17 1 (2007 ) J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2007;17(1):1-42 Assessment of door Air Quality in Commercial Office Buildings Jee Yeon Jeong 1 Byung Kyoo Lee 1 Young Gyu Phee 1 Department of Occupational Environment and Health, Yongin University 2 Occupational Safety and Health Research stitute, KOSHA Ministry of Labour Recently, concerns regarding indoor air quality in offices have continued to increase. Thirty offices in five metropolitan commercial buildings were surveyed from February to April 2004. Sampling was performed during normal business hours. Thermal comfort factors such as temperature and relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde (HCHO), respirable dust, PM were sampled and analyzed to determine the mean, standard deviation, range, and correlation for each of those parameters. The data was then compared to office as standard of Ministry of Labor, and guideline applicable to the indoor environment. The results represented that the temperature was slightly higher than the standard of American Society of Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), the relative humidity was lower that the standard of ASHRAE. The range of the 8-TWA concentration of CO2 was 69 ~ 786 ppm, but.% of the total thirty offices exceeded the 00 ppm as ceiling concentration. The concentration of CO was less than ppm, which was similar to that of offices in Japanese. The mean concentration of formaldehyde was 0.02 ppm, and only 2 % of total samples (19) exceeded the 0.1 ppm, standard of formaldehyde in office air. The concentration of respirable dust and PM was not exceeded the standard of those parameters, 150 /. The concentration of those parameters in the office air was statistically correlated. Office, door air quality, Comfort parameter, Carbon dioxide 2006 11 1 2007 1 28 TEL: 01-0-208, E-mail: jyjung@yongin.ac.kr )
2 Woods1989 600 20% sick building syndrome building related illness OSHA, 1994 multiple chemical sensitivity Terr, 1996 2006 2004 17 200 2004 2,000 2004 2001 Energy formation Administration 79,000 15.9% 2 9 EIA, 1999 880,569 95,700 976,276 2006 24 1 TSI, Model 8672, USA TSI, Model 8762, USA 4 6 0 1 99.999% Zero 0 ppm 0 Span 29.8 ppm 1470 ppm 2 7mm PVC pore size 5 SKC Cat. No. 225 01 2, USA L 6 7mm PVC pore size 5 PM SKC Cat. No. 761 200, USA 2.0 L 6 readability Metller UMT2, USA 2004 2,4 DNPH 2,4 Dinitrophenylhydrazine SKC Cat. No. 119, USA 0.5 L 6 Jeong and Paik, 2005
Table 1 1 08 0 06 0 1 24.2 0.8% 4.6% 2.9 2.0 ASHRAE American Society of Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers 21 2 0.8% 4.6% ASHRAE 20 0% ASHRAE, 1992 Figure 1 B a b ASHRAE 21 a 1 14.% 7.8 22.6% ASHRAE 20% b 1 19.7% 17.6 2.9% Unit Temperature( ) Relative humidity( ) CO2 CO Respirable dust( ) PM( ) Formaldehyde(ppm) Guideline 21 2(winter) 2 26(summer) 20 0(winter) 50 60(summer) 1,000 150 150 0.1 Recommend stitute ASHRAE 1) ASHRAE, MOL 2) MOL MOL MOE ) MOL Building N 1) door Temp( ) A B C D. Total 20 6 RH 2) ( ) Temp( ) RH( ) AM ) SD 4) AM SD AM SD AM SD 25.7 2.9 25.7 2 24.2 0.7 2.0 0.6 0.7 21.7 20.7 47..6 0.8 7.9 4..7 4.6 16.2 7. 2 20.4 16.4 4.9 4.8 4.0 4.1 4.5 26. 26.6 47.7 5.5 4.0 15.2 2.4 4.5.6 8.2 Survey date.29.1 2.18.15 4.20 4.22 4.27 4.29 2.18 4.29
4 a 9 18 00 % ba 50% 2004 50% ASHRAE 20 0% 50% Temperature( ) and realtive humidity(%) 60 50 40 0 20 Air temperature in the office a Air temperature in the office b Relative humidity in the office a Relative humidity in the office b temperature a temperature b 0 08:00 :00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 Time Building Time N 1) L 2) 08:0 09:0 :0 11:0 12:0 1:0 14:0 15:0 16:0 17:0 18:0 Mean A B C D 20 624 416 619 498 502 4 547 9 616 415 805 481 559 97 557 405 608 46 868 47 617 84 592 401 60 420 887 460 67 75 578 98 646 407 757 445 658 69 508 92 711 426 764 440 75 68 697 84 771 447 795 48 812 66 758 79 664 41 85 44 860 62 666 59 556 4 844 445 915 62 71 77 586 402 756 454 869 6 802 96 617 416 718 445 827 58 629 85 69 420 786 456 726 74 648 88
5 0% NIOSH 0% NIOSH and EPA, 1991 A B ASHRAE 2 Table 4 69 786ppm 1 600 800 ppm 74 456ppm 00 400ppm 1,000ppm ASHRAE ASHRAE, 2001 ASHRAE 1,000 ppm Ceiling 8 1,000ppm 1 A 1 B 20 D 1 1,000ppm C 1,000ppm Figure 2 Figure 1 Concentartion, ppm 1700 1600 1500 1400 0 1200 10 00 900 800 700 600 500 400 00 200 0 0 A Building B Building C Building D Building Occupational exposure standard 0 2 4 6 8 12 14 16 18 20 Number of sample
6 400 ppm 11 17 ASHRAE, 200 1 A 2. ppm ppm B 2.1 ppm 2. ppm C.8 ppm.0 ppm D 2. ppm 2. ppm ppm CO2 concentration, ppm 1200 10 00 900 800 700 600 500 400 00 door CO2 concentration in buiding A door CO2 concentration in buiding B door CO2 concentration in buiding C door CO2 concentration in buiding D CO2 concentration at buiding A CO2 concentration at buiding B CO2 concentration at buiding C CO2 concentration at buiding D OSHA guide line-insufficient ventilation 200 08:00 :00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 Time Building Time N 1) L 2) 08:0 09:0 :0 11:0 12:0 1:0 14:0 15:0 16:0 17:0 18:0 Mean A B C D 20.2 4.1.1 4.1.9 2.9.1 2.7 4.0. 2.4 2.4 4.0 2.4 2.1 2..5 2.7 2.6 2. 2. 2.1.1 2.7 2.4 2. 1.7 2.1.2. 1.7 2..2 2.0 1.5 2.2.4 2.9 1.4 2.0.5 2.9.4 1. 2. 2.2 4.7.8 2.6 1.2 2.4 4.6. 6.2 2.9 2. 2.1 2..8.0 2. 2.
7 2006 5 ppm Alberta, 200 5 ppm 1997 2004 1.2 ppm 0..0 ppm 16 2.6 ppm 0.2. ppm Springston et al, 2002 4 Figure 4 8 A 20. / 1. B 42.4 / C Cumulative distribution, % 99.99 99.9 99 90 70 50 0 Respirable dust PM 1 0.1 1 0 Concentration, Building A B C D Total Location door door door door door Respirable( ) PM( ) N 1) GM 2) GSD ) N GM 89 18 24 9 11 14 20. 59.5 42.4 50. 4.9 29.2 4.5 7.0 47.6 1. 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.7 5 2 41 18 15 5 5 2 66 27 9.9 185. 62. 95.9 62.6 0.7 46.1 47.7 58.9 96.5 GSD 1.1 1.7 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.1
8 / 1.7 D 29.2 / 1.4 150 / A 9.9 / 1.1 B 62. / 1.7C 1.5 D 46.1 / 150 / 77.7% 6% 180 160 140 Occupational exposure standard Respirable PM Concentration, 120 0 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 0 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 1 120 140 Number of sample Geometric mean concentration, 200 150 0 50 door Respirable PM 0 A B C D Total A B C D Total Building
9 Figure 5 14 8 66 8 150 / 1 150 / 0 / 14 7 5.4% 6611 16.4% Figure 6 A 50.8% B 68.1%C 5% D 6.% 4 6% 5 Godish, 2001 ACGIH NIOSH 2002; ACGIH, 2006; NIOSH, 2005 4 6 151 5% Shapiro & Wilk p 0.05 0.02 ppm 42 0.007 ppm 4.6 0.1 ppm Figure 7 19 151 42 151 0.1 ppm 2% A 0.02 ppmb 0.027 ppm C 0.075 ppm D 0.029 ppm A, C, D C Alberta, 200 C 25% C
40 Table 7 55 Pearson 0.754 p 0.01 0.454 0.401 p 0.01 Table 8 Building A B C D Total Location door door door door door Concentration(ppm) N 1) GM 2) GSD ) 14 96 27 29 9 122 151 42 0.02 0.004 0.027 0.009 0.075 0.006 0.029 0.004 0.02 0.007 4 1.2 1.77 1.51 1.7 1.5 1.15 1.12 1 CO2 CO Respirable dust PM Formaldehyde CO2 CO Respirable dust PM Formaldehyde 0.2 0.454 0.98 0.401 ** 0.096 0.20 0.7 0.754 ** 0.7 0.209 CO2 door CO Respirable PM Formaldehyde CO2 CO Respirable PM Formaldehyde 0.150 0.25 0.12 0.154 0.12 0.2 0.04 * 0.201 0.196 0.098 0.174 0.205 0.482 * 0.520 ** 0.0 * 0.167 0.212 0.440 * 0.52 ** 0.069 0.401 0.12 0.464 * 0.655 * 0.1
41 24 1 ASHRAE 21 2 ASHRAE 20 0% 2 1 8 69 786 ppm 1,000 ppm 6.% 12 1,000 ppm ppm 4 150 / 0 / 14 5.4% 7 77.7% 6% 5 19 0.02 ppm 2% 0.1 ppm 6 0.754 REFERENCES 2004 2002. Available from http//www.moct.go.kr, 2006. 2004. 2002 8 2002 2006 2004. p15-86, 2004. 200. 2001. KOSHA Code A 1 2004. 2004.
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