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Regular Paper 472 J. KIEEME Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 472-477, June 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/jkem.2013.26.6.472 탄소블록과동봉의접지임피던스비교분석 서재석 1, 박희철 1, 길경석 1,a, 오재근 2 1 한국해양대학교전기전자공학부 2 국립과학수사연구원 Comparative Analysis on Ground Impedance for a Carbon Block and a Copper Rod Jae-Suk Seo 1, Hee-Chul Park 1, Gyung-Suk Kil 1,a, and Jae-Geun Oh 2 1 Division of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Korea Maritime University, Busan 606-791, Korea 2 National Forensic Service, Busan 626-810, Korea (Received May 20, 2013; Revised May 24, 2013; Accepted May 24, 2013) Abstract: This paper carried out the comparative analysis on ground impedance of a carbon block and a copper rod. Two types of grounding electrode were compared ; a carbon block (L : 1 m, Φ : 245 mm) buried at a depth of 0.8 m and a three-linked copper rod (L : 1 m, Φ : 10 mm) of equilateral triangles with 1 m spacing. Ground impedance depending on applied current source was evaluated by the application of a sine wave current with 60 Hz 3.5 MHz, a fast-rise pulse with rising time of 200 ns, a standard lightning impulse of 8/20 μs and a 600 Hz square wave. Ground impedance for both electrodes were almost the same value below 100 khz, and increased rapidly afterwards. The maximum ground impedance appeared 400 Ω at around 1.5 MHz. Ground impedance of the carbon block was lower at the square wave and was higher at fast-rise pulse than that of the copper rod. Also, ground impedance as ages showed no difference for the last 8 months. From the results, it is likely that ground performance for both electrodes shows no difference against commercial frequency and lightning impulse current, while the copper rod shows better performance against a fast-rise pulse with rise-time of a few hundred ns. Keywords: Ground impedance, Carbon block, copper rod, Current source, Sine wave, Standard lightning impulse, Fast-rise pulse, Square wave 1. 서론 a a. Corresponding author; kilgs@hhu.ac.kr Copyright 2013 KIEEME. All rights reserved. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 접지시스템의접지저항은고장전류를단시간내에대지로흘려보내기위해가능한낮은저항이요구되며, 이를위한다양한형태의접지극이개발되고있다 [1-3]. 접지설계시피접지체의종류와접지목적에따라접지극을선정하며, 그형상에따라동봉으로설계하는봉상접지, 동판등을이용한판상접지및메쉬접지등이있다. 최근에는접지성능을향상시키

전기전자재료학회논문지, 제 26 권제 6 호 pp. 472-477, 2013 년 6 월 : 서재석등 473 기위해탄소접지, 전해질접지등다양한형태의접지극이개발되고있다. 동봉은시공방법과경제적인장점이있어가장많이사용되어왔으며, 최근에는흑연으로접지극과토양사이의접촉면적을극대화시켜전류의흐름을원활하게하며동봉에비해부식이적다는장점으로탄소블록의적용이증가하고있다 [4,5]. 그러나현재탄소블록과동봉의접지성능에대한자료가부족한실정이므로, 본논문에서는이들접지극에대해인가전류원별그리고경년에따른접지임피던스의변화를비교 분석하였다. 2. 실험방법 2.1 접지극 본논문에서는건설현장에서접지극의대부분을차지하는동봉과탄소블록을대상으로실험하였다. 탄소블록은탄소분말에 40% 정도의도전성콘크리트를혼합하여성형하고전기적접속을위해중앙에구리 (Cu) 봉을삽입한것으로, 그림 1과같이길이 1 m, 직경 245 mm의정육각형블록을깊이 0.8 m에가로로매설하였다. 동봉은철 (Fe) 봉에두께 0.3 mm ~ 0.5 mm의구리를피막한것으로, 그림 2와같이길이 1 m, 직경 10 mm의동봉 3개를 1 m 간격의정삼각형으로배치하여깊이 0.8 m에매설하였다. (b) Fig. 1. Carbon block. (a) configuration, (b) photograph. Fig. 2. copper rod. (a) configuration, (b) photograph. 2.2 전류원일반적으로접지저항은 1 khz 이하의상용주파수전류를인가하여측정하며고주파영역에서는접지임피던스로측정된다. 접지저항과접지임피던스는접지극의리액턴스성분에의한영향이다. 단순히저항성분으로표시되는것은저주파로리액턴스성분의영향이매우작기때문이며, 고주파즉, 낙뢰나지락등의과도전류가유입되면접지극의리액턴스에의한전압강하, 도체간의유도전압및대지의캐패시턴스에대한영향이매우커져접지임피던스로측정된다. 이때접지저항과접지임피던스의크기에상당한차이가있어전류원에따라전위상승이달라지게된다 [6-9]. 이와같이인가전류의주파수성분또는상승시간에따라접지극의전위상승이달라지므로저주파또는상승시간이완만한전류원을인가하여얻어진접지저항으로접지극의성능을평가하기는어렵다. 따라서접지성능은저주파에서의접지저항뿐만아니라수백 khz 이상의고주파영역에서의접지임피던스도평가되어야한다 [10-12]. 본논문에서적용한전류원의사양은표 1과같으며, 이들파형의예를그림 3에나타내었다.

474 J. KIEEME, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 472-477, June 2013: J.-S. Seo et al. Table 1. Specification of the current source. Current source Specification Sine wave 60 Hz ~ 3.5 MHz, 100 ma max Fast-rise pulse t r : 200 ns, 500 A max Standard lightning impulse 8/20 us, 2.1 ka max 주파수대역이 60 Hz ~ 3.5 MHz인정현파전류로접지극의주파수상승에따른임피던스변화를분석하였다. 접지계에발생할수있는전류로상승시간 200 ns인급준파펄스, 8/20 us 표준뇌충격전류및 600 Hz 구형파를모의하여전류원에대한접지임피던스와 8개월간주기적인측정으로경년에따른접지극의물리화학적변화를비교하였다. Square wave 600 Hz, 30 ma max 2.3 측정 그림 4와같이실험계를구성하고 IEEE Std. 81에제시된전위강하법으로접지임피던스를측정하였다 [13]. 접지극및보조전극은일직선형태로배치하였으며, E극-C극의간격은 10 m이고, E극-C극사이의 61.8% 인지점에 P극을위치시켰다. C극과 E극을통해전류를인가하여 P극과 E극의대지전위상승을측정함으로써접지임피던스를산출하였다. Fig. 4. Configuration of the measurement system. 인가전류및대지전위상승의측정에는고주파변류기 (HFCT, 0.1 V/A, 20 MHz) 와디지털오실로스코프 (500 MHz, 1 GS/s, 2 Ch.) 를사용하였다. 접지임피던스는인가전류에따른대지전위상승의최댓값의비인실효값으로산출하였다. 이는뇌충격전류에의한접지시스템의보호종류와보호수준을결정하는중요한요소이다. 접지극을설치한후접지임피던스를 8개월간주기적으로측정하였다. Fig. 3. Typical waveforms of current source. (a) sine wave, (b) 200 ns fast-rise pulse, (c) 8/20 μs standard lightning impulse, (d) 600 Hz square wave. 3.1 주파수의존성 3. 결과및고찰

전기전자재료학회논문지, 제 26 권제 6 호 pp. 472-477, 2013 년 6 월 : 서재석등 475 (a) (b) Fig. 5. Changes of ground impedance as a function of frequency. 그림 5에주파수증가에따른접지임피던스를나타내었다. 두접지극모두 100 khz까지변화가없었으나, 그이후유도성으로전환되면서접지임피던스가급격하게상승하였다. 1.5 MHz 부근에서 400 Ω으로저주파에비해 10배정도증가하였으며, 다시급격하게감소하는용량성을나타내었다. 두접지극에서주파수증가에따라동일한변화를보였으며, 1.5 MHz 에서동봉의접지임피던스는탄소블록에비해 20 Ω 정도낮았다. (c) 3.2 전류원의존성 그림 6과그림 7은인가전류에대한전위상승파형의예이며, 표 2에각각의전류원에서측정된접지임피던스를나타내었다. 두접지극의임피던스는높은주파수성분을포함하는전류원에서크게증가하였으며, 200 ns의상승시간을가지는급준파에서가장높게나타났다. 600 Hz 구형파전류인가시의접지임피던스와비교해급준파전류인가시탄소블록은약 3.6배, 동봉은약 2.7배증가하였다. 특히, 동봉의임피던스가급준파전류인가시탄소블록보다오히려낮게측정되었다. 이는고주파전류에대해동봉이낮은임피던스로작용하여대지전위상승을억제하는데더효과적임을보여주는것이다. 이와같이수백 khz 이상의고주파전류에대해동봉의접지임피던스가탄소블록보다낮은이유는접 Fig. 6. Typical waveforms of applied current and potential rise for the carbon block. (a) fast-rise pulse, (b) standard lightning impulse, (c) square wave. 지극에서고주파전류에대한표피효과에의한것으로, 동봉의표면저항률이탄소블록에비해매우낮아전류를대지로빠르게방출시킬수있기때문이라고판단된다.

476 J. KIEEME, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 472-477, June 2013: J.-S. Seo et al. (a) 3.3 경년변화 전류원별로두접지극의접지임피던스를 8개월간주기적으로측정하였으며, 그결과를그림 8에나타내었다. 최초설치시탄소블록의접지임피던스는동봉에비해높게나타났으나 9월과 10월사이에내린비로탄소블록과대지가흡착함으로써안정되었다. 전류원과측정시점의대지상태및기후조건에따라접지임피던스에차이가있었지만, 경년에따라서는현재까지큰변화는없었다. (b) (c) Fig. 8. Monthly changes of round impedance. 4. 결론 Fig. 7. Typical waveforms of applied current and potential rise for the copper rod. (a) fast-rise pulse, (b) standard lightning impulse, (c) square wave. Table 2. Ground impedance for applied current. Current source Ground impedance (Ω) Carbon block copper rod Fast-rise pulse 184.9 168.9 Standard lightning impulse 76 91.7 Square wave 51.1 62.7 본논문에서는탄소블록과동봉에대한주파수의존성과전류원에따른접지임피던스및경년변화에대하여연구하였다. 두접지극에서주파수의존성을분석한결과, 접지임피던스는 100 khz 이하에서약 40 Ω, 100 khz 1.5 MHz에서는증가하는유도성, 그리고 1.5 MHz 이상에서는감소하는용량성을나타내었다. 전류원의주파수증가에따라동일한경향을나타내었으며, 1.5 MHz에서동봉은탄소블록에비해 20 Ω 정도낮았다. 전류원에대해서는주파수성분이높을수록접지임피던스가증가하였고, 탄소블록의접지임피던스는동봉에비해구형파에서낮게, 그리고급준파펄스에서는높게나타났다. 또한접지임피던스는경년에따라일반적으로증가하는추세를보이지만, 본연구에서는측정시점의기상에따른변화는있었지만전반적으로차이가없었다.

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