< B1E8C7F6BFED2C20C3D6BCBABFF82E687770>

한국산업보건학회지, 제25권제2호 (2015) ISSN 2384-132X(Print) ISSN 2289-0564(Online) http://dx.doi.org/10.15269/jksoeh.2015.25.2.184 Original Article 해체ㆍ제거작업시석면함유건축자재에서발생되는섬유및입자상물질의특성 최성원ㆍ장광명ㆍ박경훈ㆍ김대종 1 ㆍ김현욱 * 가톨릭대학교의과대학예방의학교실, 1 경동대학교 Characteristics of Generated Fibrous/Particulate Matters from Asbestos-Containing Building Materials(ACBMs) Sungwon Choi Kwang Myoung Jang Kyung Hoon Park Dae Jong Kim 1 Hyunwook Kim * Dept. of Prev. Med, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea 1 Kyungdong University ABSTRACT Objectives: This study focused on three aspects: characterizing concentrations of airborne particles by size distributions and asbestos fibers generated by various building materials; analyzing the characteristics of fibers produced by each simulation and asbestos fibers released from ACBMs; and investigating correlations of airborne asbestos fibers and particles generated and association of particle and asbestos concentrations. Methods: We selected three ACBMs including an insulation board, cement asbestos slate and wallboard. We constructed 4 scenarios; a) crushing with a hammer; b) cutting with a industrial knife; c) brushing with a metal brush; and d) tightening & loosening with a hand drill. We implemented one simulation for 30 seconds followed by 30 seconds resting period. We repeated a total of 5 cycles for 5 minutes. Results: The highest concentration of particulate & fibrous matters was from crushing with a hammer in each scenario followed by brushing with a metal brush, cutting with a industrial knife, and tightening & loosening with a hand drill. For ACBMs studied, asbestos concentrations were highest from an insulation board followed by cement asbestos slate, and wallboard. No difference in terms of concentration was found between an insulation board and asbestos slate. Fibers with 5~20 μm in length were included in 76~90% of total fibrous matters. The distribution of the straight form fibers was greater than that of the curl form. About 90% of PM Total released from ACBMs was consisted of PM 10 while only 10% of PM Total was PM 2.5. Particulate matters like PM 2.5 was significantly correlated with fibrous matters(r 2 =0.81). Conclusions: We found ACBMs can significantly release asbestos fibers as well as PM 2.5. Concentrations of asbestos generated by ACBMs were well correlated with PM 2.5. Key words: ACBM(asbestos containing building material), asbestos, fiber, PM 2.5 I. 서론 인체발암성물질로분류된석면은호흡기를통해체내로들어오면석면폐증, 폐암및중피종등의질 병을유발한다 (IARC, 2012). 우리나라에서석면은수입및사용등이금지되기이전까지일반건축물에광범위하게사용되었고, 최근에는노후된건물의재건축으로인해석면섬유가방출되어근로자와주 *Corresponding author: Hyunwook Kim, Tel: 02-2258-7363, E-mail: hwkim@catholic.ac.kr Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo 4-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea 505 Received: November 4, 2014, Revised: June 19, 2015, Accepted: June 20, 2015 This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 184

해체ㆍ제거작업시석면함유건축자재에서발생되는섬유및입자상물질의특성 185 민들의건강에잠재적위험을끼치고있으며, 상당한수의석면시멘트폐자재를발생시키고있다 (Harding et al., 2009). 특히전국적으로많은양의석면함유지붕재가산업화시대에지어진것을감안하면자재노후및침식, 자연붕괴, 풍화작용에의해서비산되어발생하는석면에의한피해가우려된다 (NIER, 2008). 건축물해체 제거작업시석면함유자재에서발생되는석면비산의원인을조사하기위한사례가있었다. 외국의경우 1990년대이후부터최근 10년사이에주거지역및도시지역의건축물에사용된석면시멘트및지붕재에대한노출에관한연구가있었으며, 석면을이용하여작업을하는산업현장에서석면시트를포함한근로자의노출과다양한원인으로부터석면섬유가방출되는특성에대한연구가있었고 (Spurny, 1989; Ansari et al., 2007; Campopiano et al., 2009; Kakooei et al., 2009; Krakowiak et al., 2009; Pastuszka, 2009), 다양한기계적작업중에발생되는석면섬유방출에관한연구도진행되었다 (Preat, 1993; Pastuszka, 2009). 우리나라의경우에는 2000년도이후에비산석면농도방출에대한연구가있었으며 (Choi et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2009; Kim et al., 2010), 최근에는토양중비산석면특성에관한연구가진행되었다 (Kwon et al., 2014). 그러나토양을교란하여비산되는석면특성에관한연구만발표했을뿐, 해체 제거작업시방출되는석면의특성및미세먼지단위의입자크기에관한연구는부족한실정이다. Laden et al.(2006) 과 Tadas et al.(2011) 의연구에서는전체, 심혈관, 폐암에의한사망이주변 PM 2.5 농도와연관이있으며, PM 2.5 농도가낮아질수록사망위험이감소하였고, 결정화된시멘트미세입자에장기간노출되는것은폐질환의원인이될수있다고하였다. IARC에서도 PM 2.5 가사람이폐결핵으로사망할수있는주된원인이라고하였고, 인체발암성이확인된물질로분류하고있다. 우리나라에서는환경부에서 2015년부터연간 PM 2.5 기준을 25 μm/m 3 로설정하고있다. 이에본연구에서는첫째, 용도가다른건축자재의종류별석면섬유발생특성과부유하는입자의크기별분포농도를조사하고, 둘째, 행위에따라건축자재에서발생되는섬유의길이와형태의특성을조사 하며, 셋째, 발생하는입자의크기별농도와공기중석면농도의상관관계를조사하여분진발생특성을알아보고자하였다. Ⅱ. 재료및방법 1. 재료종류가다른건축자재에서발생되는석면섬유방출실험을실시하기위해현재우리나라에서사용하고있는 30여년이지난건축자재중천장재 (Insulation board), 벽재 (Wallboard), 지붕재 (Cement asbestos slate) 총 3종을선정하였으며, 각자재별로 0.09 m 2 로재단하여종류별로 12장씩총 36장을실험대상으로하였다. 2. 장치 1) Glove box 실험을실시하기위해 0.05 m의스테인리스강재질의판에 4개의스테인리스봉을부착하여 0.6 m 0.5 m 0.4 m(120 L) 인크기인철골구조로 glove box 의기본틀을제작하였다. 추가적으로하부에고무재질을부착하여실험시발생할수있는소음과파손의위험이감소될수있도록하였다. glove bag을이용해기본틀외부를감싸 glove box를만들었다. 상부에는깨끗한공기가공급될수있도록 HEPA필터를설치하고, 실험시발생하는섬유를비산시키기위해팬을설치하여 0.08 ~ 0.1 m/sec로유속을유지하였다 (Figure 1). Figure 1. Experimental system for simulating emissions of PMs and fibres from asbestos containing building materials http://www.kiha.kr/

186 최성원ㆍ장광명ㆍ박경훈ㆍ김대종ㆍ김현욱 Table 1. Scenarios constructed for the study Crushing with a hammer Scenarios Tool Method Scrubbing with a metal brush Cutting with a industrial knife Tightening & Loosening with a hand drill Hammer Metal brush Industrial knife Hand drill 1.one simulation(a total of 4 simulations) - conducted by 30 seconds and followed by 30 seconds break 2. 1 cycle(a total of 5 cycles for 5 minutes) - processing for 30 seconds, followed by 30 seconds break 2) Personal sampling 시료의포집은 0.8 μm Pore Size, 직경 25 mm Mixed Cellulose Ester(MCE) filter가장착된카세트를 glove box 상부에설치하고펌프 (GilAir-3, Gilian, USA) 를이용하여 3 L/min으로 5분간측정하였다. 3) Fiber monitor 일본에서개발된실시간섬유측정장비인 fiber monitor(kf-100, Sibata, Japan) 는공기중에부유하는입자로부터섬유를선별하여, 섬유농도를상대적으로산출할수있는기기이다. 장치의유량은 2 L/min으로 5분간측정하였다. 또한장치에 0.8 μm pore size, 직경 25 mm MCE filter가장착된카세트를설치하여섬유를포집하였으며위상차현미경 (Phase Contrast Microscope, PCM) 으로분석을실시한후 (1) 식에대입하여환산계수를구해기기를보정하였다. (1) f: 섬유농도변환계수 ( 환산계수 ) C: 공정법에의한섬유농도 (NIOSH 7400 A ) R: KF-100에의한섬유농도 4) Particle monitor 영국에서개발한 Dustmate(Turnkey instruments, UK) 는작업장내공기중먼지와흄 (Fume) 을탐지할수있도록설계된휴대용기기로써 PM Total, PM 10, PM 2.5, PM 1 의농도를확인할수있다. 본장치의유량은 0.6 L/min으로 5분간측정하였다. 선정하여각시나리오및자재별로 3회반복으로실험을실시하였다. a) 작업자의힘이나도구를사용하여건축물을파쇄하는행위, b) 건축물의표면에접촉하거나, 또는건축자재가서로부딪치는행위, c) 건축물의표면을공업용칼을이용하여긁어내는행위, d) 드릴을사용한나사조임 / 풀림행위를바탕으로가상의시나리오를선정하였다. 선정시나리오는다음과같다. a) 망치를이용한파쇄, b) 공업용칼을이용한절단, c) 철솔을이용한솔질, d) 드릴을사용하여풀림 / 조임을 30초간작업을실시하고 30초동안은대기하는것을 1번의 Cycle로하여 5분간총 5 Cycle을반복하였다 (Table 1). 모든실험은실험자간의오차를줄이기위하여동일한실험자에의해서시행되었다. 2) 분석 PCM을이용한석면분석방법은 NIOSH 7400 A 방법에준하여계수하였으며, Walton-Beckett Graticule을이용하여 5 μm이상의섬유의길이를평가하였다. 또한곧은직선 (Straight) 형태와구부러지고휘어지는곡선 (Curl) 형태를나타낸섬유를관찰하였다 (Figure 2). 또한편광현미경 (Polarized Light Microscopy, PLM) 을이용하여 NIOSH 9002 Method(NIOSH, 1994) 에준하 3. 방법 1) 자재별방출실험시나리오중파쇄 (Crushing), 솔질 (Brushing), 절단 (Cutting), 조임 / 풀림 (Tightening/Loosening) 의 4가지를 Curl Shape Straight Shape Figure 2. Fibers showing curl & straight shapes identified by PCM http://www.kiha.kr

해체ㆍ제거작업시석면함유건축자재에서발생되는섬유및입자상물질의특성 187 여석면함유여부및종류를판정하였고, 함유량을추정하였다. 3) 통계방법자료분석은 SPSS system version 18을이용하였다. 섬유길이와농도, 입자상물질농도는정규화하지않고대수정규분포를따라기하평균, 기하표준편차로나타내었고, 섬유농도와입자상물질의농도의상관관계를파악하기위해단순회귀분석을실시하였다. 모든통계처리는유의수준 α=0.05에서실시하였다. Ⅲ. 결과 1. 건축자재의일반적인특성석면이함유된건축물에서지붕재, 천장재, 벽재총 3종류의시료를 PLM으로분석한결과모두백석면을함유하고있었으며섬유함유량은 10~15% 였다 (Table 2). 2. 건축자재에서행위별로발생하는공기중노출농도 1) 입자상물질노출농도실험실내에서 glove box를이용하여실험을실시 Table 2. General characteristics of ACBM Sheet type Asbestos type(content) Insulation board chrysotile(15%) Cement slate board chrysotile(10%) Wallboard chrysotile(10%) 한결과, 가장많은입자상물질이비산되는행위는파쇄, 솔질작업이었으며, 비산이적은행위는절단, 조임 / 풀림작업이었다. 또한지붕재, 천장재, 벽재모든건축자재에서도파쇄작업이높은농도를보였다. 가장많은입자상물질이비산이되는건축자재는지붕재, 천장재, 벽재순서였으며, 모든시나리오에서도지붕재와천장재가가장많은에어로졸을방출했다. 또한파쇄와솔질작업이절단과조임 / 풀림작업에비해약 2~3배높았고, 벽재가상대적으로가장적은양의입자를방출하였다 (Table 3). 2) 공기중섬유노출농도실험에사용된건축자재인천장재, 지붕재, 벽재를대상으로실험하였을때, 3종류의건축자재전부, 파쇄작업이가장많은섬유상물질을방출하였으며, 솔질작업과비교하였을때천장재와지붕재는 1.99배, 벽재는 1.58배높았다. 절단작업에비해서는천장재는 3.28 배, 지붕재는 5.5배, 벽재는 2.76배높게나타났다. 조임 / 풀림작업에비해서는천장재는 5.48배, 지붕재는 9.43 배, 벽재는 3.05배로관찰되었다. 자재별로는천장재, 지붕재, 벽재순으로농도가높게나타났다. 천장재와지붕재에서발생하는섬유상물질의농도는서로크게차이가없었으나, 벽재와나머지두건축자재의농도와는약 2~3배정도의차이를보였다. 3. 길이별섬유의특성 Figure 3은시나리오별건축자재에서비산된섬유길이의분포도를나타낸것으로써섬유의길이는주 Table 3. Particle size distributions of generated aerosols ( mg /m 3 ) Crushing Brushing Cutting Tightening/ Loosening Sheet type (N=3) PM Total PM 10 PM 2.5 PM 1 GM GSD GM GSD GM GSD GM GSD Insulation board 6.20 6.20 0.62 0.60 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 Cement asbestos slate 6.16 6.13 0.60 0.56 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.05 Wallboard 3.90 3.29 0.28 0.06 1.21 1.27 1.28 1.45 Insulation board 6.08 6.04 0.31 0.04 1.02 1.02 1.17 1.19 Cement asbestos slate 6.27 6.25 0.55 0.29 1.02 1.02 1.10 2.39 Wallboard 1.98 1.03 0.11 0.02 1.09 1.18 1.32 1.60 Insulation board 4.08 3.37 0.13 0.02 1.19 1.29 1.09 1.07 Cement asbestos slate 2.14 1.04 0.23 0.03 1.15 1.34 1.26 1.13 Wallboard 0.71 0.35 0.05 0.01 1.13 1.12 1.14 1.36 Insulation board 1.15 0.64 0.11 0.03 1.37 1.33 2.14 2.82 Cement asbestos slate 2.01 1.16 0.14 0.04 1.24 1.39 1.16 1.06 Wallboard 0.89 0.44 0.05 0.01 1.23 1.27 1.85 2.59 http://www.kiha.kr/

188 최성원ㆍ장광명ㆍ박경훈ㆍ김대종ㆍ김현욱 Figure 3. The fiber lengths by simulations 로 5 μm이상, 20 μm이하길이에 76-90% 의분포를보였으며모든시나리오별건축자재에서평균길이는 10 μm이상이었다. 특히절단작업시지붕재는 71%, 천장재는 64%, 벽재는 70% 로다른시나리오와비교 하였을때가장높은비율을차지하였다 (Table 4). 시나리오에따른직선형태의분포도는파쇄가 89%, 솔질은 93%, 절단은 92%, 조임 & 풀림은 91% 로나타났으며곡선형태는파쇄가 11%, 솔질은 7%, 절 Table 4. Distributions of fiber Length by ACBMs (μm(%)) Crushing 848 Brushing 719 Cutting 354 Tightening& Loosening N Sheet type 5-10 11-20 21-30 >30 Total 231 Insulation board 55.67±9.3(51) 40.00±7.2(37) 6.33±3.8(6) 6.33±1.5(6) 108.33±3.1(100) Cement asbestos slate 49.33±4.0(44) 38.67±4.2(34) 14.67±3.1(13) 10.00±1.7(9) 112.67±4.0(100) Wallboard 34.00±7.8(55) 19.00±3.0(31) 4.67±1.2(8) 4.00±2.0(6) 61.67±6.0(100) Insulation board 53.00±5.6(53) 32.33±7.4(32) 11.00±1.0(11) 3.67±2.9(4) 100.00±11.1(100) Cement asbestos slate 48.33±9.6(47) 34.33±7.6(34) 11.33±4.7(11) 8.00±5.0(6) 102.00±6.2(100) Wallboard 22.67±1.5(60) 11.33±1.2(30) 2.33±1.2(6) 1.33±1.5(4) 37.67±2.3(100) Insulation board 38.67±5.5(64) 16.33±2.3(27) 3.67±3.2(6) 1.67±1.5(3) 60.33±3.1(100) Cement asbestos slate 26.00±4.6(71) 5.67±0.6(15) 3.33±2.3(9) 1.67±1.2(5) 36.67±5.5(100) Wallboard 14.67±5.0(70) 4.67±0.6(22) 0.67±1.2(3) 1.00±1.0(5) 21.00±4.4(100) Insulation board 20.33±3.5(56) 12.00±2.6(33) 2.00±2.6(6) 2.00±1.0(6) 36.33±4.7(100) Cement asbestos slate 11.67±2.1(56) 5.00±0.0(24) 2.67±1.2(13) 1.33±0.6(6) 20.67±1.5(100) Wallboard 14.67±6.4(73) 3.67±1.2(18) 1.33±1.5(7) 0.33±0.6(2) 20.00±5.0(100) http://www.kiha.kr

해체ㆍ제거작업시석면함유건축자재에서발생되는섬유및입자상물질의특성 189 Table 5. Comparison of airborne fiber concentrations for ACBMs by simulations (f/cc) Crushing Brushing Cutting Tightening & Loosening No. samples Temp ( ) Humidity (%) Airborne samples (PCM) Fiber Monitor (F-1, SIBATA) Sheet type GM GSD GM GSD Insulation board 3 24.8 40.7 5.70 1.17 7.50 1.09 Cement asbestos slate 3 27.4 52.3 5.66 1.19 6.77 1.05 Wallboard 3 27.5 41.3 1.71 1.11 0.52 1.42 Insulation board 3 24.8 42.3 2.87 1.10 2.56 1.26 Cement asbestos slate 3 27.7 50.3 2.84 1.05 0.81 1.17 Wallboard 3 27.0 36.7 1.08 1.05 0.29 1.66 Insulation board 3 26.1 38.7 1.74 1.09 0.75 1.08 Cement asbestos slate 3 27.0 53.0 1.03 1.09 0.38 1.42 Wallboard 3 27.0 35.0 0.62 1.21 ND ND Insulation board 3 25.5 39.7 1.04 1.15 0.31 2.28 Cement asbestos slate 3 27.8 55.0 0.60 1.03 0.20 1.11 Wallboard 3 27.2 36.7 0.56 1.33 0.13 2.00 Average conversion factor F = 8.10 단은 8%, 조임 & 풀림은 9% 였다. 건축자재에따른직선형태의분포도는천장재가 83%, 지붕재는 97%, 벽재는 94% 로나타났으며곡선형태의분포도는천장재가 17%, 지붕재는 3%, 벽재는 6% 였다 (Figure 3). 4. 실시간측정장비와 PCM 농도비교본실험을실시하기에앞서 blank 시료를분석한값과 KF-100 기기로측정한농도수치값을통하여 8.1이라는보정계수를구하였다 (Table 5). 보정된 KF-100 기기와 PCM으로측정한농도는유의한상관성을나타내 었다 (R 2 =0.9043). 하지만 PCM 대비 43.2% 의정확도를보였다 (Figure 4). 5. 섬유와 PM 별농도의비교건축자재에따라발생하는섬유상및입자상물질의농도를비교하여 Figure 5에나타내었다. PM 2.5 과섬유상물질의상관성이 R 2 =0.8086으로가장높았으며그다음 PM 1, PM 10, 마지막으로 PM Total 가 R 2 =0.6852으로가장낮게나타났다. Ⅳ. 고찰 Figure 4. Plot of fiber concentrations measured by PCM & KF-100(f/cc) 석면함유건축자재의방출특성을파악하기위하여여러연구가수행되었다. 대학병원을대상으로한 Choi et al.(2002) 의연구에서는해체건물의지붕재, 단열재, 방수시트, 석고보트, 벽재, 콘크리트등 8가지고형시료에서모두백석면이확인되었으며, 대구지역에서석면해체제거작업장을대상으로한 Kim et al.(2009) 의연구에서도해체건물의천장, 벽, 바닥, 배관등에서백석면이모두검출되었다. 또한, 다중이용시설에사용된천장재및벽면재 (ME, 2008), 학교건축물에사용된천장재, 지붕재, 벽재에서모두백석면이검출되었고 (MoE, 2007), 전국의사업장을대상으로사용된건축자재인천장재, 바닥재, 벽재, 보온단열재, 지붕재등에서백석면이발견됨 http://www.kiha.kr/

190 최성원ㆍ장광명ㆍ박경훈ㆍ김대종ㆍ김현욱 Figure 5. Relationship between concentrations of particulate matters and asbestos fibers (MoEL, 2008) 에따라우리나라에서주로건축자재에사용된석면은백석면임을확인할수있었다. 본연구에서는우리나라에서일반적으로가장많이사용되는지붕재, 천장재, 벽재를선정하여실험을실시하였으며, 지붕재 10%, 천장재 15%, 벽재 10% 로백석면이검출되었다. 입자상물질의농도에서는모든건축자재및시나리오에서망치로인한파쇄작업이가장높은농도를나타내었으며, 건축자재로는천장재가가장높은농도를나타내었다. Tadas et al.(2011) 의연구에서도지붕재를이용하여 PM 별농도를확인한결과시나리 오중파쇄실험이가장높은농도로검출되었다. 또한벽재가가장비산이적은이유는무기질섬유와시멘트를배합하여 10,000톤프레스로가압하여만든자재이기때문에다른자재보다는구조상으로적게비산된것으로사료된다. 전체 PM 2.5 의비율은전체에어로졸의약 10% 로서 PM Total 에비해작은부분을구성하고있다. 하지만미세에어로졸이인체내에흡입되면호흡기의가장깊은경로에관련된건강영향이발생될수있다 (Laden et al., 2006). Yu(1993) 의연구에서 glove box 내에서건축자재별로 5분간숫돌차로연삭하여발생되는섬유상농 http://www.kiha.kr

해체ㆍ제거작업시석면함유건축자재에서발생되는섬유및입자상물질의특성 191 도를분석한결과천장재 (1.71 f/cc), 벽 칸막이 (0.21 f/cc), 지붕 (0.18 f/cc), 바닥용 (0.09 f/cc) 순서의농도를보였으며, glove box를이용한비슷한실험에서도 4가지시나리오별로 5분간석면함유지붕재를실험한결과, 파쇄 (0.036 f/cc), 비비기 (0.010 f/cc), 긁어내기 (0.011 f/cc), 문지르기 (0.012 f/cc) 로분석되었다 (Tadas et al., 2011). 본연구에서도천장재에서가장높은농도와벽재에서낮은농도를나타내었으며, 망치로파쇄시키는행위가시나리오중가장높은농도를나타내었다. 하지만 Yu(1993) 의연구와본연구의실험에서섬유농도의차이가나는이유는시나리오방법이다르며실험실내부의 glove box 체적, 기류, 포집율등의차이를보이기때문으로사료된다. 본연구는 5 μm 이상의길이를가진섬유상물질이인체에유해하다는것을감안하여 (Timbrell et al., 1988; Berman et al., 1995; Loomis et al., 2012), 5 μm 이상의길이를가진섬유의형태를평가하였다. 분석결과절단작업과조임 / 풀림작업시 5 μm이상, 10 μm 이하에서다른시나리오에비해가장높은분포를보이고있는데, 석면건축물해체 제거작업시비산되는섬유의길이는주로 5 μm이상, 20 μm이하길이에 76-90% 의분포를보이고있다, 이는건축자재에함유되어있는섬유상물질이절단작업및조임 / 풀림작업에의해서길이가짧은섬유상물질형태로발생하는것으로사료된다. 또한비산하는모든건축자재및시나리오에서곡선형태의섬유상물질이 91% 로관찰되었으며, 직선형태를가진물질은 9% 로, 건축자재에서비산되는형태는곡선형태의섬유물질이많이분포하고있었다. 이는실험에사용한 3 가지제품모두백석면을함유하고있는제품이기때문에곡선형태의섬유상물질을많이방출하는것으로사료된다. 섬유의길이는 5~10 μm사이의길이로서약 44~71% 로가장높은분포를나타내었고, 절단행위는약 68% 로다른행위보다는더많은분포를보이고있었다. 또한자재별에따른길이분포는유의한차이가없었다. 서울시내석면함유건축물철거현장을대상으로하여 personal sampler와 KF-100 기기로측정한농도분포를비교분석한 Lee(2014) 의연구에서는 PCM 방법과 KF-100은높은상관성을나타내었다 (R 2 =0.9071). 본연구에서도이와비슷하게높은설명력 (R 2 =0.9043) 을 나타내었다. PCM 방법과 KF-100은높은상관성을가지고있지만석면관리는 0.01 f/cc 이하로 10-2 단위의기준농도로관리하고있기때문에상관성과설명력만으로정확도를평가할수는없다고사료된다. 그러므로정확도를평가하기위해서본실험은특정한챔버내부에서평가를실시하였고, 현장평가와비교하였을때온도및습도, 기류등조절가능한공간에서평가를실시하였으며, KF-100이실시간모니터링장비임을감안하여샘플링시간을 5분으로평가하였다. 그결과 KF-100은 PCM 대비평균 43.2% 의정확도를보였다. 보다정확한평가를위해서는많은 sample size와온도, 습도, 기류평가도중요하지만시간별에따른정확도평가와현장별보정계수의관리가필요하다고판단된다. 입자상및섬유상물질의농도를비교한연구에서 Corn & Sansone(1974) 은모든 plant에서유리섬유제작공정중에총분진농도와섬유농도가낮은상관성을나타내었으며, Hammad et al.(1979) 는지붕재건축자재제조공정에서총분진의농도에대해서섬유의길이가길수록상관계수 (r) 가높아지는경향이있지만 <5 μm(r=0.37), 5-10 μm(r=0.57), >10 μ m(r=0.56) 로높은상관성을보이진않았다. Lee et al.(2012) 는석면이함유된천장재와벽재를대상으로해체 제거작업중에발생되는총분진과섬유농도와의관계를알아보았지만, 낮은상관성을나타내었다. 하지만 Tadas et al.(2011) 의연구에서는입자상크기별사이클론을통해 PM Total, PM 10, PM 2.5 로섬유농도를측정한결과 PM 2.5 에서 PM Total, PM 10 보다높은농도를나타냈다. 본연구에서는 36개의시료에대한 PM 별 (PM Total, PM 10, PM 2.5, PM 1) 농도와섬유농도간의회귀분석을실시한결과 PM Total 의결정계수 (R 2 ) 가 0.68, PM 10 은 0.71, PM 2.5 은 0.81, PM 1 은 0.80으로 PM 2.5 가섬유농도와유의한상관성을나타내고있다 (P<0.01). 앞선연구들에서는총분진으로만확인된연구였으며, 본연구에서는총분진뿐만아니라 PM 10, PM 2.5, PM 1 의상관성을파악하였고크기가 PM 2.5 일때섬유농도와의유의한상관성을보였다 (R 2 =0.8086). 본연구의제한점은실험실평가로현장평가와달리특정한공간내에서가상의시나리오를설정하여 http://www.kiha.kr/

192 최성원ㆍ장광명ㆍ박경훈ㆍ김대종ㆍ김현욱 실험조건과방법에따른섬유상및입자상물질의특성을평가하였기때문에, 실제현장평가의온도, 습도, 풍속등의외부영향이제외된점, PCM으로길이를평가하는반정량적인평가방법을이용하여결과를도출한점이다. 또한 glove box의좁은공간내에서실험을실시하였기때문에해체 제거작업현장보다는상대적으로고농도로평가되는경향이있었다. 따라서후속연구로현장에서섬유상및입자상물질의특성을평가하고, 전자현미경을사용하여분석을실시한다면보다명료한결과를도출할수있을것으로사료된다. Ⅴ. 결론본연구를통해각기용도가다른 3가지종류의건축자재를대상으로 4가지의시나리오를실시하여발생되는입자상및섬유상물질의특성을알아보고자하였다. 1. 시나리오별로입자상및섬유상물질의농도를비교한결과, 파쇄작업시가장높았고솔질, 절단, 조임 / 풀림순으로나타났으며, 건축자재는천장재, 지붕재, 마지막으로벽재순으로나타났다. 하지만천장재와지붕재는농도차이가크지않았다. 2. 5 μm~20 μm 길이를가진섬유가전체섬유상물질길이의 76~90% 를차지하였으며, 또한곡선형태의섬유보다직선형태의섬유가더많이발견되었다. 3. PCM으로측정한농도와보정계수에적용된 KF-100 기기의농도와비교하였을때높은설명력 (R 2 =0.9043) 을보였으며정확도는 43.2% 로나타났다. 4. 건축자재에서비산되는입자의대부분은 PM 10 으로 PM Total 의 90% 정도를차지하고있었으며, PM 2.5 의경우 PM Total 의 10% 정도를구성하고있지만인체에건강영향을미칠수있는양이검출되었다. 5. PM 2.5 입자상물질은섬유상물질의농도와통계적으로유의한상관성 (R 2 =0.81) 을나타내었다. 그러므로 PM 2.5 단위의입자상물질농도를통하여섬유상물질의농도를추정할수있다고사료된다. 이상의결과를볼때석면함유건축물자재에서해체 제거작업시발생되는미세먼지농도와석면섬유농도와유의한상관성이있으므로이를이용하여석면농도를간접적으로추정할수도있을것으로 보인다. 본연구는실험실에서모의작업을설정하여평가한결과이기때문에현장평가와병행한다면더정확한결과를도출할수있을것으로사료된다. 감사의말씀 본연구는 2014년도환경부의생활공감환경보건기술개발사업에서지원받아수행되었습니다. References Ansari FA, Ahmad I, Ashquin M, Yunus M, Rahman Q. Monitoring and identification of airborne asbestos in unorganized sectors, India. Chemosphere 2007;68(4): 716-723 Berman DW, Crump KS, Chatfield EJ, Davis JMG, Jones AD. The sizes, shapes, and mineralogy of asbestos structures that induce lung tumors or mesothelioma in AF/HAN rats following inhalation. Risk Anal 1995;15(2):181-195 Campopiano A, Ramires D, Zakrzewska AM, Ferri R, D'Annibale A et al. Risk assessment of the decay of asbestos cement roofs. Ann Occup Hyg 2009;53(6): 627-638 Choi CG, Kim CN, Lim NG, Roh YM, Roh JH. Exposure level of releasing asbestos during building destruction work. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2002;12(3): 195-201 Corn M, Sansone EB. Determination of total suspended particulate matter and airborne fiber concentrations at three fibrous glass manufacturing facilities. Environ Res 1974;8(1):37-52 Harding AH, Darnton A, Wegerdt J, McElvenny D. Mortality among british asbestos workers undergoing regular medical examinations(1971~2005). Occup Environ Med 2009;66(1):487-495 Hammad YY, Diem J, Weill H. Evaluation of dust exposure in asbestos cement manufacturing operations, Am Ind Hyg Assoc 1979;40(6):490-495 International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 100c. Arsenic, Metals, Fibres and Dusts.; 2012. p 35-38 Kakooei H, Yunesian M, Marioryad H, Azam K. Assessment of airborne asbestos fiber concentrations in urban area of Tehran, Iran. Air Qual Atmos Health 2009;2(1):39-45 http://www.kiha.kr

해체ㆍ제거작업시석면함유건축자재에서발생되는섬유및입자상물질의특성 193 Kim JY, Lee SK, Lee JH, Lim MH, Kang SW et al. A study on the factors affecting asbestos exposure level from asbestos abatement in building demolition sites. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2009;19(1):8-15 Kim YH, Song TH, Lee SH. A study on the entraining properties of plate type asbestos building materials. J Architect Inst Kor 2010;26(12):141-148 Krakowiak E, Gorny RL, Cembrzynska J, Sakol G, Boissier-Draghi M et al. Environmental exposure to airborne asbestos fibres in a highly urbanized city. Ann Agric Environ Med 2009;16(1):121-128 Kwon JW, Choi SW, Kim HW. Size Distributions of Amphiboles in Soils from a Closed Asbestos Mine, Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. Econ Environ Geol 2014;47(5): 497-505 Laden F, Schwartz J, Speizer FE, Dockery DW. Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortalityextended follow-up of the Harvard six cities study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173(6):667-672 Lee JG, Lee KH, Choi HI, Moon HI, Byeon SH. Total dust and asbestos concentrations during asbestoscontaining materials abatement in Korea. Int J Environ Res 2012;6(4):849-852 Lee JH, Lee SH, Kim JY, Kim JH, Chung SN et al. A Study on the Efficient Measurement of Airborne Asbestos Concentrations at Demolition Sites of Asbestos Containing Buildings, etc. in Seoul. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2014;24(2):113-121 Loomis D, Dement JM, Elliott L, Richardson D, Kuempel ED, Stayner L. Increased lung cancer mortality among chrysotile asbestos textile workers is more strongly associated with exposure to long thin fibres. Occupational and environmental medicine 2012; 69(8):564-568 Ministry of Education(MoE). A study of standard model for control of asbestos and a survey of use of asbestos in School.; 2007 Ministry of Employment and Labor(MoEL). A study of mapping of asbestos and a survey of asbestos in workplace.; 2008 Ministry of Environment(ME). Survey on asbestos containing material and indoor air for preparing management guideline in public building(Ⅰ).; 2008 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Asbestos and other fibers by PCM. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Method(NMAM), 4 th ed.; 1994 National Institute of Environmental Research(NIER). A study for surveys of use asbestos-containing materials in agricultural building.; 2008 Pastuszka JS. Emission of airborne fibers from mechanically impacted asbestos-cement sheets and concentration of fibrous aerosol in the home environment in Upper Silesia, Poland. J Hazard Mater 2009;162(2):1171-1177 Preat B. Suveillance de Chantiers avec fibres-ciment. Instituut voor.; 1993 Spurny KR. On the release of asbestos fibers from weathered and corroded asbestos-cement products. Environ Res 1989;48(1):110-116 Tadas P, Dainius M, Edvinas K, Linas K, Maksim K et al. Comparative characterization of particle emissions from asbestos and non-asbestos cement roof slates. Building and Environment 2011;46(11):2295-2302 Timbrell V, Ashcroft T, Goldstein B, Heyworth F, Meurman O et al. Relationships between retained amphibole fibres and fibrosis in human lung tissue specimens. Ann Occup Hyg 1988;32(6):323-340 Yu SW. The characteristics of dispersed asbestos fibers produced from building materials. J Kapra 1993;9(3): 191-199 http://www.kiha.kr/