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REVIEW ARTICLE Kor J Spine 7(1):1-9, 2010 시상면상불균형 서울우리들병원신경외과 장지수 Sagittal Imbalance Jee-Soo Jang, MD Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul Wooridul Hospital, Seoul, Korea Sagittal imbalance in adult population has a significant impact on health-related quality of life. Successful surgical treatment of sagittal plane deformities is crucial because it can significantly improve patient s quality of life. However, this reconstructive surgery for deformity is challenging for both patient and physician. Osteoporosis and systemic disease are important considerations in preparation of the surgery because they may be associated with the relatively high rate of complications. Therefore, careful planning of the meticulous surgical technique and vigilant postoperative follow-up may help in minimizing the occurrence of complications and optimizing the patients outcomes. Key Words: Sagittal imbalance Reconstructive surgery Complications 서론 정상적시상면상균형은최소한의에너지로똑바른자세를유지시키며, 척추에가해지는하중을효과적으로분배하고흡수하며, 척추근육에너지사용의효율을극대화시킨다. 어떠한원인으로시상면상불균형이초래하게되면기립자세에서근육의에너지효율이떨어져근육이쉽게피곤해져통증을유발하게된다. 시상면불균형의일반적인증상은요통이다. 요통은특징적으로기립, 보행시심하게나타나며걷다가요통을완화하기위해기대거나앉는다. 이러한자세는피곤한요추의신전근 (extensor muscle) 을쉬게하여요통을완화시켜준다. 환자가몸앞쪽으로물건을전혀들지못하거나팔꿈치로기대고설거지를하고언덕이나층계를오를때더불편함을호소한다. 때때로후방관절과황색인대비후로인한척추강협착증이동반되기도한다. 척추변형치료의수술적치료에있어서시상면상불균형을교정하지않으면요통이지속되고인접분절의조기퇴행성변화, 내고정기기의이탈과파손, 고정한근위부추체의골절등임상적으로좋지않은결과를초래할수있다 3). 따라서시상면상균형의개념은척추수술을하는데있어반드시고려해야하며, 이번연구에서는시상면불균형을유발하는원인중가장많은요추전만각 (lumbar lordosis, LL) 소실로인한시상면불균형을중심으로기술하고자한다. 정상시상면상의균형 척추시상면상의곡선의형태는척추와골반의상호작용의결과로설명될수있으며, 균형을유지하기위해다양한형태의시상면배열을보일수있다. Roussouly 등 18) 은골반의형태에따라정상인의시상면상배열을분류하여네가지형태의정상시상면배열을보고하였다. 이연구에따르면골반 Received: January 15, 2010 Accepted: March 12, 2009 Published: March 31, 2010 Corresponding Author: Jee-Soo Jang, MD, PhD Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul Wooridul Hospital, 676 Gwahae-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 157-822, Korea Tel: +82-2-2660-7788, Fax: +82-2-2660-7599, E-mail: spinejjs@yahoo.co.kr *This study was supported by a grant from Wooridul Spine Foundation. Kor J Spine 7(1) March 2010 1

JS Jang 입사각 (pelvic incidence, PI) 이시상면상의배열을결정하는데매우중요하다고하였다. 일반적으로시상면균형의측정은 C7 추선 (plumb line) 과천추상연의후방끝기준점과의거리를측정한다. C7 추선이기준점보다앞쪽이면양의값으로, 후방을통과하면음의값으로표시하며 Jackson 등 4) 은 0.5 cm (±2.5; SD) 가정상범위라고하였다. 그러나이러한수치는환자의시상면불균형의보상작용으로인해시상면불균형환자에서도정상적인수치로나타날수있어임상증상과다른지표인요추전만각각도와골반기울기 (pelvic tilting, PT) 등과같이판단해야한다. 이런골반지표는나중에자세히설명하기로하자. 요추전만의첨부는제3 요추, 제4 요추또는그사이디스크이며, 제12 요추간에서분절전만이시작되어하부로갈수록점차증가하여제4-5 요추간, 제5 요추- 제1 천추간의분절전만합이전체전만의 60% 를차지한다고한다 1,4). 전체전만중디스크와추체의기여도는전만평균의상당부분이추간판에의해형성된다. 이러한결과들은퇴행성요추질환에서하부요추의디스크병명이상부디스크보다시상면상불균형을유발하는데결정적이며, 수술시하부요추의전만각복원이그만큼중요하다는것을암시하고있다. 시상면균형은흉추전만각과요추후만각의상호균형으로유지된다고기술되어왔으며, Stagnara 등 20) 의보고에의하면흉추후만 (thoracic kyphosis, TK) 보다요추전만이 20-30도많아야정상시상면균형으로유지할수있다고하였다. 그러나흉, 요추의각도차이만으로시상면상균형을전부설명할수는없다. 최근연구에서골반의형태가시상면상곡선의형태를결정하는데매우중요하다는것이밝혀졌다 10-13,22). 골반의형태지표와위치지표 가장많이사용되는골반의형태지표로는골반입사각이있으며, 골반의위치지표로는골반기울기와천추경사 (sacral slope, SS) 가있다 (Fig. 1). 골반입사각은골반의형태를반영하는해부학적지표이며, 사람에따라고유한일정한값을가진다. 골반입사각값은천추상연중심에서상연과직각인선이 hip axis 의중심과연결한선과이루는각이며, 이는청소년까지증가하고성장이멈춘후에는그값이변하지않는다 15-17). Marty 등 17) 은골반입사각값이 10세전까지는안정적이다가성인이될때까지증가한다고하였다. 최근에 Mac-Thiong 등 15) 은 180명의아동을조사한결과골반입사각값과나이사이에의미있는상관관계가있으며, 성장과정에서천추경사는보행을시작한이후에는일정한값을유지하는반면 Fig. 1. Drawing demonstrating the relationship between spinopelvic parameters (PI: pelvic incidence; SS: sacral slope; PT: pelvic tilt, VRL: vertical reference line, HRL: horizontal reference line). PI reflects the morphology of the pelvis, which is constant for each person; and is defined as the angle between a line perpendicular to the midpoint of the sacral end plate and the line to the center of the femoral heads. SS and PT are variable depending on the version of the pelvis about the hip axis. SS is the angle between the line along the S1 end plate and the HRL. PT is the angle between the line from the midpoint of the sacral plate to the center of the femoral heads and the VRL. 골반입사각과골반기울기는증가한다고발표하였다. 골반기울기는천추상연중심과 hip axis 중심을연결한선이 central gravity line과이루는각이며, 시상면불균형이있을때골반보상기전을반영하는위치지표이다. 천추경사는천추상연이수평선과이루는각으로클수록요추전만이증가한다. 골반보상기전이일어나면이값은감소하게된다. 골반입사각은천추경사와골반기울기의합이며 (PI = SS + PT), 천추경사와골반기울기는골반위치에따라값이변할수있다 12,13,21). 요추전만각소실로인한시상면불균형이일어나면기립상태를유지시키기위해골반이 hip axis 를중심으로 2 Kor J Spine 7(1) March 2010

Sagittal Imbalance Fig. 3. A, The patient with low value of PI shows flat or negative angle of SS and thoracolumbar junction kyphosis. B, The patient with high value of PI shows positive angle of SS and lordotic curvature in lumbar and thoracolumbar junction. Fig. 2. The anatomical parameter of pelvic incidence regulates the sagittal curves of the spine. A high value of PI increases SS, then LL and TK get more pronounced. A low value of PI decreases SS, then LL and TK get flattened. 뒤로회전하게된다. 따라서이때골반기울기는증가하고천추경사는작아지게된다. 또한골반입사각과천추경사, 요추전만각, 흉추각도사이에는강한상관관계가있다 8,12,22). 예를들어높은골반입사각값을가진사람은높은천추경사와높은요추전만각도와흉추후만각도를가진다. 반면, 낮은골반입사각을가진사람은낮은천추경사와낮은요추전만각도와흉추후만각도를가진다 (Fig. 2). 퇴행성척추에서시상면불균형형태와골반입사각과의관계 Jang 등 5) 은골반입사각에의해일단정해진정상적인시상면균형은요추의퇴행성변화로인한요추전만각감소로시상면불균형을초래할수있으며, 이때골반입사각이이상만곡의형태를결정한다는것을보고하였다. 골반입사각이큰환자에서는요추의전만각이남아있고흉-요추이행부위에서 lordotic curve 를유지하며, 골반입사각이작은환자에서는요추가 kyphotic한형태를취하면서흉-요추이행부위에서 kyphotic curve 로나타나게된다. 이때천추경사는쉽게평편한형태를취하며때로는수평보다뒤로더기울어지는경우도있다 (Fig. 3). 이와같이골반입사각이작은환자에서는강한골반보상작용이있는반면흉-요추이행부위는 kyphotic curve 형태를취하고있어수술적치료시흉-요추이행부위를포함시켜야하는단점이있다. 반면골반입사각이높은환자는요추전만각을많이만들어줘야하는어려움이있다. 또골반보상작용으로인해골반기울기값이큰만큼골반신전근육에요구되는힘이커근육이더쉽게피로해질수있다 (Fig. 4). 골반기울기는정상적으로는골반입사각에의해크게영향을받지않고 10-15 도사이의값을유지하므로골반기울기의변화는시상면불균형상태에서골반의보상작용을알수있는중요한지표로이용되고있다. Schwab 등 19) 은골반기울기는 25도이하가정상수치이며, 그이상이면골반보상작용이이루어진상태라고기술하였다. 이보상작용으로천추경사가수평으로되거나음의기울기로될수있으며, 이는골반입사각값이낮은환자에서 Kor J Spine 7(1) March 2010 3

JS Jang Fig. 4. More pelvic extensor muscle power is needed to maintain balance in high pelvic incidence patient than in low pelvic incidence due to the high PT. Therefore, pelvic extensor muscle could be exhausted easily in high PI than in low PI. 관찰될수있다 (Fig. 3). 그러나때로는심한시상면불균형에도불구하고, 골반의기울기가증가하지않은경우가있다. 이는골반보상작용이일어나지않은경우며, 이는골반입사각값이높은환자에서관찰될수있다 (Fig. 5). 수술전목표교정각을어떻게측정하나? 많은저자들이골반입사각과요추전만각각도와의상관관계를연구하였다. Vialle 등 22) 은정상인에서골반입사각과요추전만각의각도를조사하여서로일정한연관성이있음을공식으로밝혔다. SS = 7.3 + 0.63 PI Maximal LL = -16 1.06 SS 이공식에의하면골반입사각이 40도일때 -50도의요추전만각이필요하며골반입사각이 50도일때 -57도, 골반입사각이 60도일때 -64도, 골반입사각이 70도일때 -70도, 골반입사각이 80도일때 -77도의요추전만각이요한다. 또한 Schwab 등 19) 은정상인에서요추전만각을구하는공식을발표하였다. LL = PI + 9 (±9) Kim 등 9) 은시상면불균형의수술적치료에서만족할만한 Fig. 5. In spite of the severe sagittal imbalance, retroversion of pelvis does not occur (low PT), which is called pelvic decompensation. This phenomenon could occur in high PI patient. 수술결과를얻기위해최소한요구되는요추전만각각도의공식을발표하였다. LL TK + PI 45 이러한여러공식들의공통점은골반입사각에따라요구되는요추전만각의각도가다르다는것이다. 즉높은골반입사각인경우그만큼전만각을많이만들어야한다. 저자는될수있는한골반입사각값만큼요추전만각을만드는것을목표로한다. 미진한요추전만각의교정은시상면불균형으로인한임상증상을호전시키지못해나쁜결과를초래하며, 상위이행분절의문제를초래할수있다. 성인척추변형에대한 SRS(Scoliosis Research Society) 분류 14) 1. Regional sagittal modifier 네부분으로분류하여측정하였으며, 그기준은다음과같다. 4 Kor J Spine 7(1) March 2010

Sagittal Imbalance a) proximal thoracic (T2-T5): +20, b) main thoracic (T5-T12: +50, c) thoracolumbar (T10-L2): +20, d) lumbar (T12-S1): -40 예를들어흉-요추이행부위의 (T10-L2) 각도가 20도이상의후만이면비정상이며, 요추도 40도미만의전만각이면비정상으로규정하였다. 2. Lumbar degenerative modifier a) 디스크간격감소, 후관절퇴행성변화등을평가, b) 3 mm 이상의전방, 후방, 측방전위, 회전전위 (rotational listhesis) 가있을경우 c) 요추 5번과천추 1번의종판 (endplate) 각도가 10도이상인경우 3. Global balance modifier Global sagittal imbalance 는 C7 추선이천골곶 (sacral promontory) 에서전방혹은후방으로 5cm 이상인경우로하였다. 시상면불균형의보상작용퇴행성요추만곡증의분류를하기위해서는시상면상불균형을보상하기위한보상작용을이해해야한다. 이러한보상작용은근력에의하여이루어지며, 이러한보상작용으로 C7 추선이천추디스크관절위에위치하여도시상면상균형이좋다고할수없다. 왜냐하면시간이흐르면근육의피로에의한둔부통증, 요통과경부통이생기며기립자세를유지할수없게되기때문이다 7). 보상작용은크게두가지로분류될수있으며, 척추축내보상작용 (intraspinal compensation) 과척추축외보상작용 (extraspinal compensation) 으로구분할수있다. 척추축내보상작용은또다시두가지로구분된다. 하나는흉추보상작용 (thoracic compensation) 과다른하나는골반보상작용 (pelvic compensation) 이다 6,7) (Fig. 6, Table 1). 두보상작용은요추후만증의형태의이해와수술전략을계획하는데매우중요하다. 흉추보상작용의평가는흉요부접합부위의각도 (thoracolumbar junction angle; 흉추 10번과요추 2번의 Cobb angle) 로하며, 이각도가직선혹은전만곡 (lordotic curvature) 을보이면강한흉추보상작용으로평가할수있다. 골반보상작용의평가는 SS/PI 혹은골반기울기로평가하는데정상의경우 SS/PI 가 0.5 이상으로나타나며, 골반보상작용이일어나면천추경사가감소하게되어이수치는점 Fig. 6. There are two kinds of compensation mechanisms: one is thoracic compensation, and another is pelvic compensation. Table 1. Compensatory mechanisms of sagittal imbalance Intraspinal compensation Thoracic compensation Pelvic compensation Extraspinal compensation, knee flexion 점줄어들게된다. 시상면불균형을보상하기위해골반의후방전이가일어나고, 이수치 (SS/PI) 가적을수록골반보상작용이강하다고평가할수있다. Schwab 등 19) 은골반기울기가 25도이상을골반보상작용의기준으로하였다. 치료 1. 보존적치료 근육강화운동등이있으나환자의대부분이고령이어서효과는미지수이다. 수술을할수없는경우는지팡이나유모차등이환자의기립이나보행시도움을줄수있다. 2. 수술적치료 대부분의환자가여자이고농촌에서일하는환자가많아수술적치료를결정하기전에수술후올수있는합병증, 좌식생활의불편함, 쪼그리고하는밭일에지장을줄수있음을충분히설명하여야한다. 또한수술을결정하기전에수술로인해얻을수있는것과잃을수있는것에대해환자와보호자에게충분히설명하고동의를구해야한다. Kor J Spine 7(1) March 2010 5

JS Jang 간혹수술후좌식생활에불편해하며, 수술한것을후회하는경우도있으므로수술전설명이매우중요하다. 따라서수술후서구식생활습관으로바꾸도록권유하는것이좋다. 수술적치료를결정하는데가장중요한것은임상증상이얼마나심한가또환자나가족이얼마나수술적치료에적극적인자세를가지고있는가이다. 수술적치료에의학적으로중요한장애요인은골다공증이다. 골다공증이있는환자의수술여부는신중히결정해야한다. 골시멘트로추체와추경나사못을보강하기도하나추체골절이나추경나사못이빠질경우심각한후유증을초래한다. 수술의궁극적인목적은하부요추의후만곡을최대한교정하여시상면불균형상태를균형상태로교정하는것이다. 하부요추의전만곡각도가충분치못하면유합부위를아무리올려도 restooping, screw retropulsion 등을막을수없다. 이질환은주로고령인여성에게발생하고대부분골다공증이동반되며, 요추에서비롯되었으므로하부요추의후만곡교정이제일중요하다. 골다공증으로후방추체간유합술 (PLIF), 설상골절술 (wedge osteotomy) 등후방접근법만으로는하부요추의전만곡복원 ( 요추 4번과 5번그리고천추 1번사이 ) 을달성할수없으며, 반드시전방- 후방전근법을시행하여야한다. 수술전계획 1. 수술전병력과의학적검사 시상면불균형을교정할것인가아니면단순신경감압만할것인가, 단분절을고정할것인가를결정하는것은매우중요하다. 우선환자가주증상이무엇인가를알아내고, 그증상이시상면불균형에서오는지알아야한다. 시상면불균형교정을결정할때고려해야할문제는골다공증이어느정도인지, 내과적문제즉당뇨, 고혈압, 심장병등의병력을반드시물어봐야하며, 이에대한합병증이생길가능성, 다량수혈과내과적문제악화로인한위험성 ( 사망포함 ) 까지환자와보호자에게충분히설명하고동의를구해야한다. 수술하기전에장분절고정후환자가느낄수있는불편함과 ( 방바닥생활, 양말신기 ) 서양식생활로의전환을권유해야하며 ( 침대생활, 양변기사용, 의자생활 ), 또수술후농사일도하지못한다는것도설명하고, 이에동의해야수술적치료를할수있다. 2. 방사선학적검사 (Table 2) 단순 X-ray 와동적측면상 (dynamic lateral view) 에서는척추의불안정성을평가 (assessment for flexibility of the spine) 하고경직유형 (fixed) 인지연성유형 (flexible) 인지판단이필요하다. 특히만곡정점부위에 Pad를넣어최대한교정을한상태에서앙와위측면사진으로얻을수있는교정각도를예측할수있다 (Fig. 7). Bridwell 등 2) 은척추의유연성을 3단계로분류하였다. 1) 완전유연척추기형, 이는체중이실리지않은자세에서척추기형이교정되는경우이며, 2) 부분유연척추기형, 3) 완전경직척추기형으로분류하였다. 만약충분한교정각도를얻지못할것으로판단될경우절골술을계획하여야한다. 경직유형인경우후방이완 (posterior release) 후전방접근을하여야요추전만곡복원이용이하다. 전체척추측면기립사진 (whole spine lateral standing view) Table 2. Preoperative radiographic evaluation Whole spine AP and lateral view Standing and supine AP and lateral view (especially lumbar spine) Transtable lateral radiographs in hyperextension with a padded bolster at the apex of the kyphosis (thoracolumbar or lumbar) CT scan MRI BMD check Fig. 7. Evaluation of flexibility at the apex of kyphosis is important in selection of surgical method. Lateral radiographs in hyperextension with a padded bolster at the apex of kyphosis may be necessary to evaluate the flexibility. The fixed deformity required osteotomies for correction. 6 Kor J Spine 7(1) March 2010

Sagittal Imbalance Table 3. Principles for making decision of fusion level At least 2 level above at kyphotic apex Construct should be included significant degenerated level Construct should be included the L 5 S1 if the disc is not healthy Construct should be extended thoracolumbar junction (T10 L2) if this angle is more than 20 kyphosis preoperatively. Fig. 8. Aggravation of stooping in walking may be evaluated by sequential whole spine lateral view (initial and after 10 minutes of walking). 은척추의균형상태를파악하기위해반드시필요하다. 또한처음에는똑바로서있다가시간이지남에따라근육이피로해지면서점점구부러지게되므로시간대별로찍어 (sequential whole spine lateral view: 초기, 10분간격 ) 어떤부위에서시상면변형이심하게일어나는지관찰할수있다 (Fig. 8). 컴퓨터단층사진 (Computed Tomography, CT) 은흉, 요추와골반뼈의해부학적구조를정확히알기위해필요하다. 자기공명사진 (Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI) 은신경압박부위를정확히판단하고, 디스크와후관절의퇴행변화를평가하기위해중요하다. 이는골유합의범위를결정하는데중요한단서를제공한다. 단 MRI 나 CT는누워서찍기때문에추간공 (foramen) 이눌리지않게보일수있다. 그러나환자가서면추간공이좁아져증상을야기할수있다. 따라서기립자세에서전후면방향과앙와위자세에서전후방향으로촬영된방사선사진을비교하여야한다. 3. 골유합부위결정 (Table 3) 환자에따라골유합부위를결정하여야하나일반적인원칙이있다. 골유합이시상만곡의정점에서멈추어서는안되며, 적어도정점을지나두분절위까지포함시켜야하며, 디스크나후관절의퇴행변화가심하면골유합에포함시킨 다. 수술전흉- 요추이행부위 (T10-L2) 가 20도이상의 kyphosis 일경우요추부전만각복원후흉-요추이행부위의 kyphosis 가더악화되므로흉추 10번까지골유합부위를연장해야하며 kyphosis가 0-20도사이일경우시상면불균형정도, 디스크상태에따라고정을흉-요추이행부위위까지올릴지결정한다. 흉-요추의이행부위가 lordosis인경우요추전만각을충분히만들수있다면이부위를골유합에포함시킬필요는없다. 요추 5번과천추 1번사이의추간판은시상면균형에중요한역할을하므로추간판이건강하지않으면골유합에포함시키는것이좋다. 전방유리술과후방기기술 후만곡의첨부가유연성이있는경우는먼저전방경유로전방종인대절제를시행하고, 디스크를제거한다음 cage를넣어디스크높이를복원한다. 후방으로접근하여후방단축술 (posterior shortening) 을최대한시켜기기고정하여요추전만각도를최대화한다. 후만곡의첨부가유연성이없는경우는먼저후방으로접근하여후관절을제거하여유연성을만든다음다시전방- 후방으로접근한다. 절골술 2) 절골술은고정된시상면불균형을치료하기위해가장흔히시행되는수술이며, 절골부위의수는필요한교정의정도와환자의상태에따라결정된다. 다발성절골술은많은교정이가능하나수술의범위가넓고절골부위가많아그만큼불유합의가능성이크다. 전후주절골술은전만각을많이얻을수있으나, 출혈과신경학적손상의가능성이높은단점이있다. 1. Smith-Peterson osteotomy (SPO) 1 mm 단축에 1도의교정각을얻을수있다. 적응증은전주의추간판가동성이어느정도보존되어있어야교정이가능 Kor J Spine 7(1) March 2010 7

JS Jang 하다. 분절당 10도정도의교정을얻을수있으며, 다분절후방절골및후방압박고정을필요로하므로나사못의강한고정력이필요하다. 2. Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) 강직성후만곡, 추간판가동이없는전후방유합된척추에적용하며, 후방으로신경감압과큰교정력을얻으나, 출혈이나신경학적이상의빈도가높다. 30-40 도의교정을얻을수있다. Table 4. Decision making over surgical method according to degree of sagittal imbalance Mild sagittal imbalance flexible type (<8 cm or less than 30 of correction angle): Anterior cage + SPO Moderate sagittal imbalance fixed type (8-15 cm or more than 30 of correction angle): Anterior cage + >3 levels SPO or PSO Severe sagittal imbalance fixed type (>15 cm or more than 30 degree of correction angle):anterior cage + PSO and SPO +(VCR) 3. Posterior vertebral column resection (VCR) 기형부위의전후주를절제하여완전한유연성을확보하여삼차원적교정이가능하다. 전후방으로하는경우와후방으로만하는경우로나눌수있다. 후방수술시절골부위가안정성이없으므로예방적임시고정을하는것이안전하다. 주로흉추에서행하여지고경막의 buckling이심한경우 cage 등으로전주의길이를유지하여준다. 항상척수가당겨지지않게임시고정하면서수술을진행하는것이중요하며, 수술중신경감시장치가필요하다. 4. 복합형 퇴행성척추후만증인경우대부분골다공증으로고정력이떨어져절골술만으로는좋은결과를얻을수없다. 따라서전방으로하부요추에 cage를넣은다음 SPO 혹은 PSO를하여견고한고정력을얻을수있다 (Table 4). 경미한시상면불균형이경우전방접근으로 cage를넣은다음후방에서 SPO로충분한요추전만각을만들수있으나, 고도의시상면불균형인경우 PSO와 VCR 을같이해주는경우도있다 (Fig. 9). 수술후합병증 요추전만곡복원시 ligament buckling으로신경이압박을받게됨으로감압술이필요할수있다. 그리고과다출혈로인한합병증이야기될수있다. 다량수혈로인해서파종성혈관내응고 (disseminated intravascular coagulation, DIC) 와같은합병증이올수있다. 혈전색전성 (thromboembolic) 합병증이생길수있으며, 압박스타킹과 early mobilization으로이와같은합병증발생을감소시킬수있다. 수혈과관련된합병증들로간염 (hepatitis), 후천성면역결핍증 (AIDS), 매독 Fig. 9. A, The whole spine lateral view showing the severe sagittal imbalance; because of the flat lumbar spine and thoracolumbar kyphosis caused by compression fracture. B, The post operative lateral view showing the good sagittal imbalance; which was achieved by restoration of lumbar lordosis (L3 PSO) and correction of thoracolumbar kyphosis (VCR L1). (syphilis) 등이생길수있다. 한번에못할경우 2차혹은 3차로나누어수술하는분할수술 (segmentation surgery) 로내과적합병증과다량수혈로인한합병증을줄일수있다. 전방접근수술의합병증으로혈관손상이생길수있으므로혈관외과의도움을받아수술하는것이필요하다. 혈전색전성합병증으로깊은정맥혈전증, 폐색전증등이생길수있다. 전방경유수술후에교감신경절제술의효과가나타날수있으며, 환자는보통수술한반대편다리가따뜻하고수술 8 Kor J Spine 7(1) March 2010

Sagittal Imbalance 한쪽다리가차다고호소한다. 이러한증상은보통 3-4개월후면호전된다. 고령환자의경우전방접근법으로인한복부절개헤르니아가생길수있으며이때는수술로복원한다. 골유합근위부에추체골절이생길수있다. 특히흉-요추접합부위에서잘일어나며, 이때는골유합부위를연장하여야하며, 이를방지하기위해예방목적으로근위부추체에성형술을시행하면그빈도를줄일수있다. 퇴행성요추후만증에서골유합수술시요추전만각의복원에실패할경우척추고정기구가부러지거나빠지고다시시상면불균형을초래하게된다. 결 론 시상면불균형은심한요통과일상생활에많은지장을초래하기때문에성공적인수술은높은합병증에도불구하고환자의삶의질을높여왔다. 따라서수술의합병증을줄이고좋은결과를얻기위해조심스런수술계획과숙지된수술수기, 수술후철저한환자관리가필요하다. REFERENCES 1. Bernhardt M, Bridwell KH: Segmental analysis of the sagittal plane alignment of the normal thoracic and lumbar spines and thoracolumbar junction. Spine 14:717-721, 1989 2. Bridwell KT: Decision making regarding Smith-Petersen vs. pedicle subtraction osteotomy vs. vertebral column resection for spinal deformity. Spine 31:S171-178, 2006 3. Glassman SD, Berven S, Bridwell K, Horton W, Dimar JR: Correlation of radiographic parameters and clinical symptoms in adult scoliosis. Spine 30:682-688, 2005 4. Jackson RP, McManus AC: Radiographic analysis of sagittal plane alignment and balance in standing volunteers and patients with low back pain matched with age, sex, and size: A prospective controlled clinical study. Spine 19:1611-1618, 1994 5. Jang JS, Lee SH: Analysis of radiological patterns according to the pelvic incidence in lumbar degenerative kyphosis patients. The 27 th Annual Spring Meeting of the Korean Neurosurgical Society, 2009 6. Jang JS, Lee SH, Min JH, Han KM: Lumbar degenerative kyphosis: radiologic analysis and classifications. Spine 32: 2694-2699, 2007 7. Jang JS, Lee SH, Kim JM, Min JH, Han KM, Maeng DH: Can patients with sagittally well-compensated lumbar degenerative kyphosis benefit from surgical treatment for intractable back pain? Neurosurgery 64:115-121, 2009 8. Jang JS, Lee SH, Min JH, Maeng DH: Changes in sagittal alignment after restoration of lower lumbar lordosis in patients with degenerative flat back syndrome. J Neurosurg Spine 7:387-392, 2007 9. Kim YJ, Bridwell KH, Lenke LG, Rhim S, Cheh G.: An analysis of sagittal spinal alignment following long adult lumbar instrumentation and fusion to L5 or S1: can we predict ideal lumbar lordosis? Spine 31:2343-2352, 2006 10. Labelle H, Roussouly P, Berthonnaud E, Dimnet J, O Brien M: The importance of spino-pelvic balance in L5-s1 developmental spondylolisthesis: a review of pertinent radiologic measurements. Spine 30:S27-34, 2005 11. Lazennec JY, Ramaré S, Arafati N, Laudet CG, Gorin M, Roger B, et al: Sagittal alignment in lumbosacral fusion: relations between radiological parameters and pain. Eur Spine J 9:47-55, 2000 12. Legaye J, Duval-Beaupére G: Sagittal plane alignment of the spine and gravity: a radiological and clinical evaluation. Acta Orthop Belg 71:213-220, 2005 13. Legaye J, Duval-Beaupére G, Hecquet J, Marty C: Pelvic incidence: a fundamental pelvic parameter for three-dimensional regulation of spinal sagittal curves. Eur Spine J 7:99-103, 1998 14. Lowe T, Berven SH, Schwab FJ, Bridwell KH: The SRS classification for adult spinal deformity. building on the King/Moe and Lenke classification system. Spine 31:S119-S125, 2006 15. Mac-Thiong JM, Berthonnaud E, Dimar JR 2nd, Betz RR, Labelle H: Sagittal alignment of the spine and pelvis during growth. Spine 29:1642-1647, 2004 16. Mangione P, Gomez D, Senegas J: Study of the course of the incidence angle during growth. Eur Spine J 6:163-167, 1997 17. Marty C, Boisaubert B, Descamps H, Montigny JP, Hecquet J, Legaye J, et al: The sagittal anatomy of the sacrum among young adults, infants, and spondylolisthesis patients. Eur Spine J 11:119-125, 2002 18. Roussouly P, Gollogly S, Berthonnaud E, Dimnet J: Classification of the normal variation in the sagittal alignment of the human lumbar spine and pelvis in the standing position. Spine 30:346-353, 2005 19. Schwab F, Lafage V, Patel A, Farcy JP: Sagittal plane consi deration and the pelvic in the adult patient. Spine 34:1828-1833, 2009 20. Stagnara P, De Mauroy JC, Dran G, Gonon GP, Costanzo G, Dimnet J, et al: Reciprocal angulation of vertebral bodies in a sagittal plane: approach of references or the evaluation of kyphosis and lordosis. Spine 7:335-342, 1982 21. Vialle R, Ilharreborde B, Dauzac C, Lenoir T, Rillardon L, Guigui P: Is there a sagittal imbalance of the spine in isthmic spondylolisthesis? A correlation study. Eur Spine J 16:1641-1649, 2007 22. Vialle R, Levassor N, Rillardon L, Templier A, Skalli W, Guigui P: Radiographic analysis of the sagittal alignment and balance of the spine in asymptomatic subjects. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87:260-267, 2005 Kor J Spine 7(1) March 2010 9