한수지 48(4), 555-563, 2015 Original Article Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 48(4),555-563,2015 곰소만바지락 (Ruditapes phillippinarum) 양식장주변퇴적물내유기물과미량금속분포특성 최민규 이인석 김청숙 김형철 황동운 * 국립수산과학원기반연구부어장환경과 Distributions of Organic Matter and Trace Metals in Surface Sediments around a Manila Clam Ruditapes phillippinarum Farming Area in Gomso Bay, Korea Minkyu Choi, In-Seok Lee, Chung-Sook Kim, Hyung-Chul Kim and Dong-Woon Hwang* Marine Environment Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 46083, Korea Organic matter and trace metals were investigated in surface sediments of Gomso Bay, where there is dense Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum farming activity, to evaluate contamination of sediments in intertidal shellfish farming area. We measured mean grain size (Mz), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ignition loss (IL), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN), and trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) in intertidal and sublittoral sediments. The intertidal sediments were mainly composed of coarser sediments (sand, silty sand, and sandy silt), with Mz values ranging from 2.61 to 4.79 Ø. Mz and the content of organic matter in sediments were lower in the intertidal zone than in the sublittoral zone. The mean metal concentrations in surface sediments decreased in the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg. The metal concentrations in surface sediments showed a significant positive correlation with Mz and organic matter content, indicating that metal concentrations in the surface sediments of Gomso Bay are controlled by Mz and organic matter. The concentrations of organic matter and trace metals in the study region were lower than or similar to those in other intertidal zones in western coast and much lower than those reported in other shellfish farming areas in Korea. Our results suggest that intertidal Manila clam farming sediments from Gomso Bay are not contaminated by organic matter and trace metals. Key words: Manila clam, Sediment, Trace metals, Organic matter, Gomso Bay 서론.., (filter feeder deposit feeder) (plankton ), (faeces) (pseudo-faeces) (Danovaro et al., 2004)., (phytoplankton depletion), (biodeposition), (Ogilvie et al., 2000; Jie et al., 2001; Beadman et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2006)., (MIFAFF, 2009; GNDI, 2012). (Ruditapes philippinarum),,, http://dx.doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2015.0555 Korean J Fish Aquat Sci 48(4) 555-563, August 2015 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received 24 April 2015; Revised 13 August 2015; Accepted 17 August 2015 *Corresponding author: Tel: +82. 51.720. 2542 Fax: +82. 51. 720. 2515 E-mail address: dwhwang@korea.kr Copyright 2015 The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 555 pissn:0374-8111, eissn:2287-8815
556 최민규ㆍ이인석ㆍ김청숙ㆍ김형철ㆍ황동운. 1992 53,600, 1997 7,700 2010 23,400 (MIFAFF, 2010).,,,, (Park et al., 2011)... 8 km, 20 km 100 km 2 75 km 2 (Fig. 1)., (Chang et al., 2007)..,, (Park and Yi, 2002; Hyun et al., 2003; Noh et al., 2006; Yoon et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2011),, (Choi et al., 2013)., ( ) (Cho et al., 2001; Chang et al., 2007),., KOREA 126 128 130 Latitude ( E) 34 36 38 Latitude ( N) 126 30' 00" E 126 37' 00" E 0 5km Fig. 1. Sampling locations of sediments from Gomso Bay, Korea. 35 32' 00" N 35 35' 00" N (grain size), (ignition loss, IL), (chemical oxygen demands, COD), (total organic carbon; TOC), (total nitrogen; TN), (acid volatile sulfide, AVS), (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn). 시료채취및분석 재료및방법 2012 7 10, 7 10 18, 7 10 (Fig. 1). can core sampler ( ) van Veen grab sampler ( ) (< 4 cm). COD, IL, AVS, TOC, TN,., IL, COD, AVS (MLTM, 2010), TOC TN, Hwang et al. (2014a). 입도및 IL, COD, AVS 분석 (H 2 O 2 ) (HCl) (CaCO 3 ) 4 Ø (0.0625 mm) (wet sieving), 4 Ø, 4 Ø 1 Ø,,,., (mean grain size, Mz) Folk and Ward (1957), (sedimentary type) Folk (1968). IL 550 4, COD (Na 2 S 2 O 3 H 2 O) (KMnO 4 ), AVS. TOC 및 TN 분석 TOC TN 0.5 g 20-30 ml vial 1 N HCl 10 ml, 70 24. 105 2 3-5 mg CHN (Perkin Elmer, Model 2400, USA). 미량금속분석 1 g
바지락양식장퇴적물의유기물및미량금속분포 557 (HNO 3 :HF:HClO 4 ) digestion, 2% (HNO 3 ) 100 ml (ICP-MS, Perkin Elmer, ELAN DRC-e, USA), (Milestone, DMA 80, Italy). (certified reference material) Hg PACS-2, Hg MESS-3 3, Cd 89%, Hg 98%, Fe 83%, Mn 80%, Zn 82%, Cr 80%, Cu 86%, As 94%. (dry weight). 미량금속의오염도평가, (geoaccumulation index, I geo ), (enrichment factor), (concentration enrichment ratio), (metal pollution index). (sediment quality guidelines: SQGs). I geo, I geo. I geo = log 2 C n B n 1.5 C n, B n. Taylor (1964) Taylor and McLennan (1995). I geo 7 (class 0-6), class 0 (I geo 0; unpolluted), class 1 (I geo 0-1; from unpolluted to moderately polluted), class 2 (I geo 1-2; moderately polluted), class 3 (I geo 2-3; from moderately to strongly polluted), class 4 (I geo 3-4; strongly polluted), class 5 (I geo 4-5; from strongly to extremely polluted), class 6 (I geo > 5, extremely polluted) (Müller, 1981)., (threshold effects level, TEL) (MOF, 2013) (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA) ERL (effect range low) (Buchman, 2008). 통계분석 Kolmogorov-Smirmov Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U test. Pearson correlation coefficient. P- value<0.05. SPSS software (SPSS 2000). 입도분포 결과및고찰,,, Folk (1968),, (silty sand), (sandy silt) 3 (Fig. 2). 7, (silt+clay) 32.2-58.5% ( 46.8%), 16.7-87.6% ( 55.0%), 4.07-4.76 Ø ( 4.41 Ø), 3.58-7.70 Ø (4.95 Ø). (P<0.05, Fig. 3). 10, 2.26-74.6% ( 32.3%), 2.61-4.79 Ø ( 3.86 Ø). 7 (P<0.05), (P<0.05, Fig. 3). Clay:Silt Fig. 2. The ternary diagrams showing the textures and the major sediment types of intertidal surface sediments in Gomso Bay, Korea.
558 최민규ㆍ이인석ㆍ김청숙ㆍ김형철ㆍ황동운. 2012 8 9 4 Ø (fine sand). Cho et al. (2001)., 2.2-74.6% ( 38.8%), 2.61-4.79 Ø ( 4.11 Ø), Cho et al. (2001) (2.90-5.10 Ø) Chang et al. (2007) (1.3-6.6 Ø, 4.1 Ø). NFRDI (2010). - (sandy silt and silty sand)., ( 8.8 Ø 8.7 Ø; Choi et al., 2013),, (a) Concentration (mg/g) (b) Concentration (mg/kg) 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 10000 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 Mz (Ø) COD IL (%) Reference Farms in July Farms in Oct TOC TN AVS Fe (%) Mn Zn Cr Pb Cu As Cd Hg Fig. 3. Comparison of (a) Mean grain size (Mz), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ignition loss (IL), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN), and (b) trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) in sediments from Gomso Bay of Korea. * indicates P-value < 0.05. - ( 8.3 Ø 9.3 Ø; MIFAFF, 2009), - ( 5.5 Ø; Hwang et al., 2010), ( 6.9 Ø; Hwang et al., 2011), ( 5.3; Hwang and Kim, 2011), ( 1.7 Ø; Hwang et al., 2012) (Table 1)., (MIFAFF, 2012 ). 유기물농도분포 COD, IL, AVS, TOC, TN Fig. 3. COD 0.68-3.95 mg O 2 /g dry ( 2.30 mg O 2 /g dry) 20 mg O 2 /g dry (Lee and Yu, 2000). 7 COD 0.68-3.18 mg O 2 /g dry ( 2.13 mg O 2 /g dry) (0.50-6.94 mg O 2 /g dry, 3.05 mg O 2 /g dry) (P<0.05), 10 COD 1.40-3.95 mg O 2 /g dry ( 2.48 mg O 2 /g dry) 7 10 (P>0.05, Fig. 3)., COD,, -, -,, 1/15, 1/5-1/11, (Table 1). AVS -0.07 mg S/g dry ( 0.02 mg S/g dry) 0.2 mg S/g dry (Lee and Yu, 2000) 0.5 mg S/g dry (MOF, 2014). 7 AVS, -0.07 mg S/g dry ( 0.03 mg S/g dry) ( -0.19 mg S/g dry, 0.05 mg S/g dry), 10-0.04 mg S/g dry ( 0.01 mg S/g dry) 7, (P>0.05, Fig. 3). AVS, 1/25-1/30, 1/5-1/10., AVS ( -0.05 mg S/g dry) (Table 1). IL 0.73-2.03% ( 1.35%). 7 IL
바지락양식장퇴적물의유기물및미량금속분포 559 0.97-1.79% ( 1.50%) (1.45-4.30%, 1.97%), 10 IL 0.73-2.03% ( 1.19%) 7 10 (P<0.05, Fig. 3). IL,,, - 1/6-1/7, 1/4-1/5, 1/2-1/3. TOC 0.65-2.30 mg/g dry ( 1.48 mg/g dry). TOC (20 mg/g dry, MOF, 2014) Yokoyama et al. (2004) (warning zone) 20 mg/g dry, Hyland et al. (2005) 35 mg/g dry, TOC 10 mg/g dry (Lee and Yu, 2000),. 7 TOC 1.65-2.30 mg/g dry ( 1.86 mg/g dry) (1.00-4.65 mg/g dry, 2.12 mg/g dry) (P>0.05). 10 0.65-2.25 mg/g dry ( 1.10 mg/g dry), 7 10 (P<0.05, Fig. 3). TOC,, - 1/10-1/20,, 1/6-1/8 (Table 1). TN 0.10-0.35 mg S/g dry ( 0.22 mg S/g dry). 7 TN 0.20-0.35 mg/g dry ( 0.28 mg/g dry) (0.25-0.65 mg/g dry, 0.32 mg/g dry), 10 0.10-0.30 mg/g dry ( 0.16 mg/g dry) 7 10 (P<0.05, Fig. 3). TN,, - 1/10-1/17,,, 1/5-1/8 (Table 2).,., COD, IL, TOC, TN, AVS (r=0.404-0.615, P<0.05)..,,.., AVS, TOC, TN, IL, 7 10.,, -, -, Table 1. Comparison of concentrations of mean grain size (Mz), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ignition loss (IL), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in sediments from Korean coastal waters Sampling area Sampling period Mz (Ø) COD (mg O 2 /g dry) IL (%) AVS (mg S/g dry) TOC (mg/g dry) TN (mg/g dry) Reference Gomso Bay 2012 2.6-4.8 (4.1) 0.68-3.95 (2.30) 0.7-2.0 (1.3) ND-0.07 (0.02) 0.7-2.3 (1.5) 0.10-0.35 (0.22) This study Yeonggwang- Muan 2008 2.1-8.3 (5.5) 3.9-13.8 (8.5) 0.8-5.5 (2.9) ND Hwang et al. (2010) Aphae Island 2010 3.9-7.8 (6.9) 4.6-9.9 (7.4) 2.4-5.7 (3.9) ND-0.53 (0.04) Hwang et al. (2011) Shinan 2008 1.3-8.2 (5.3) 0.4-12.6 (5.8) 0.6-5.3 (3.2) ND-0.41 (0.05) Hwang and Kim (2011) Jeju Island 2009-2010 0.7-2.3 (1.7) 0.3-5.7 (2.1) 1.3-7.3 (3.9) ND Hwang et al. (2012) Gamak Bay 2009 6.4-9.9 (8.3) 0.5-45.6 (18.7) 2.3-10.5 (6.5) ND-2.20 (0.30) 4.9-77.5 (13.3) 0.72-3.61 (1.64) MIFAFF (2009) Goseung-Jaran Bay Geoje-Hansan Bay 2009 8.3-10.6 (9.3) 4.8-27.8 (16.8) 4.4-8.8 (7.2) ND-0.48 (0.08) 7.2-21.5 (14.5) 1.20-2.83 (2.03) MIFAFF (2009) 2008 17.2-55.8 (31.4) 5.7-12.9 (8.0) ND-0.78 (0.13) 12.9-27.6 (18.7) 1.70-3.70 (2.43) MIFAFF (2008) Jinhae Bay 2008 10.6-51.9 (29.3) 7.1-13.3 (9.7) 0.08-3.0 (0.66) 14.7-49.4 (27.7) 1.71-7.74 (3.69) MIFAFF (2008) Masan Bay 2009 7.5-32.5 (21.1) 6.8-9.1 (8.0) 0.15-1.17 (0.49) 15.7-18.4 (17.0) 2.11-3.44 (2.54) MIFAFF (2009) Yeoja Bay 2012 7.6-10.1 (8.8) 3.7-22.4 (10.4) 3.1-6.3 (5.0) ND-0.55 (0.13) 4.3-12.1 (8.4) 0.55-1.45 (1.09) Choi et al. (2013) Gangjin Bay 2012 7.5-9.1 (8.7) 11.5-23.2 (17.3) 4.9-7.9 (6.6) 0.02-0.66 (0.25) 9.0-16.3 (12.6) 1.35-2.20 (1.72) Choi et al. (2013)
560 최민규ㆍ이인석ㆍ김청숙ㆍ김형철ㆍ황동운,. 미량금속농도분포 Fe 1.74-2.46% ( 2.12%), Mn 274-712 mg/kg ( 447 mg/kg), Zn 45.8-102 mg/kg ( 60.0 mg/kg), Cr 31.6-57.4 mg/kg ( 44.8 mg/kg), Pb 18.6-30.7 mg/kg ( 23.2 mg/kg), Cu 3.54-7.88 mg/kg ( 5.74 mg/kg), As 3.43-5.58 mg/kg ( 4.64 mg/kg), Cd 0.013-0.091 mg/kg ( 0.032 mg/kg), Hg 0.002-0.006 mg/kg ( 0.004 mg/kg). Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg, - (Hwang et al., 2010), - (Hwang et al., 2013), (Hwang et al., 2014b)., (2000-2010) Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > As > Cd > Hg (NFRDI, 2013). Zn As 7, 7 10 (P>0.05, Fig. 3). Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Cd 7, 7 10 (P<0.05, Fig. 3). Cu 7, 7 10., Hg 7, 7 10 (P<0.05, Fig. 3). AVS Table 2. The average concentrations of trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn)in surface sediments from Korean Coastal Areas Mz (Ø) (%) Trace Metals (mg/kg) Fe Mn Zn Cr Pb Cu As Cd Hg Reference Gomso Bay 4.1 2.1 447 60 44 23 5.7 4.6 0.03 0.004 This study Taean coast 3.1 1.7 301 38 33 16 3.8 4.4 0.03 0.003 Hwang et al. (2014b) Yeonggwang-Muan coast 5.5 2.3 448 70 51 25 10 5.6 0.05 0.012 Hwang et al. (2010) Mokpo-Haenam coast 6.7 3.5 669 74 58 24 13 5.8 0.06 0.013 Hwang et al. (2013) Yeoja Bay 8.8 3.5 893 137 81 29 17 7.4 0.05 0.016 Choi et al. (2015) Gamak Bay - 717 114 78 28 28 9.8 0.1 0.02 Kim et al. (2012) Gangjin Bay 8.7 4.0 1019 157 82 33 27 10.5 0.12 0.031 Choi et al. (2015) Shihwa Lake 3.4 399 309 101 66 207 12.3 0.5 0.12 Kim et al. (2005) Ulsan Bay 7.2 3.3 499 189 62 35 81 16.1 0.3 0.11 Hwang et al. (2014a) Background value (continental shelf) 3.5 600 71 35 20 25 1.5 0.098 0.08 Taylor and McLennan (1995) Taylor (1964) Table 3. Pearson s correlation coefficients between mean grain size (Mz), mud (silt+clay), organic parameters (ignition loss [IL], chemical oxygen demand [COD], acid volatile sulfide [AVS], total organic carbon [TOC] and total nitrogen [TN]) and trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) in the sediment of Gomso Bay (n=46) Item As Cd Cr Cu Fe Hg Mn Pb Zn Mz -0.077 0.457 ** 0.536 ** 0.806 ** 0.303 * 0.884 ** 0.185 0.290 0.277 Silt+Clay -0.117 0.437 ** 0.573 ** 0.713 ** 0.259 0.728 ** 0.263 0.213 0.293 * COD 0.127 0.460 ** 0.508 ** 0.847 ** 0.412 ** 0.914 ** 0.144 0.475 ** 0.239 IL -0.059 0.196 0.224 0.622 ** 0.092 0.751 ** 0.038 0.032 0.128 AVS 0.080 0.478 ** 0.472 ** 0.779 ** 0.403 ** 0.763 ** -0.072 0.414 ** 0.236 TOC 0.045 0.390 ** 0.525 ** 0.722 ** 0.397 ** 0.845 ** 0.262 0.449 ** 0.197 TN 0.098 0.536 ** 0.559 ** 0.722 ** 0.470 ** 0.831 ** 0.291 * 0.534 ** 0.186 *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed), **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).
바지락양식장퇴적물의유기물및미량금속분포 561 Cu Hg. (resuspension) (reworking) (Hwang et al., 2014b).,,, (Horowitz, 1991; Cho et al., 2001; Hwang et al., 2010). (Pearson s correlation coefficients) (Table 3)., (Fe, Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg) (r=0.303-0.884, P<0.05), (TOC, IL, AVS) (r=0.390-0.914, P<0.05).,. (Table 2), (Hwang et al., 2014b), - (Hwang et al., 2010), - (Hwang et al., 2013), (Kim et al., 2012), (Choi et al., 2015) 1/2., (Kim et al., 2005) (Hwang et al., 2014a).,. 미량금속오염도평가 Fig. 4. class 0 Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg, Class 0 Class 1 Cr, Pb, class 1 class 2 As. As (class 1-2), (class 0-1). NOAA ERL 9 (Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, As, Cd, Hg, Ni, Ag), Percentage (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Fe (%) Mn Zn Cr Pb Cu As Cd Fig. 4. Percentage of samples in Müller s classes for trace metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) by using Geoaccumulation Index. (MOF, 2013) 8 (Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, As, Cd, Hg, Ni) ( TEL PEL)., ERL TEL,., TEL, Cu Zn Li, 2013 Li Cu Zn., Cu Zn 5 (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg)., ERL TEL., As.,.. 사사. 2015 Hg Calss 2 Calss 1 Calss 0
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