기생충의보조숙주로서의한국산연체동물감염실태 : 기후변화에서병원체전파의영향에대한고찰 박갑만 관동대학교의과대학환경의생물학교실 Korean molluscs as auxiliary hosts for parasites: A study of implications for pathogen transmission in a changing climate Gab-Man Park Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Gangweon-do 210-701, Korea ABSTRACT To determine the status of Korean molluscs infection and relation with climate change of Korean peninsula, references were reviewed. Wild animals serve as intermediate, reservoirs and paratenic hosts to zoonotic parasites of human beings. Trematode are common parasites of molluscs and almost all trematodes infect mollusks as the first host in the life cycle, and most have a complex life cycle involving other hosts. The significance of auxiliary hosts to the ecology of the parasite has not been proper discussion. There is increasing concern as to the impact of climate change on the epidermiology of many parasitic diseases. A total of 21 species for snail transmitted parasites from Korean molluscs has been reviewed. Among them, 15 species was aquatic mollusks and 6 species for marine mollusks. Maximum infections belonged to Semisulcospira livertina had 11 kind of parasite pathogenic organisms, including Paragonimus westermani, Metagonimus yokogawai, Centrocestus armatus, Notocotylus magniovatus, Centrocestus formosanus, incerte cercaria, nipponensis cercaria, Yoshidae cercaria, cristata cercaria, innominatum cercaria and Metagonimus sp. And 11 in Parafossarulus manchouricus including Clonorchis sinensis, Asymphylodora japonica, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Exorchis oviformis, Notocotylus attenuatus, Echinochasmus japonicus, Loxogenes liberum, Cercariae of Loxogenes liberum Type I, Cercariae of Loxogenes liberum Type II, Furcocercus cercariae (Family Sanguincolidae) and Cercaria of Mucobucaris, 10 in Semisulcospira sp. including Paragonimus westermani, Metagonimus yokogawai, Centrocestus armatus, Echinochasmus redioduplicatus, Notocotylus magniovatus, Cercaria incerte, Cercaria nipponensis, Cercaria yoshidae, paludinarum cercaria and Metagonimus sp., 7 in Koreanomelania globus including Pseudexorchis major, Cercaria of parapleurolophocercous type, Metagonimus sp. (A & B), Cercaria nipponensis, Cercaria inserta and Cercaria yoshidae. Also, Tapes philippinarum have 3 pathogenic organisms including Cercariae tapidis, Cercariae furcocercus and Parvatrema sp. In particular, under climatic extremes such as floods and drought, aquatic molluscs may play a more prominent role in parasite transmission in the future. Keywords: Korean molluscs, auxiliary hosts, parasite, changing climate 서론 Received: February 8, 2012 ; Accepted: March 6, 2012 Corresponding author: Gab-Man Park Tel: +82 (33) 649-7480 e-mail: gmpark@kd.ac.kr 1225-3480/24419 최근에우리나라에서급격한기후변화는질병의발생에영향을미칠수있는매우중요한요인중하나이다. 매개체를통한질병들은자연생태계내에서숙주와매개체및병원체간에상호작용에의해발생하며이러한상호작용은각각종들의생활환경의변화즉기후변화에크게영향을받게된다 ( 장재연과조승헌, 2003). 지구온난화로인한기후변화는전세계적으로홍수문제와더불어가뭄현상을초래하게되며이러한현상은곧야생동물에영향을미치게되고, 나아가야생동물의 - 13 -
기생충의보조숙주로서의한국산연체동물감염실태 : 기후변화에서병원체전파의영향에대한고찰 서식지변화및생물다양성감소등생태계의변화를초래하게된다. 기온상승등의기후변화는곧환경및생태계의변화로야생동물에직접적인변화를가져와예전에통제가능했던병원체의재등장또는신종질병증가와확산을초래하여인수공통전염병 (zoonosis) 의발생을증가시키며인간의건강문제를더욱위협할수있는요인이될것으로판단된다. 신종및재출현인수공통전염병출현의요인은세계화, 여행및무역의증가, 기후적변화, 도시화, 토지의이용, 야생동물의이동과분포및개체수, 숙주밖에서의병원체의생존기간등이주요한요인으로작용한다 (Morand & Guegan, 2008). 앞으로지구의기온이상승하고환경변화가지속적으로일어날것으로예측되며국제여행과동물및축산물의국제교역의지속적확대에따라인간과동물에전파되는인수공통전염병의발생이증가될것으로판단된다. 사람을포함하여다양한야생동물에기생하는이세류흡충류 (digenetic trematode) 들은그들의생활사중무성생식기가대부분의연체동물 ( 복족류, 이매패류, 두족류등 ) 내에서이루어진다. 이와같이패류매개성기생충 (snail-transmitted parasites) 은패류숙주내에서충란안에서만들어진섬모유충 (miracidium) 에서시작되고, 섬모유충이충란을빠져나와호적숙주내로침입하여자루모양의유충형태 (sporocyst) 로변태되고그숫자또한증폭하게된다. 이후유미유충 (cercaria) 이패류를탈출하여어류나양서 파충류등제2중간숙주로침입하여피낭하거나또는종숙주내로직접침입하여성충이된다. 우리나라에서유행하는간흡충, 폐흡충및요코가와흡충등흡충류의중간생활사는모두패류이다. 또한사람을포함한많은포유류, 특히양 소와같은반추동물의담관에기생하는간질류 (fasciolids) 흡충의유미유충은수생식물이나, 유미유충을방출하는물달팽이류 (limnaeids) 숙주의패각에서피낭유충을형성하는데이와같은경우제2중간숙주가없는경우이다 ( 용태순등, 2004). 이와같이패류는각종야생동물의병원체를전파하는중간숙주자로서의역할을하게되며 2차숙주또한직. 간접적으로수환경과밀접하게연관되어있다. 야생동물중질병의중간매개체에해당되는패류, 어류, 갑각류및양서 파충류, 조류, 포유류등도기후변화로인해가뭄이나홍수가비번하게일어나고자연생태계가변함으로서그들의생식활동및생활사에영향을받게될것으로예측된다 ( 최재천과최용상, 2011). 본연구에서는우리나라야생동물중연체동물에기생하는패류매개성기생충을대상으로현재까지연구 보고된문헌을조사하여각종패류내에기생하는병원체들을분석하였으며, 이를토대로앞으로우리나라에서일어나고있는기후변화즉온난화와관련하여병원체들의전파에어떤영향을받을것인가를고찰하고자하였다. 재료및방법우리나라야생동물중연체동물을대상으로각종에서매개및병원체를지금까지연구 보고된문헌을중심으로분석하고나아가기후변화로인한온난화가진행되면야생동물및인수공통전염병의질병이증가할것으로예측되어연체동물매개질환을유발하는모든종들을조사하였다. 또한우리나라자연계에서흡충류기생충질환및인수공통전염병의매개체나종숙주로서중요한위치에있는패류를대상으로전세계적으로기후변화와관련하여보고된문헌을중심으로앞으로우리나라의기후가아열대성으로바뀔때질병변화를예측하고자하였다. 결과지금까지우리나라에서연체동물을대상으로연구보고된종수는총 21종이였으며이중담수패류가 15종그리고해산패류가 6종으로조사되었다. 담수패류중복족류가 14종으로가장많이연구가되었으며다음으로이매패류에서 1종, 그리고해산패류에서는이매패류가 5종과두족류의 1종이보고되었다 (Table 1). 전체조사대상 21종중복족류의다슬기과 (Pleuroceridae) 중다슬기 (Semisulcospira livertina) 에서폐흡충 (Paragonimus westermani), 요코가와흡충 (Metagonimus yokogawai), 가시입이형흡충 (Centrocestus armatus), Notocotylus magniovatus, Centrocestus formosanus, incerte cercaria, nipponensis cercaria, Yoshidae cercaria, cristata cercaria, innominatum cercaria, Metagonimus sp. 등 11종의기생병원체를가지는것으로조사되었고, 다슬기류 (Semisulcospira sp.) 에서는폐흡충, 요코가와흡충 (Metagonimus yokogawai), 가시입이형흡충, Notocotylus magniovatus, Echinochasmus redioduplicatus, Cercaria incerte, Cercaria nipponensis, Cercaria yoshidae, paludinarum cercaria, Metagonimus sp. 등 10종이, 염주다슬기 ( 염주알다슬기, Koreanomelania nodifila) 에서는메기소식흡충 (Pseudexorchis major), Cercaria of parapleurolophocercous type, Metagonimus sp. (A & B), Cercaria nipponensis, Cercaria inserta, Cercaria yoshidae 등 7종, 그리고띠구슬다슬기 ( 구슬알다슬기, Koreoleptoxis globus ovalis) 에서 Metagonimus cercariae 기생병원체를가지는것으로나타났다. 그리고쇠우렁이과 (Bithyniidae) 의쇠우렁이 ( 왜우렁이, Parafossarulus manchouricus) 는간흡충 (Clonorchis sinensis), 동양배반흡충 (Cyathocotyle orientalis), 메기장흡충 (Exorchis oviformis), 오리오목흡충 (Notocotylus attenuatus), 일본극구흡충 (Echinochasmus - 14 -
Table 1. Species and parasitic infection state of Korean molluscs Family Species Parasite References Pleuroceridae Semisulcospira sp. Paragonimus westermani Metagonimus yokogawai Echinochasmus redioduplicatus Centrocestus armatus Notocotylus magniovatus Cercaria incerte Cercaria nipponensis Cercaria paludinarum Cercaria yoshidae Metagonimus sp. Chai et al. 1977, 1982 Semisulcospira libertina Paragonimus westermani Metagonimus yokogawai Centrocestus armatus Notocotylus magniovatus Centrocestus formosanus Cercaria incerte Cercaria nipponensis Cercaria yoshidae Cercaria cristata Cercaria innominatum Metagonimus sp. Han, 1968 Kim, 1969 Cho et al., 1983 Kim et al., 1984, 1987 Joo et al., 1985 Kong et al., 1991 Koreanomelania nodifila Metagonimus cercariae Kim, 1980 Koreanomelania globus Pseudexorchis major Cercaria of parapleurolophocercous type Metagonimus sp. (A) Metagonimus sp. (B) Cercaria nipponensis Cercaria inserta Cercaria yoshidae Kim et al., 1987 Planorbidae Hippeutis sp. Echinostoma cinetorchis Ahn et al., 1989 Hippeutis cantori Segmentina hemisphaerula Echinostoma cinetorchis Neodiplostomum seoulense Neodiplostomum seoulense Echinostoma cinetorchis Lee et al., 1988, 1990 Seo et al., 1988 Chung et al., 1996 Chung et al., 1996, 2001b Gyraulus convexiusculus Echinostoma cinetorchis Chung et al., 2001b Viviparidae Cipangopaludina sp. Echinostoma cinetorchis Asymphylodora japonica Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata Ahn et al., 1989 Echinostoma cinetorchis Chung & Jung, 1999 Cipangopaludina japonica Echinostoma cinetorchis Chung & Jung, 1999 Lymnaeidae Radix auricularia coreana Clinostomum complanatum Echinostoma hortense Echinostoma cinetorchis Ahn & Ryang, 1986 Ahn et al., 1989 Ryang, 1990 Chung et al., 1998-15 -
기생충의보조숙주로서의한국산연체동물감염실태 : 기후변화에서병원체전파의영향에대한고찰 Continued Physidae Physa acuta Echinostoma cinetorchis Ahn et al., 1989 Bithyniidae Parafossarulus manchouricus Clonorchis sinensis Cyathocotyle orientalis Exorchis oviformis Notocotylus attenuatus Echinochasmus japonicus Loxogenes liberum Cercariae of Loxogenes liberum Type I Cercariae of Loxogenes liberum Type II Furcocercus cercariae (Family Sanguincolidae) Cercaria of Mucobucaris Kim, 1965 Chung et al., 1980 Cho et al., 1983 Rhee et al., 1983, 1985 Bae et al., 1993 Corbiculidae Corbicula fluminea Echinostoma cinetorchis Chung et al., 2001a Veneridae Meretrix lusoria Bacciger harengulae Lee & Chun, 1975 Tapes philippinarum Cercariae tapidis Cercariae furcocercus Parvatrema sp. Kim & Chun, 1981 Sohn et al., 1996 Ostreidae Crassostrea gigas Gymnophalloides seoi Lee et al., 1996 Park et al., 2007 Mactridae Mactra veneriformis Acanthoparyphium marilae Han & Chai, 2008 Laternulidae Laternula limicola Bacciger harengulae Kim & Chun, 1982 Ommastrephidae Todarodes pacificus Anisakis sp. Chang et al., 1967 japonicus), Asymphylodora japonica, Loxogenes liberum, Cercariae of Loxogenes liberum Type I, Cercariae of Loxogenes liberum Type II, Furcocercus cercariae (Family Sanguincolidae), Cercaria of Mucobucaris 등 11종이, 물달팽이과 (Lymnaeidae) 의물달팽이 (Radix auricularia coreana) 에서는새인두흡충 (Clinostomum complanatum), 호르텐스극구흡충 (Echinostoma hortense), 이전고환극구흡충 (Echinostoma cinetorchis) 등 3종이, 또아리물달팽이과 (Planorbidae) 의수정또아리물달팽이 (Hippeutis cantori) 에서는이전고환극구흡충과서울주걱흡충 (Neodiplostomum seoulense) 이, 배꼽또아리물달팽이 (Segmentina hemisphaerula) 에서는서울주걱흡충과이전고환극구흡충등각각 2종이, 수정또아리물달팽이류 (Hippeutis sp.) 와또아리물달팽이 (Gyraulus convexiusculus) 에서이전고환극구흡충을가지는것으로나타났다. 그리고논우렁이과 (Viviparidae) 의논우렁이류 (Cipangopaludina sp.), 논우렁이 (C. chinensis malleata) 및큰논우렁이 (C. japonica) 는모두이전고환극구흡충을가지는것으로나타났으며, 담수이매패인재첩과 (Corbiculidae) 의재첩 (Corbicula fluminia) 에서이전고환극구흡충의기생체를가지는것으로나타났다. 한편해산패류에서는이매패류의백합과 (Veneridae) 에서바지락 (Tapes philippinarum) 에서 Cercariae tapidis, Cercariae furcocercus, Parvatrema sp. 등 3종이, 백합 (Meretrix lusoria) 에서밴댕이대두흡충 (Bacciger harengulae) 을가지는것으로조사되었으며, 개량조개과 (Mactridae) 의동죽 (Mactra veneriformis) 에서오리극구흡충 (Acanthoparyphium marilae) 이, 띠조개과 (Laternulidae) 의띠조개 (Laternula limocola) 에서밴댕이대두흡충이, 그리고굴과 (Ostreidae) 의참굴에서참굴큰입흡충 (Gymnophalloides seoi) 및두족류의살오징어과 (Ommastrephidae) 살오징어 (Todarodes pacificus) 에서선충류의일종인 Anisakis sp. 를가지는것으로조사되었다. 고찰전지구기후변화의전망에의하면주로전지구적인평균기온및빙하녹음등물리적인변화와함께관련생태계의변화를추적하여분석한결과, 지구온난화는이제명백한사실이며, 인간활동으로인한온실가스의증가가 20세기중반이후의온난화를일으켰을가능성이매우크다는것과앞으로 21 세기의기후변화는지난 20세기의기후변화보다가속화되어나타날수있다는것이지난 IPCC (2007) 4차보고서의결론으로알려졌다. 2009년 6월유엔개발계획 (UNDP) 에따르면, 지난 100년간지구의온도는 0.74 상승하였으나, 한반도는이보다 1.6배높은 1.2 로전지구의평균보다더빠른기온상승률을보이고있다. 특히, 제주도와남해안지방은월 - 16 -
평균기온 10 이상이 8개월이상지속되거나가장추운달의평균기온이 18 이하이면서물이얼지않는아열대성기후군의기온특성을나타내고있는실정이다. 이와같은연구는앞으로한반도에서기후변화가진행되면패류를비롯한병원체매개야생동물들의생태계변화도불가피하게일어날예상되며나아가이들과밀접하게연관된우리나라기생충질환의변화도나타날것으로예측할수있다. 본연구에서는현재까지우리나라에서식하는연체동물의종들이가지고있는기생성매개병원체를조사한바전체 21종의패류가매개성병원체를보유하고있는것으로나타났다. 이들종들이매개하는기생충은총 38종으로파악되었다. 특히다슬기 (S. livertina) 한종을매개로하는기생충은 13 11종류에이르렀다. 기생충의생활사중충란으로부터빠져나온섬모유충은숙주패류를뚫고들어가게되고, 이후흡충류의성장률과성숙율은수온에조절되어, 수온의상승은보다빠른기생충의발생을일으킨다고보고하였다 (Ishii, 1984). 그러나많은종들에서발생을위해서는최소한의온도한계점을가지며, 온도가낮으면기생충은휴면상태를유지한다고알려져있다. 온도한계점에대해서는열대성종인광동주혈선충 (Angiostrongylus cantonensis) 의경우, 대략 15 의최소온도한계점을가지며 (Lv et al., 2006), 반면에 Muellerius capillaris는 5 이하에서발생이된다고보고되었다 (Rose, 1957). 따라서우리나라패류에서도기후변화관련수온의변화로인한발생에변화를보일것으로생각된다. 따라서현재의패류매개기생충의일부종들은줄어들거나멸종될것으로예측된다. 한편 IPCC 4차보고서 (2007) 에따르면현재 (1980-1999) 에비해 21세기말 (2090-2099년) 의지구평균기온은최대 6.4, 해수면은최대 59 cm 상승한다고예측하였고, 한반도를포함한아시아지역은기후변화에가장취약하여생물다양성감소, 질병, 홍수등의문제가발생할것으로예측했다. 특히우리나라의경우지구평균의 2배가량빠른속도로기온이상승하고있으며, 또한한반도에서이상고온, 집중호우, 가뭄등의이상기후가자주발생하고이로인한야생동물들의생태계에서도기후변화에따른변화를보일것으로예측된다. 기후변화로가뭄과홍수및집중호우가빈번히일어난다면담수패류는기생충전파자로서매우중요한역할을할것으로예측된다 (Dobson & Carper, 1992). 그리고서울대학교지역기후모델 (Seoul National University Regional Climate Model, SNURCM) 을통해한반도시나리오를산출하고미래 20년 (2030-2049년) 과현재 20년 (1980-1999 년 ) 의차이를비교하여기온과강수량의변화를중심으로한반도기후변화를전망한바있다 ( 환경부, 2006). 이결과에따르면미래한반도의연평균지상온도는현재에비하여약 1.5 상승하고, 연평균강수량은 80 mm가감소하게된다. 지상온도의경우미래지구온난화에의해한반도전반적으로상승하게된다. 강수량은경기도와황해도를제외하고는대부분의한반도지역에서감소하게된다. 강수량감소의원인은기후변화로한반도강수량에큰영향을미치는대규모순환장이변화하기때문이다. 또한계절을구분하기위하여겨울은지상온도가 5 이하인기간, 여름은 20 이상인기간, 봄과가을은그중간기간으로정의하였다. 현재보다미래에겨울과봄의기간은줄어들고, 여름의기간은늘어난다고예측하였다. Barcante et al., (2003) 에의하면강수와같은환경적인요소가새로운기생매개질병의유행을증가시키거나또는하나의계기가될것으로보고한바있다. 기후변화에따라야생동물들이받는영향은지역마다다르다. 야생동물들은특정한기후나환경에서생존할수있기때문에생물의내성을넘으면서식범위의변화, 형태, 그리고생식등의유전적변화및생물다양성의감소를초래할것으로생각된다. 이와같이한반도의기온상승은곧지금까지아열대지역에서유행하는기생충종들의일부가한반도로유입되어유행할것으로생각된다. 지구온난화가가속화되면어류나양서파충류와같이이동속도가느리거나이동이불가능한확산능력결핍종, 서식한계지역의개체군및더이상의이동이불가능한냉수성어종등은멸종이진행될것으로예상할수있다. 이는곧병원체를가지고매개체역할을하는야생동물이변화도불가피할것으로생각된다. 우리나라에서도야생동물중질병매개체를가지고있는동물중연체동물을포함한상당수종들은서식지이동이나변화된기후에어느정도적응할것으로판단되지만물속에사는패류나어류등은이동성이매우적어강수량의변화와수온의상승에크게영향을받을것으로생각되며나아가발생양상도변화가불가피할것으로예측된다. 요약본연구는한국산연체동물의감염병원체의실태와한반도기후변화에따른질병의변화를예측하기위해연구 보고된문헌을고찰하였다. 야생동물은인체에기생하는인수공통전염병기생충에대한중간숙주, 보유숙주및연체숙주로제공되고있다. 흡충류는연체동물의흔한기생충이며거의모든흡충류는그들의생활사에서 1차숙주로서패류에감염되며, 대부분은또다른숙주를포함하는복잡한생활사를가지고있다. 지금까지기생충의생태학에대한보조숙주로서의중요성은논의된바없다. 최근에기후변화의관점에서많은기생성질병이역학적관심이증가되고있다. 한국산연체동물을대상으로연구 보고된문헌을중심으로기생성병원체를가진종들을조사한결과전체 21종의패류가매개기생체를가지며, 이들패류 21종이가지고있는병원체는모두 39종류로확인되었다. 이중담수패류가 15종그리고해산패류에서 6종으로나 - 17 -
기생충의보조숙주로서의한국산연체동물감염실태 : 기후변화에서병원체전파의영향에대한고찰 타났다. 담수패류중다슬기과의다슬기 (Semisulcospira livertina) 에서페흡충, 요코가와흡충, 가시입이형흡충등가장많은 11종류의기생성병원체를가지는것으로조사되었고, 쇠우렁이 (Parafossarulus manchouricus) 에서는간흡충, 동양배반흡충, 메기장흡충, 오리오목흡충, 일본극구흡충등 11종류, 다슬기류 (Semisulcospira sp.) 에서는폐흡충, 요코가와흡충, 가시입이형흡충등 10종류, 염주알다슬기 (Koreanomelania globus) 에서는메기소식흡충등 7종류, 바지락 (Tapes philippinarum) 에서는 Cercariae tapidis 등 3 종류그리고나머지패류에서 1-2 종류의기생성병원체를보유하는것으로나타났다. 특히앞으로홍수나가뭄과같은극심한기후변화가일어난다면담수패류는기생성매개자로서의매우중요한역할을할것으로예측되었다. 사 본연구는환경부차세대에코이노베이션기술개발사업 (No. 412-111-004) 으로지원받은과제입니다. 사 REFERENCES Ahn, Y.K. and Ryang, Y.S. (1986) Experimental and epidemiological studies on the life cycle of Echinostoma hortense Asada, 1926 (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 24: 121-136. Ahn, Y.K., Ryang, Y.S., Chai, J.Y. and Sohn, W.M. (1989) Cercarial shedding of Echinostoma cinetorchis and experimental infection of the cercariae to several kinds of snails. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 27: 203-211. Bae, K.H., Ahn, K.Y., Soh, C.T. and Tsutsumi, H. (1993) Epidemiological studies on Clonorchis sinensis infection along the Nam-river in Gyeongnam Province, Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 21: 167-186. Barcante, T.A., Barcante, J.M.P., Dias, S.R.C. and Lima, W.S. (2003) Angiostrongylus vasorum (Baillet, 1866) Kamensky, 1905: Emergence of third-stage larvae from infected Biomphalaria glabrata snails. Parasitology Research, 91: 471-475. Chai, J.Y., Cho, S.Y. and Seo, B.S. (1977) Study on Metagonimus yokogawai (Katsurada, 1912) in Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 15: 115-120. Chang, K., Choi, W.Y. and Chyu, I. (1967) Investigation of Anisakis infection among the marine fishes. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 5: 12. Cho, H.C., Chung, P.R. and Lee, K.T. (1983) Distribution of medically important freshwater snails and larval trematodes from Parafossarulus manchouricus and Semisulcospira libertina around the Jinyang Kake in Kyongsang-Nam-Do, Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 21: 193-204. Choi, D.W., Ahn, D.H. and Kim, H.S. (1982) Larval Trematodes from Semisulcospira Snails in Kyungpook Province, Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 20: 147-159. Chung, B.J., Joo, C.Y. and Choi, D.W. (1980) Seasonal Variation of Snail population of Parafossarulus manchouricus and larval trematode infection in River Kumho, Kyungpook Province, Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 18: 54-64. Chung, D.I., Kong, H.H. and Joo, C.Y. (1998) Radix auricularia coreana: Natural snail host of Clinostomum complanatum in Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 36: 1-6. Chung, P.R., Jung, Y. and Kim, D.S. (1996) Segmentina (Polypylis) hemisphaerula (Gastropoda: Planorbidae): A new molluscan intermediate host of a human intestinal fluke Neodiplostomum seoulensis (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae) in Korea. The Journal of Parasitology, 82: 336-338. Chung, P.R. and Jung, Y. (1999) Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata (Gastropoda: Viviparidae): A new molluscan intermediate host of a human intestinal fluke Echinostoma cinetorchis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Korea. The Journal of Parasitology, 85: 963-964. Chung, P.R., Jung, Y.H., Park, Y.K., Hwang, M.G. and Soh, C.T. (2001a) Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia: Corbiculidae): a possible second molluscan intermediate host of Echinostoma cinetorchis (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Korea. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 39: 329-332. Chung, P.R., Jung, Y. and Park, Y.K. (2001b) Segmentina hemisphaerula: a new molluscan intermediate host for Echinostoma cinetorchis in Korea. The Journal of Parasitology, 87: 1169-1171. Dobson, A. and Carper, R. (1992) Global warming and potential changes in host-parasite and disease-vector relationships. In Gloval warming and biodiversity, ed. Peters, R.L. and Lovejoy, T.E. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Han, E.T. and Chai, J.Y. (2008) Mactra veneriformis, an intertidal clam, as a new second intermediate host for Acanthoparyphium marilae (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 46: 101-104. Han, J.S. (1968) Studies on the cerceria parasitic to Semisulcospira libertina in Un-Am River. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 6: 16. IPCC. 2007. Climate change, (2007) The physical science basis. Contributions of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the intergavernment panel on climate change [Solomon, S. Qin, D., Manning, M. Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M. Miller, HL. (Eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996pp. Ishii, A.I. (1984) Effects of temperature on the larval development of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the intermediate host, Biomphalaria glabrata. Zeitschrift - 18 -
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