle <5 6 37 0.021 5 7 9 Decrease of fractured vertebral upper disc height <0.05 6 27 0.311 0.05 7 19 Decrease of fractured vertebral lower disc height <0.05 7 31 0.280 0.05 6 15 수술후방사선학적측정값으로, 먼저골절의정복정도를고 려하였다. 최초골절에비하여정복된추체의높이가 80% 이상 회복되었던 43 예중 10 예 (23.3%) 에서, 80% 미만으로회복되 www.krspine.org 193

Jaewan Soh et al Volume 24 Number 3 September 2017 었던 16예중 3예 (18.8%) 에서수술후정복소실이발생하였는데, 이는통계적인연관성이없었다 (p=0.505). 그리고, 골절로인해증가되었던후만각의수술후교정정도에대하여, 15도이상교정되었던 23예중 5예 (21.7%) 에서, 15도미만으로교정되었던 36예중 8예 (22.2%) 에서수술후정복소실이발생하였고, 이는통계적으로유의한차이가없었다 (p=0.614). 또한, 수술직후와비교하여, 1년추시시척추경나사못삽입각도변화에대하여, 최근위부척추경나사못삽입각도가 5도이상변화되었던 13예중 3예 (23.1%) 에서, 5도미만이었던 46 예중 10예 (21.7%) 에서수술후정복소실이발생하였고, 이는유의한차이가없었으나 (p=0.593), 최원위부척추경나사못삽입각도가 5도이상변화되었던 16예중 7예 (43.8%), 5도미만이었던 43예중 6예 (14.0%) 에서수술후정복소실이발생하였는데, 이는통계적으로유의하였다 (p=0.021). 또한, 수술후정복소실기준중, 후만각이진행하는요인으로수술직후골절부위상, 하의회복되었던추간판높이가 1 년추시시감소되는것과의연관성을고려하였는데, 먼저상위추간판높이비율이 0.05 이상감소된 26예중 7예 (26.9%) 에서, 0.05 미만감소된 33예중 6예 (18.2%) 에서후만각의진행이발생하였고, 이는통계학적인연관성이없었다 (p=0.311). 하위추간판높이비율이 0.05 이상감소된 21예중 6예 (28.6%) 에서, 0.05 미만감소된 38예중 7예 (18.4%) 에서후만각의진행이발생하였고, 이역시통계적의의가없었다 (p=0.280) (Table 3). 고찰 척추골절에서, 척추경나사못을이용한수술은척추후만변형의교정, 견고한초기안정성등에대한효과가입증된수술이다. 4-7) 척추골절의수술적치료방법에대해서는많은이견들이있으나. McCormack 등 2) 은골절편의분쇄 / 침범정도, 골절편의부착 (apposition) 정도와변형의교정정도를점수화하여 load sharing 분류를발표하였는데, 9점중 7점이상일경우전방수술을부가적으로시행할것을제시하였으나, 다른여러저자들은후방기기고정만으로도좋은결과를얻었다고보고하였다. 8-10) 척추골절치료의목적은신경증상을회복하고골절된추체의변형과불안정성을교정하여, 이를유지하는것이다. 이러한척추골절수술후후만각교정을유지하지못하면, 후만변형으로인한흉요추부의지속적인피로통증의증가, 하요추부의전만증가에의한요추부의동통및퇴행성변화를가져오며고정기기의파손, 이완등을유발하게된다. 11) 따라서, 수술후골절정복을유지하는것이중요하다. 하지만, 추시과정에서정복소실이오는경우가있어서, 이에영향을끼치는인자에대 하여다양한연구들이보고되고있다. 다양한인자들중, 나이와관련해서 Chen 등 12) 은나이가많았던군에서후만변형의발생과관련이있었다고하였고, Kim 등 13) 은나이와큰연관성은없다고하였으나, 본연구에서는 45 세이상의환자에서수술후정복소실이되는경우가많았다. 또한, Denis 등 14) 은흉-요추부는견고한흉추부와가동적인요추부가이행하는곳으로, 이곳에서골절이발생하면매우불안정하고후만변형이가속화되는경향이있다고하였으나, Kim 등 13) 은후만변형발생과연관이없다고하였고, 본연구에서도수술후정복소실과는큰관련이없었다. 그리고, 후방인대복합체는흉-요추부의안정성에중요한역할을한다고알려져있고, 3,15,16) James 등 17) 은흉-요추부방출성골절과후방인대복합체가동반손상되었을경우, 매우불안정하며후만변형이진행될위험이크다고하였다. 하지만본연구에서는후방인대복합체손상여부는수술후정복소실과큰연관성이없었다. 최초골절추체압박정도와후만변형진행과의연관성에대해서는, Kim 등 13) 은골절추체압박정도와후만변형진행과는큰관계가없다고하였으나, Chen 등 12) 은최초골절추체압박정도가 50% 가넘을때후만변형진행과연관이있다고하였고, Gurr 등 18) 도최초골절추체가 50% 이상의높이소실이있는경우후방고정의고정력부족및전방도달법을추가로사용할것을권장하는등최초척추체높이소실과불안정성에대한높은관련성을보고하였다. 본연구에서는최초골절추체압박정도가 50% 이상인경우, 수술후정복소실과연관성이있었다. 또한, load sharing 분류와후만변형진행과의연관성에대해서는, McCormack 등 2) 과 Kim 등 11) 은 load sharing 분류에서 7점이상일경우, 고정물파손및후만변형발생이많았다고하였고, Lee 등 19) 은골절추체에척추경나사못고정을한경우 load-sharing 분류상 7점이상에서도단분절고정으로충분하다고하였다. 본연구에서는 load-sharing 분류와수술후정복소실과는연관성이없었다. TLICS 와후만변형진행과의연관성에대해서는, Chen 등 12) 과 Kim 등 13) 은후만변형의진행과 TLICS 는큰연관이없다고하였으며, 본연구에서도큰연관성이없었다. 골절추체위, 아래로고정분절수와후만변형진행과의관련성에대해서, Gurr와 McAfee 20) 는골절추체의위, 아래로두분절의장분절기기고정이적절한강성이있어안정성을유지한다고하였고, Alvine 등 21) 은장분절기기고정이강성이강하며후만변형을교정하는데효과적이라고하였다. 그러나, 장분절유합은수술범위가커져서요근손상이광범위해지고, 출혈량이많아지며, 척추가동분절을감소시키는단점이있다. 이에, Wagar 등 22) 은단분절고정과장분절고정을비교분석하였 194 www.krspine.org

Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery Postoperative Loss of Reduction for Thoracolumbar Fractures 는데, 후만변형발생과는연관성이없다고보고하였다. 본연구에서도, 고정분절수와수술후정복소실과는연관성이없었다. 고정하는나사못의종류와후만변형발생과의연관성에대해서는, Wang 등 23) 이동물사체로생역학적실험을시행하였는데, 골절부위를고정할때다축나사못을사용한경우단축나사못을사용할때보다신전과굴곡시움직임이유의하게많다고하였다. 하지만, 본연구에서는나사못의종류와수술후정복소실과는연관성이없었다. 방사선학적으로, 수술후후만각교정정도와후만변형진행과의관계에대해서, Kim 등 13) 은큰연관관계가없다고하였으나, Kim 등 11) 은수술후후만각교정정도가컸던경우, 후만변형이발생하는경향을보였다고하였다. 하지만, 본연구에서는수술후정복소실과는큰연관이없었다. 또한, 척추경나사못삽입각도에대하여, Shin 등 24) 은척추경나사못의파손은주로원위부에서발생을하였으며, 척추경나사못각의변화는추간판높이의감소와연관이있다고하였고, Kim 등 11) 은후만각교정이소실되면서고정기기의파손과이완이발생하였다고하였다. Mclain 등 25) 은흉요추부골절에서단분절고정시행후발생하는조기합병증에관한연구에서금속기기의굴곡변형없이척추체의붕괴나전위때문에척추후만이발생할수있음을보고하였다. 본연구에서는고정의최원위부척추경나사못삽입각변화와수술후정복소실과관련이있었고, 추간판높이의감소는수술후교정소실과관련성이없었다. 흉-요추부불안정성골절로후방수술을시행받은환자에서, 정복이소실되는요인들을분석해보니, 수술당시나이가 45세이상일때, 최초골절시추체의높이가 50% 이상소실되었을경우, 그리고고정의최원위부척추경나사못의삽입각도가 5도이상변화될때수술후골절정복의소실이많이나타났다. 이는, 나이가 45세이상이고최초골절시추체의높이가 50% 이상소실되었을경우수술후정복소실이발생할가능성이높아, 주의깊은수술적치료가요구되며, 추시과정에서최원위부척추경나사못삽입각도가변화되면수술후정복소실이발생하고있음을예측할수있을것으로사료된다. 또한, 모든인자들의연관성을고려한다항로지스틱회귀분석을시행하려했으나, 59예로는정확한통계분석이이루어지지않아, 연구의제한점이라사료되고, 추후더많은증례와장기간추시를통한추가연구가필요할것으로판단된다. REFERENCES 1. Denis F. Three column spine and its significanca in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1983;8:817-31. 2. McCormack T, Karaikovic E, Gaines RW. The load sharing classification of spine fractures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1994;19:1741-4. 3. Vaccaro AR, Zeiller SC, Hulbert RJ, et al. The thoracolumbar injury severity score: a proposed treatment algorithm. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2005;18:209-15. 4. Mahar A, Kim C, Wedemeyer M, et al. Short-segment fixation of lumbar burst fractures using pedicle fixation at the level of the fracture. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32: 1503-7. 5. Sjostrom L, Jacobsson O, Karlstrom G, et al. CT analysis of pedicles and screw tracts after implant removal in thoracolumbar fractures. J Spinal Disord. 1993;6:225-31. 6. Yue JJ, Sossan A, Selgrath C, et al. The treatment of unstable thoracic spine fractures with transpedicular screw instrumentation: a 3-year consecutive series. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2002;27:2782-7. 7. Carl AL, Tromanhauser SG, Roger DJ. Pedicle screw instrumentation for thoracolumbar burst fractures and fracture-dislocations. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1992;17(Suppl):317-24. 8. Dickson JH, Harrington PR, Erwin WD. Results of reduction and stabilization of the severely fractured thoracic and lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978;60:799-805. 9. Stambough JL. Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation and thoracolumbar spine trauma: a review of 55 cases. J Spinal Disorders. 1994;7:461-9. 10. Stambough JL. Posterior instrumentation for thoracolumbar trauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997;335:73-88. 11. Kim CH, Hwang JK, Choi YJ, et al. Treatment of thoracolumbar bursting fractures according to load-sharing classification. J Korean Fract Soc. 2005;18:69-75. 12. Chen JX, Xu DL, Sheng SR, et al. Risk factors of kyphosis recurrence after implant removal in thoracolumbar burst fractures following posterior short-segment fixation. Int Orthop. 2016;40:1253-60. 13. Kim GW, Jang JW, Hur H, et al. Predictive factors for a kyphosis recurrence following short-segment pedicle screw fixation including fractured vertebral body in unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2014;56:230-6. 14. Denis F, Armstrong GW, Searls K, et al. Acute thoracolumbar burst fractures in the absence of neurologic deficit. A www.krspine.org 195

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Original Article J Korean Soc Spine Surg. 2017 Sep;24(3):190-197. https://doi.org/10.4184/jkss.2017.24.3.197 흉 - 요추부불안정성골절수술후정복소실에영향을미치는요인분석 소재완 홍창화 방청원 이재철 * 신병준 * 순천향대학교의과대학천안병원정형외과학교실, * 순천향대학교의과대학서울병원정형외과학교실척추센터연구계획 : 후향적연구목적 : 흉-요추부불안정성골절의후방수술후추시과정에서정복이소실되면서여러가지합병증이초래되는경우가있어, 정복소실에영향을미치는요인들을분석해보았다. 선행연구문헌의요약 : 흉-요추부골절에대한수술적치료후추시과정에서골절의정복이소실되는요인에대해서는논란이있다. 대상및방법 : 흉-요추부불안정성골절로후방수술을시행받고 1년이상추시된 59명의환자를대상으로하였다. 수술후정복소실의기준은수술직후의골절척추체와비교하여 1년추시시의골절척추체가 30% 이상척추체높이의소실이있거나, 골절부위에 15도이상후만각이진행된경우로정의하였다. 환자의성별, 연령, 골절의위치, 후방주손상여부, 최초골절시추체높이소실정도, load-sharing 분류, TLICS 점수, 고정분절수, 척추경나사못의종류, 수술후골절정복정도, 수술후후만각교정정도, 최근위부및최원위부척추경나사못삽입각도변화, 골절추체상, 하추간판높이감소등의요인들과수술후정복소실간의연관성을분석하였다. 결과 : 수술후정복소실된환자는 13명이었다. 수술당시나이 (p=0.034), 최초골절시추체높이소실정도 (p=0.042), 최원위부척추경나사못삽입각도변화 (p=0.021) 는수술후정복소실에통계적연관성이있었으나, 그밖의인자들은수술후정복소실에큰영향을미치지못했다. 결론 : 흉-요추부불안정성골절로후방수술을시행받은환자에서, 수술당시나이가 45세이상, 최초골절시추체의높이가 50% 이상소실되었을경우, 그리고최원위부척추경나사못의삽입각도가 5도이상변화될때골절정복의소실이많이나타났다. 색인단어 : 흉 - 요추부, 불안정성골절, 후방수술, 골절정복소실 약칭제목 : 흉 - 요추부골절수술후정복소실 접수일 : 2017년 6월 15일 수정일 : 2017년 8월 16일 게재확정일 : 2017년 8월 24일 교신저자 : 홍창화 충남천안시동남구순천향 6길 31 순천향대학교천안병원정형외과학교실 TEL: 041-570-2170 FAX: 041-572-7234 E-mail: chhong@schmc.ac.kr Copyright 2017 Korean Society of Spine Surgery Journal of Korean Society of Spine Surgery. www.krspine.org. pissn 2093-4378 eissn 2093-4386 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 197