가스흡수이론과실제 (Gas absorption theory & its actual application) 황유성著
머리말 1994년 가스흡수와충전탑 이라는이름으로책을쓴지도벌써 18년이나흘렀습니다. 그동안몇번이고책에대해개정을하고자마음은먹었지만, 현실이바쁘다는핑계로차일피일미루다, 드디어새롭게개정된내용으로다시한번책을쓰게됐습니다. 기존의 가스흡수와충전탑 은거의가스흡수탑에대한기본적인내용으로만구성되었습니다. 하지만필자가실제실무에서많은경험을하게되면서, 순수한가스흡수이론만으로는실제에서발생되는문제점들을해결하는데에있어역부족을느끼고주변의또다른기술이많이보강되지않으면온전한기술이될수없다고생각되었습니다. 그래서이번에는가스흡수탑에만국한하지않고, 실제가스흡수탑설계에있어현실적으로부딪히는문제에대해서도논해보고자노력하였습니다. 이러한노력의일환으로습식장치에있어거의필연적인 단열증습공정 에대한내용과기존에경험하기힘들었던 고농도특수가스 에대한처리방법그리고미세입자를고효율로처리하여가스흡수탑의처리효율을제고해줄수있는 전기집진장치 에대한내용을보완하였다. 또한부록에계산에도움이될만한몇개의자료를수록하여독자들의편의를도모하였습니다. 본書는분명가스흡수관련분야에종사하거나아니면종사하고자공부하시는전문엔지니어를위한책입니다. 다소어려운내용이있더라도포기하지마시고읽고또읽고, 생각하고또생각하여깨달음의기쁨을얻을수있었으면합니다. 필자의작은바램은본書가우리나라의 대기오염방지산업발전 에있어조금이나마보탬이되고, 또본분야를공부하고자하는분들께작은지침이라도되었으면하는것입니다. 2013. 7. 황유성 ( 黃裕成 ) 씀 - 2 -
참고문헌 1. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook 6'th Edition Robert H. Perry, Don Green, Mc Graw Hill, 1984 2. Gas Absorption Manual -for the design of packed columns- Yoichi Shimoi, Nittetu Chemical Engineering LTD. 1991 3. Mass Transfer, J.A. Wesselingh & R. Krishna, Ellis Horwood Limited., 1990 4. 化學工學便覽 5. 廢가스의吸收處理, 김병우譯, 弘文館, 1994 6. Entrainment Separation, Otto H. York 7. The properties of Gases & Liquid 4'th Edition, Robert C Reid, John M. Prousnitz, Bruce E. Poling, Mc Graw Hill, 1987 8. The role of Diffusion in catalysis, Satterfield/Sherwood. 1963 9. 반응공학, 설수덕編譯, 대영사, 1993 10. 單位操作, 이화영, 전해수, 조영일共譯, 喜重堂, 1992 11. Applied Process Design for Chemical & Petrochemical Plants -PACKED TOWER-12. Mass Transfer Operation Third Edition, Robert E. Treybal, Mc Graw Hill, 1980 13. Boundary Layer Theory Seventh Edition, Hermann Schlichting, Mc Graw Hill, 1979 14. Electrostatic Precipitation, J.H. Davidson, ME 5115, Fall 2000 15. Power plus Presentation, NWL Pacific, 2006 16. Electrostatics Lecture Notes Rev.1, J. Volckens, 2001-3 -
차 례 제1장충전탑개론 6 1-1. 가스흡수장치 6 1-2. 충전탑 (Packing Tower) 6 1-3. 충전탑설계의기본과정 9 제2장가스흡수에관한기본이론 24 2-1. 가스흡수의기본개념 24 2-2. 확산현상과이중경막설 25 2-3. 용해도 29 제3장충전층에서의가스흡수 34 3-1. H OG 와 N OG 34 3-2. 기상지배와액상지배 45 3-3. 확산계수의실험식 47 제4장화학적반응흡수 57 4-1. 서론 57 4-2. 기-액반응의영역 57 4-3. 기-액반응의총괄속도식 60 4-4. 충전탑에서의반응흡수 66 4-5. 순간반응의경우에있어서의충전탑설계 68 제5장충전물과충전층에서의유동특성 70 5-1. 충전물 70 5-2. Loading & Flooding 72 5-3. 충전물인자와 flooding-δp 상관선도 74 5-4. 충전층에서의압력손실 77 5-5. 운전액기비의결정및충전층의습윤 79 5-6. 충전층에서의 Liquid Holdup 81 제6장액적분리장치 85 6-1. 개요 85 6-2. 와이머메쉬패드미스트세퍼레이터 86 6-3. Zigzag Baffle Plate(Chevron) Mist Separator 95 제7장기타탑내장치 99 7-1. 액분배장치 99 7-2. 액재분배장치 105 7-3. 충전물지지대 105-4 -
제8장충전탑의강도설계 107 8-1. 충전탑의재질 107 8-2. 충전탑에작용하는하중 108 8-3. 압궤와처짐 117 제9장단열증습냉각공정 (Adiabatic cooling process) 122 9-1. 단열증습에의한냉각공정이란? 122 9-2. 습도도표의이용 122 9-3. 단열포화온도 126 9-4. 기-액접촉장치에서의단열증습에관한식 128 9-5. 단열증습식의실제계산을위한각요소 (Factor) 의계산 131 9-6. 물방울의운동 133 9-7. 스프레이의의한가스냉각탑의실제계산 137 제10장충전탑설계예 142 10-1. 물리적흡수 143 10-2. 화학적흡수 156 제11장특수가스의처리 161 11-1. 특수가스의종류및처리방법 161 11-2. 반응열에대한고려 162 11-3. 고농도특수가스흡수시스템 165 제12장에어로졸문제와효율부족현상 168 12-1. 개요 168 12-2. 효율부족현상 169 12-3. 에어로졸의특징과문제점 173 제13장습식전기집진장치 176 13-1. 개요 176 13-2. 코로나생성기전 177 13-3. 부분집진효율 182 13-4. 전기적입자이동속도 184 13-5. 입자의하전 185 13-6. 입자의포화하전량 188 13-7. 고전압파워시스템 193 부록 (Appendix) 196-5 -
부록 (Appendix) - 196 -
차 례 Page A1. 단위환산표 (Unit Conversions) 198 A2. 대기압하에서의공기의물성치 199 A3. 물 ( 포화수 ) 의물성치 201 A4. 습공기의특성 202 A5. 무기물질의물에대한용해도 204 A6. 대표적무기물질의용액의밀도 206 A7. 확산계수의실험값 211 A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 218 A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 229-197 -
부록 A1. 단위환산표 (Unit Conversions) Quantity Equivalent Values 1 kg = 1000 g = 0.001 metric ton = 2.20462 lb m = 35.27392 oz Mass 1 lb m = 16 oz = 5 10-4 ton = 453.598 g = 0.453593 kg Length 1 m = 100 cm = 1,000 mm = 10 6 μm = 10 10 A = 39.37 in. = 3.2808 ft = 1.0936 yd = 0.0006214 mile 1 ft = 12 in. = 1/3 yd = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm Volume 1 m 3 = 1000 l = 10 6 cc(ml, cm 3 ) = 35.3145 ft 3 = 220.83 imperial gallons = 264.17 gal = 1056.68 qt 1 ft 3 = 1728 in 3 = 7.4805 gal = 0.028317 m 3 = 28.317 l = 28317 cm 3 1 N = 1 kg m/s 2 = 10 5 dynes = 10 5 g cm/s 2 = 0.22481 lb f = 0.10197 kgf Froce 1 lb f = 32.174 lb m ft/s 2 = 4.4482 N = 4.4482 10 5 dynes Pressure 1 atm = 1.01325 10 5 N/m 2 (Pa) = 101.325 kpa = 1.1023 bars = 1.01325 10 6 dynes/cm 2 = 760 mmhg at 0 (torr) = 10.333 maq at 4 = 14.696 lb f /in 2 (psi) = 33.9 ftaq at 4 = 29.921 inhg at 0 Energy 1 J = 1 N m = 10 7 erg = 10 7 dyne cm = 2.778 10-7 kwh = 0.23901 cal = 0.7376 ft-lb f = 9.486 10-4 Btu Power 1 W = 1 J/s = 0.23901 cal/s = 0.7376 ft lb f /s = 9.486 10-4 Btu/s = 1.341 10-3 hp - 198 -
A2. 대기압하에서공기의물성치 A2. 대기압하에서공기의물성치 온도 K 밀도 (ρ) kg/m 3 정압비열 (cp) kj/kg 점성계수 (μ) kg/m s 10 5 동점성계수 (ν) m 2 열전도도 (k) /s 10 6 W/m Pr No. -173.15 100 3.6010 1.0266 0.6924 1.923 0.009246 0.770-123.15 150 2.3675 1.0099 1.0283 4.343 0.013735 0.753-73.15 200 1.7684 1.0061 1.3289 7.490 0.01809 0.739-23.15 250 1.4128 1.0053 1.5990 11.31 0.02227 0.722 0 273.15 1.293 1.0054 1.7866 13.82 26.85 300 1.1774 1.0057 1.8462 15.69 0.02624 0.708 76.85 350 0.9980 1.0090 2.075 20.76 0.03003 0.697 126.85 400 0.8826 1.0140 2.286 25.90 0.03365 0.689 176.85 450 0.7833 1.0207 2.484 31.71 0.03707 0.683 226.85 500 0.7048 1.0295 2.671 37.09 0.04038 0.680 276.85 550 0.6423 1.0392 2.848 44.34 0.04360 0.680 326.85 600 0.5879 1.0551 3.018 51.34 0.04659 0.680 376.85 650 0.5430 1.0635 3.177 58.51 0.04953 0.682 426.85 700 0.5030 1.0752 3.332 66.25 0.05230 0.684 476.85 750 0.4709 1.0856 3.481 73.91 0.05509 0.686 526.85 800 0.4405 1.0978 3.625 82.29 0.05779 0.689 576.85 850 0.4149 1.1095 3.765 90.75 0.06028 0.692 626.85 900 0.3925 1.1212 3.899 99.3 0.06279 0.696 676.85 950 0.3724 1.1321 4.023 108.2 0.06525 0.699 726.85 1000 0.3524 1.1417 4.152 117.8 0.06752 0.702 826.85 1100 0.3204 1.160 4.44 138.6 0.0732 0.704 926.85 1200 0.2947 1.179 4.69 159.1 0.0782 0.707 1026.85 1300 0.2707 1.197 4.93 182.1 0.0837 0.705 1126.85 1400 0.2515 1.214 5.17 205.5 0.0891 0.705 1226.85 1500 0.2355 1.230 5.40 229.1 0.0946 0.705 1326.85 1600 0.2211 1.248 5.63 254.5 0.100 0.705 1426.85 1700 0.2082 1.267 5.85 280.5 0.105 0.705 1526.85 1800 0.1970 1.287 6.07 308.1 0.111 0.704 1626.85 1900 0.1858 1.309 6.29 338.5 0.117 0.704 1726.85 2000 0.1762 1.338 6.50 369.0 0.124 0.702 1826.85 2100 0.1682 1.372 6.72 399.6 0.131 0.700 1926.85 2200 0.1602 1.419 6.93 432.6 0.139 0.707 2026.85 2300 0.1538 1.482 7.14 464.0 0.149 0.710 2126.85 2500 0.1458 1.574 7.35 504.5 0.161 0.718 2226.85 2500 0.1394 1.688 7.57 543.5 0.175 0.730 Natl. Rur. Stand. (U.S.) Circ. 564. 1955에서인용 - 199 -
부록 건공기의물리적성질에대한간이식 1) 공기의밀도 (ρ) - 대기압하에서 ρ T (kg/m 3 ) T : 계의온도 ( ) 2) 점성계수 (μ) μ T T (kg/m s) T : 계의온도 ( ) 3) 동점성계수 ν = μ / ρ (m 2 /s) 4) 정압비열 (c p ) c p T T T (cal/mol ) T : 계의온도 ( ) - 200 -
A3. 물 ( 포화수 ) 의물성치 A3. 물 ( 포화수 ) 의물성치 온도 (T) 밀도 (ρ) 정압비열 (c p) kg/m 3 kj/kg 점성계수 (μ) kg/m s 열전도도 (k) W/m Pr No. 표면장력 (σ) N/m 10 2 0 999.8 4.225 1.79 10-3 0.566 13.25 7.62 4.44 999.8 4.208 1.55 0.575 11.35 5 1000.0 1.549 7.54 10 999.7 4.195 1.31 0.585 9.40 7.48 15 999.1 1.16 7.41 15.56 999.1 4.186 1.12 0.595 7.88 20 998.2 1.024 7.36 21.11 997.4 4.179 9.8 10-4 0.604 6.78 25 997.1 9.12 7.26 26.67 995.8 4.179 8.6 0.614 5.85 30 995.7 8.17 7.18 32.22 994.9 4.174 7.65 0.623 5.12 35 994.1 7.37 7.10 37.78 993.0 4.174 6.82 0.630 4.53 40 992.2 6.69 7.01 43.33 990.6 4.174 6.16 0.637 4.04 45 990.2 6.11 6.92 48.89 988.8 4.174 5.62 0.644 3.64 50 988.1 5.60 6.82 54.44 985.7 4.179 5.13 0.649 3.30 55 985.7 5.16 6.74 60 983.2 4.179 4.78 0.654 3.01 6.68 65 980.6 4.45 6.58 65.55 980.3 4.183 4.3 0.659 2.73 70 977.8 4.14 6.50 71.11 977.3 4.186 4.01 0.665 2.53 75 974.9 3.87 6.40 76.67 973.7 4.191 3.72 0.668 2.33 80 971.8 3.64 6.30 82.22 970.2 4.195 3.47 0.673 2.16 85 968.6 3.43 6.20 87.78 966.7 4.199 3.27 0.675 2.03 90 965.3 3.23 6.12 93.33 963.2 4.204 3.06 0.678 1.90 95 961.9 3.05 6.02 100 958.4 2.90 5.94 104.4 955.1 4.216 2.67 0.684 1.66 A. I. Brouwn and S. M. Marco, "Introduction to Heat Transfer" 3d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1958과趙鏞喆, 蔡載宇, 金光龍編著, 流體力學 淸文閣, 1985에서발췌 1) 얼음의융해잠열 = 80 kcal/kg 2) 물의증발잠열 (λ) λ (kcal/kg) T ( ) - 201 -
부록 A4. 습공기의특성 포화습공기표 ( 대기압 760 mmhg, 0 이하는얼음과닿는포화공기 ) 온도 (T) 수증기압 (Ps) mmhg 절대습도 (xs) kg/kg 엔탈피 (is) kcal/kg 습비용 (Vs) m 3 /kg 온도 (T) 수증기압 (Ps) mmhg 절대습도 (xs) kg/kg 엔탈피 (is) kcal/kg 습비용 (Vs) m 3 /kg -20-19 -18-17 -16 0.7739 0.8515 0.9362 1.029 1.129 0.634 10-3 0.6976 0.7671 0.8429 0.9255-4.427-4.149-3.868-3.583-3.294 0.7179 0.7208 0.7237 0.7266 0.7296 41 42 43 44 45 58.36 61.52 64.82 68.29 71.90 0.05173 0.05478 0.05800 0.06140 0.06499 41.67 43.81 46.06 48.43 50.91 0.9640 0.9714 0.9792 0.9872 0.9955-15 -14-13 -12-11 1.239 1.358 1.488 1.290 1.782 1.016 1.113 1.220 1.336 1.462-3.000-2.702-2.398-2.089-1.774 0.7325 0.7355 0.7384 0.7414 0.7444 46 47 48 49 50 75.68 79.62 83.75 88.06 92.56 0.06878 0.07279 0.07703 0.08151 0.08625 53.52 56.27 59.16 62.21 65.42 1.004 1.013 1.022 1.032 1.042-10 -9-8 -7-6 1.948 2.128 2.323 2.535 2.764 1.598 1.746 1.907 2.081 2.270-1.452-1.124-0.7875-0.4432-0.09015 0.7474 0.7504 0.7535 0.7565 0.7596 51 52 53 54 55 97.25 102.I4 107.24 112.6 1181 0.09126 0.09657 0.1022 0.1081 0.1144 68.81 72.37 76.14 80.12 84.33 1.053 1.064 1.076 1.088 1.101-5 -4-3 -2-1 3.011 3.279 3.568 3.880 4.217 2.474 2.695 2.934 3.192 3.471 0.2724 0.6450 1.029 1.424 1.832 0.7627 0.7658 0.7689 0.7721 0.7753 56 57 58 59 60 123.9 129.9 136.2 142.7 149.5 0.1211 0.1282 0.1358 0.1438 0.1523 88.78 93.49 98.48 103.76 109.37 1.114 1.128 1.143 1.158 1.175 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 4.581 4.925 5.292 5.682 6.098 6.540 7.010 7.511 8.042 8.606 9.205 9.840 10.514 11.23 11.98 12.78 13.61 14.53 15.47 16.47 17.53 18.55 19.82 21.07 22.38 23.75 25.21 26.74 28.35 30.04 31.83 33.70 35.67 37.73 39.90 42.18 44.57 47.08 49.70 52.45 55.34 3.772 4.057 4.361 4.685 5.031 5.399 5.791 6.208 6.652 7.124 7.625 8.159 8.725 9.326 9.964 0.01064 001136 0.01212 001293 0.01378 0.01469 0.01564 0.01666 0.01773 0.01887 0.02007 0.02134 0.02268 0.02410 0.02560 0.02718 0.02885 0.03063 0.03249 0.03447 0.03655 0.03875 0.04109 0.04352 0.04611 0.04884 2.253 2.665 3.089 3.525 3.974 4.437 4.914 5.407 5.917 6.443 6.988 7.553 8.138 8.744 9.373 10.03 10.70 11.41 12.14 12.91 13.70 14.53 15.39 16.29 17.23 18.21 19.23 20.30 21.41 22.58 23.80 25.07 26.41 27.80 29.26 30.80 32.40 34.08 35.84 37.70 39.64 0.7786 0.7817 0.7850 0.7882 0.7915 0.7948 0.7982 0.8016 0.8050 0.8085 0.8120 0.8155 0.8192 0.8228 0.8265 0.8303 0.8341 0.8380 0.8420 0.8460 0.8501 0.8543 0.8585 0.8629 0.8673 0.8719 0.8766 0.8813 0.8862 0.8912 0.8963 0.9016 0.9070 0.9126 0.9183 0.9242 0.9304 0.9367 0.9431 0.9499 0.9568 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 156.5 163.8 171.5 179.5 187.6 196.2 205.1 214.3 223.9 233.8 244.1 254.8 265.8 277.3 289.2 301.5 314.3 327.5 341.1 355.3 369.9 385.1 400.7 416.9 433.6 450.9 468.8 487.2 506.2 525.9 546.2 567.1 588.7 611.0 634.0 657.7 682.1 707.3 733.3 760.0 0.1613 0.1709 0.1812 0.1922 0.2039 0.2164 0.2293 0.2442 0.2597 0.2763 0.2943 0.3136 0.3346 0.3573 0.3820 0.4090 0.4385 0.4709 0.5066 0.5460 0.5898 0.6387 0.6936 0.7557 0.8263 0.9072 1.001 1.111 1.241 1.397 1.589 1.829 2.138 2.551 3.130 3.999 5.449 8.352 17.06-115.3 121.7 128.4 135.6 143.2 151.4 160.2 169.5 179.6 190.4 202.0 214.6 228.1 242.8 258.8 276.3 295.3 316.2 339.2 364.6 392.8 424.3 459.6 499.5 544.9 597.0 657.2 727.7 811.2 911.6 1,035 1,189 1,387 1,652 2,023 2,581 3,511 5,373 10,960-1.192 1.210 1.230 1.250 1.272 1.295 1.320 1.346 1.374 1.404 1.436 1.471 1.508 1.548 1.592 1.640 1.691 1.748 1.810 1.879 1.955 2.040 2.134 2.241 2.362 2.502 2.662 2.850 3.073 3.340 3.667 4.076 4.603 5.306 6.291 7.770 10.24 15.17 29.98 - - 202 -
A4. 습공기의특성 습도 ( 濕度 ) (1) 절대습도 (χ) χ = 0.622 P p p (kg-h 2O / kg-dry air) 포화습도 : 포화증기압에서의절대습도 χ s = 0.622 P p s ps (kg/kg) 여기서 x = 절대습도, p = 수증기의증기압 (mmhg), P = 계의전압 ( 760 mmhg ) x p x mmhg (2) 비교습도 ( 포화도, ψ) ψ = 100 (%) (3) 상대습도 ( 관계습도, r) r = 100 (%) 습한공기의성질 (1) 물의포화증기압에대한근사식 (Antoin's Eq.) p s T 여기서 T ; 온도 ( ) (mmhg) (2) 습공기의엔탈피 i = 0.24T + ( 597 + 0.45T )χ (3) 습한비열 c p = 0.24 + 0.45χ (4) 습공기의비중량 (γ) γ 여기서 P = 대기압 ( 10332 kg/m 2 ), R m = 습공기의기체상수, T = 절대온도 ( K ) p p R m p = 수증기분압 ( mmhg ) (5) 건습구온도계 w w T Tw χ = 공기의습도 ( kg/kg ), χ w = 습구온도에서의포화습도 ( kg/kg ) λ w = 습구온도에서의증발잠열 ( kcal/kg ), T = 건구온도 ( ), T w = 습구온도 ( ) - 203 -
부록 A5. 무기물질의물에대한용해도 "Perry's Chemical Eng. Hand Book", 6'th Ed., p3-97~3-100 no Substance Formular Solid phase 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 Ammonium chloride NH 4Cl 29.4 33.3 37.2 41.4 45.8 50.4 55.2 60.2 65.6 71.3 77.3 2 Calcium chloride CaCl 2 6H 2O 59.5 65.0 74.5 102 3 chloride CaCl 2 2H 2O 136.8 141.7 147.0 152.7 159 4 fluoride CaF 2 0.0016 18 0.0017 26 5 hydroxide Ca(OH) 2 0.185 0.176 0.165 0.153 0.141 0.128 0.116 0.106 0.094 0.085 0.077 6 sulfate CaSO 4 2H 2O 0.1759 0.1928 0.2090 0.2097 0.2047 0.1966 0.1619 7 Chromic anhydride CrO 3 164.9 174.0 182.1 217.5 206.8 8 Cupric chloride CuCl 2 2H 2O 70.7 73.7 77.0 80.34 83.8 87.44 91.2 99.2 107.9 9 sulfate CuSO 4 5H 2O 14.3 17.4 20.7 25 28.5 33.3 40 55 75.4 10 Cuprous chloride CuCl 1.52 25 11 Ferric chloride FeCl 3 74.4 81.9 91.8 315.1 525.8 535.7 12 Ferrous chloride FeCl 2 4H 2O 64.5 73.0 77.4 82.5 88.7 100 13 chloride FeCl 2 105.3 105.8 14 sulfate FeSO 4 7H 2O 15.65 20.51 26.5 32.9 40.2 48.6 15 sulfate FeSO 4 1H 2O 50.9 43.6 37.3 16 Potassium chloride KCl 27.6 31.0 34.0 37.0 40.0 42.6 45.5 48.3 51.1 54.0 56.7 17 hydroxide KOH 2H 2O 97 103 112 126 18 hydroxide KOH 1H 2O 140 178 19 nitrate KNO 3 13.3 20.9 31.6 45.8 63.9 85.5 110.0 138 169 202 246 20 nitrite KNO 2 278.8 298.4 334.9 412.8 21 permanganate KMnO 4 2.83 4.4 6.4 9.0 12.56 16.89 22.2 22 sulfate K 2SO 4 7.35 9.22 11.11 12.97 14.76 16.50 18.17 19.75 21.4 22.8 24.1 23 Sodium acetate NaC 2H 3O 2 3H 2O 36.3 40.8 46.5 54.5 65.5 83 139 24 acetate NaC 2H 3O 2 119 121 123.5 126 129.5 134 139.5 146 153 161 170 25 bicarbonate NaHCO 3 6.9 8.15 9.6 11.1 12.7 14.45 16.4 26 carbonate Na 2CO 3 50.5 48.5 46.4 45.8 45.5 27 chlorate NaClO 3 79 89 101 113 126 140 155 172 189 230 28 chloride NaCl 35.7 35.8 36.0 36.3 36.6 37.0 37.3 37.8 38.4 39.0 39.8 29 chromate Na 2CrO 4 10H 2O 31.70 50.17 88.7 30 chromate Na 2CrO 4 4H 2O 88.7 95.96 104 114.6 31 chromate Na 2CrO 4 4H 2O 123.0 124.8 125.9 32 dichromate Na 2Cr 2O 7 2H 2O 163.0 177.8 244.8 316.7 376.2 33 dichromate Na 2Cr 2O 7 426.3 34 fluoride NaF 4 5-204 -
A5. 무기물질의물에대한용해도 no Substance Formular Solid phase 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 35 hydrogen arsenate Na 2AsO 4 12H 2O 7.3 15.5 26.5 37 47 65 85 36 hydrogen phosphate NaH 2PO 4 2H 2O 57.9 69.9 85.2 106.5 138.2 37 hydrogen phosphate NaH 2PO 4 1H 2O 158.6 38 hydrogen phosphate NaH 2PO 4 179.3 190.3 207.3 225.3 246.6 39 hydrogen phosphate Na 2HPO 4 12H 2O 1.67 3.6 7.7 20.8 40 hydrogen phosphate Na 2HPO 4 7H 2O 51.8 41 hydrogen phosphate Na 2HPO 4 2H 2O 80.2 82.9 88.1 92.4 102.9 42 hydrogen phosphate Na 2HPO 4 102.2 43 hydroxide NaOH 4H 2O 42 44 hydroxide NaOH 3½H 2O 51.5 45 hydroxide NaOH 1H 2O 109 119 129 145 174 46 hydroxide NaOH 313 347 47 nitrate NaNO 3 73 80 88 96 104 114 124 148 180 48 nitrite NaNO 2 72.1 78.0 84.5 91.6 98.4 104.1 132.6 163.2 49 oxalate Na 2C 2O 4 3.7 6.33 50 phosphate tri- Na 3PO 4 12H 2O 1.5 4.1 11 20 31 43 55 81 108 51 pyrophosphate Na 4P 2O 7 10H 2O 3.16 3.95 6.23 9.95 13.50 17.45 21.83 30.04 40.26 52 sulfate Na 2SO 4 10H 2O 5.0 9.0 19.4 40.8 53 sulfate Na 2SO 4 7H 2O 19.5 30 44 54 sulfate Na 2SO 4 48.8 46.7 45.3 43.7 42.5 55 sulfide Na 2S 9H 2O 15.42 18.8 22.5 28.5 56 sulfide Na 2S 5½H 2O 39.82 42.69 45.73 51.40 59.23 57 sulfide Na 2S 6H 2O 36.4 39.1 43.31 49.14 57.28 58 sulfite Na 2SO 3 7H 2O 13.9 20 26.9 36 59 sulfite Na 2SO 3 28 28.2 28.8 28.3 60 tetraborate Na 2B 4O 7 10H 2O 1.3 1.6 1.7 3.9 10.5 20.3 61 tetraborate Na 2B 4O 7 5H 2O 24.4 31.5 41 52.5 62 vanadate(meta) NaVO 3 2H 2O 15.3 25 30.2 68.4 63 Zinc chlorate ZnClO 3 6H 2O 145.0 152.5 64 chlorate ZnClO 3 4H 2O 200.3 209.2 223.2 273.1 65 nitrate Zn(NO 3) 2 6H 2O 94.78 118.3 66 nitrate Zn(NO 3) 2 3H 2O 206.9 67 sulfate ZnSO 4 7H 2O 41.9 47 54.4 68 sulfate ZnSO 4 6H 2O 70.1 76.8 69 sulfate ZnSO 4 1H 2O 86.6 83.7 80.8-205 -
부록 A6. 대표적무기물질용액의밀도 Perry's Chemical Eng. Hand Book 중에서 Copper Sulfate (CuSO 4) % 0 20 40 1 1.0104 1.0086 1.0024 4 1.0429 1.0401 1.0332 8 1.0887 1.084 1.0764 12 1.1379 1.1308 1.1222 16 1.180 18 1.206 Coprous Chloride (Cu 2Cl 2) % 0 20 40 1 1.0095 1.0072 1.002 4 1.0387 1.036 1.0305 8 1.0788 1.0754 1.0682 12 1.1208 1.1165 1.107 16 1.1653 1.1595 1.151 20 1.2121 1.2052 1.1953 Ferric Chloride (FeCl 3) % 0 10 20 30 1 1.0086 1.0084 1.0068 1.0040 2 1.0174 1.0168 1.0152 1.0122 4 1.0347 1.0341 1.0324 1.0292 8 1.0793 1.0692 1.0669 1.0636 12 1.1088 1.107 1.1040 1.1006 16 1.1475 1.1449 1.1418 1.1386 20 1.1870 1.8747 1.1820 1.1786 25 1.2400 1.2380 1.2340 1.2290 30 1.2970 1.2950 1.2910 1.2850 35 1.3605 1.3580 1.3530 1.3475 40 1.4280 1.4235 1.4175 1.4115 45 1.4920 1.4850 50 1.5610 1.5510 Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO 3) 1% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 0 1.0066 1.0134 1.0270 10 1.0064 1.0132 1.0268 15 1.0058 1.0125 1.0260 1.0396 1.0534 1.0674 20 1.0049 1.0117 1.0252 30 1.0024 1.0092 1.0228 40 0.9990 1.0058 1.0195 50 0.9949 1.0017 1.0154 60 0.9901 0.9969 1.0106 80 0.9786 0.9855 0.9993 100 0.9653 0.9722 0.9860 Potassium (KBr) Bromide Potassium Carbonte (K 2CO 3) % P 4 20 1 1.0054 2 1.0127 6 1.0426 12 1.0903 20 1.1601 30 1.2593 40 1.3746 % 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 1 1.0094 1.0089 1.0072 1.0010 0.9919 0.9803 0.9670 2 1.0189 1.0182 1.0163 1.0098 1.0005 0.9889 0.9756 4 1.0381 1.0369 1.0345 1.0276 1.0180 1.0063 0.9931 8 1.0768 1.0746 1.0715 1.0640 1.0538 1.0418 1.0291 12 1.1160 1.1131 1.1096 1.1013 1.0906 1.0786 1.0663 16 1.5262 1.1530 1.1490 1.1399 1.1290 1.1170 1.1049 20 1.1977 1.1941 1.1898 1.1801 1.1690 1.1570 1.1451 24 1.2405 1.2366 1.2320 1.2219 1.2106 1.1986 1.1869 28 1.2846 1.2804 1.2756 1.2652 1.2538 1.2418 1.2301 30 1.3071 1.3028 1.2979 1.2873 1.2759 1.2640 1.2522 35 1.3646 1.3600 1.3548 1.3440 1.3324 1.3206 1.3089 40 1.4244 1.4195 1.4141 1.429 1.3913 1.3795 1.3678 45 1.4867 1.4815 1.4759 1.4644 1.4528 1.4408 1.4290 50 1.5517 1.5404 1.5404 1.5285 1.5169 1.5048 1.4928-206 -
A6. 대표적무기물질용액의밀도 Potassium Chlorate (KClO 3) 1% 2% 4% 0 1.0061 1.0134 1.0270 10 1.0059 1.0132 1.0268 20 1.0045 1.0117 1.0252 30 1.0020 1.0092 1.0228 40 0.9986 1.0058 1.0195 60 0.9895 0.9969 1.0106 80 0.9781 0.9855 0.9993 100 0.9646 0.9722 0.9860 Potassium Chloride (KCl) % 0 20 25 40 60 80 100 1.0 1.00661 1.00462 1.00342 0.99847 0.9894 0.9780 0.9646 2.0 1.01335 1.01103 1.00977 1.00471 0.9956 0.9842 0.9708 4.0 1.02690 1.02391 1.02255 1.01727 1.0080 0.9966 0.9834 8.0 1.05431 1.05003 1.04847 1.04278 1.0333 1.0219 1.0668 12.0 1.08222 1.07679 1.07506 1.06897 1.0592 1.0478 1.0350 16.0 1.11068 1.10434 1.10245 1.09600 1.0861 1.0746 1.0619 20.0 1.13973 1.13280 1.13072 1.12399 1.1138 1.1024 1.0897 24.0 1.16226 1.15995 1.15299 1.1425 1.1311 1.1185 28.0 1.18304 1.1723 1.1609 1.1493 Potassium Chromate (K 2CrO 4) % 15 P 4 18 P 4 1 1.0073 1.0066 2 1.0155 1.0147 6 1.0321 1.0311 8 1.0659 1.0647 12 1.0009 1.0999 16 1.1366 20 1.1748 24 1.2147 28 1.2566 30 1.2784 Potassium Dichromate (K 2Cr 2O 7) % d 4 20 1 1.0052 2 1.0122 4 1.0264 6 1.0408 8 1.0554 10 1.0703 Potassium Nitrate (KNO 3) % 0 10 20 40 60 80 100 1 1.00654 1.00615 1.00447 0.99825 0.9890 0.9776 0.9641 2 1.01326 1.01262 1.01075 1.00430 0.9949 0.9834 0.9699 4 1.02677 1.02566 1.02344 1.01652 1.0068 0.9951 0.9816 8 1.05419 1.05226 1.04940 1.04152 1.0313 1.0192 1.0056 12 1.08221 1.07963 1.07620 1.06740 1.0567 1.0442 1.0304 16 - - 1.10392 1.10392 1.0831 1.0730 1.0562 20 - - 1.13261 1.13261 1.1106 1.0974 1.0831 24 - - 1.16233 1.16233 1.1391 1.1256 1.1110-207 -
부록 Potassium Sulfate (K 2SO 4) Potassium Sulfite (K 2SO 3) Sodium Acetate (NaC 2H 3O 2 Sodium Arsenate (K 2AsO 4) % d 4 20 1 1.0063 2 1.0145 4 1.0310 6 1.0477 8 1.0646 10 1.0817 % d 4 15 1 1.0073 2 1.0155 4 1.0322 8 1.0677 12 1.1026 16 1.1402 20 1.1793 24 1.2197 26 1.2404 % d 4 20 1 1.0033 2 1.0084 4 1.0186 8 1.0392 12 1.0598 18 1.0807 20 1.1021 26 1.1351 28 1.1462 % d 4 20 1 1.0097 2 1.0207 4 1.0431 8 1.0892 10 1.1130 12 1.1373 Sodium Bromide (NaBr) % d 4 17 1 1.0060 2 1.0139 4 1.0631 8 1.0803 10 1.0981 12 1.1745 20 1.2841 30 1.4138 Sodium Carbonate (Na 2CO 3) % 0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 1 1.0109 1.0103 1.0086 1.0058 1.0022 0.9929 0.9814 0.9683 2 1.0219 1.0210 1.0190 1.0159 1.0122 1.0027 0.9910 0.9782 4 1.0439 1.0423 1.0398 1.0363 1.0323 1.0223 1.0105 0.9980 8 1.0878 1.0850 1.0816 1.0775 1.0732 1.0625 1.0503 1.0380 12 1.1319 1.1284 1.1284 1.1200 1.1150 1.1039 1.0914 1.0787 14 1.1543 1.1506 1.1463 1.1417 1.1365 1.1251 1.1125 1.0996 16 1.1636 18 1.1859 20 1.2086 24 1.2552 28 1.3031 30 1.3274 Sodium Chloride (NaCl) % 0 10 25 40 60 80 100 1 1.00747 1.00707 1.00409 0.99908 0.9900 0.9785 0.9651 2 1.01509 1.01442 1.01112 1.00593 0.9967 0.9852 0.9717 4 1.03038 1.02920 1.02530 1.01977 1.0103 0.9988 0.9855 8 1.06121 1.05907 1.05412 1.04798 1.0381 1.0264 1.0134 12 1.09244 1.08946 1.08365 1.07699 1.0667 1.0549 1.0420 16 1.12419 1.12056 1.11401 1.10688 1.0962 1.0842 1.0713 20 1.15663 1.15254 1.14533 1.13774 1.1268 1.1146 1.1017 24 1.18999 1.18557 1.17776 1.16971 1.1584 1.1463 1.1331 28 1.20709 1.20254 1.19443 1.18614 1.1747 1.1626 1.1092-208 -
A6. 대표적무기물질용액의밀도 Sodium Chromate (Na 2CrO 4) % d 4 18 1 1.0074 2 1.0164 4 1.0344 8 1.0718 12 1.1110 16 1.1518 20 1.1942 24 1.2383 26 1.2611 Sodium Formate (HCONa) % d 4 25 1 1.003 2 1.009 4 1.022 8 1.048 12 1.074 16 1.100 20 1.127 24 1.155 28 1.184 30 1.199 35 1.236 40 1.274 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) % 0 15 20 40 60 80 100 1 1.0124 1.01065 1.0095 1.0033 0.9941 0.9824 0.9693 2 1.0244 1.02198 1.0207 1.0139 1.0045 0.9929 0.9797 4 1.0482 1.04441 1.0428 1.0352 1.0254 1.0139 1.0009 8 1.0943 1.08887 1.0869 1.0780 1.0676 1.0560 1.0432 12 1.0399 1.13327 1.1309 1.1210 1.1101 1.0983 1.0855 16 1.1849 1.17761 1.1751 1.1645 1.1531 1.1408 1.1277 20 1.2296 1.22183 1.2191 1.2079 1.1960 1.1833 1.1700 24 1.2741 1.26582 1.2629 1.2511 1.2388 1.2259 1.2124 28 1.3182 1.3094 1.3064 1.2942 1.2814 1.2682 1.2546 32 1.3614 1.3520 1.3490 1.3362 1.3232 1.3097 1.2960 36 1.4030 1.3933 1.3900 1.3768 1.3634 1.3498 1.3360 40 1.4435 1.4334 1.4300 1.4164 1.4027 1.3889 1.3750 44 1.4825 1.4720 1.4685 1.4545 1.4405 1.4266 1.4127 48 1.5210 1.5102 1.5065 1.4922 1.4781 1.4641 1.4503 50 1.5400 1.5290 1.5253 1.5109 1.4967 1.4827 1.4690 Sodium Nitrate (NaNO 3) % 0 20 40 60 80 100 1 1.0071 1.0049 0.9986 0.9894 0.9779 0.9644 2 1.0144 1.0117 1.0050 0.9956 0.9840 0.9704 4 1.0290 1.0254 1.0180 1.0082 0.9964 0.9826 8 1.0587 1.0532 1.0447 1.0340 1.0218 1.0078 12 1.0891 1.0819 1.0724 1.0609 1.0481 1.0340 16 1.1203 1.1118 1.1013 1.0892 1.0757 1.0614 20 1.1526 1.1429 1.1314 1.1876 1.1048 1.0901 24 1.1860 1.1752 1.1629 1.1496 1.1351 1.1200 28 1.2204 1.2085 1.9552 1.8169 1.6674 1.1513 30 1.23807 1.2256 1.2122 1.1980 1.1830 1.1674 35 1.28349 1.2701 1.2560 1.2413 1.2258 1.2100 40 1.33161 1.3175 1.3027 1.2875 1.2715 1.2555 45-1.3683 1.3528 1.3371 1.3206 1.3044 Sodium Nitrite (NaNO 2) % d 4 15 1 1.0058 2 1.0125 4 1.0260 8 1.0535 12 1.0816 16 1.1103 20 1.1394-209 -
부록 Sodium Sulfide (Na 2S) 18 % d 4 1 1.0098 2 1.0211 4 1.0440 8 1.0907 12 1.1388 16 1.1885 18 1.2140 Sodium sulfate (Na 2SO 4) % 0 20 30 40 60 800 100 1 1.0094 1.0073 1.0046 1.0010 0.9919 0.9805 0.9671 2 1.0189 1.0164 1.0135 1.0098 1.0007 0.9892 0.9758 4 1.0381 1.0348 1.0315 1.0276 1.0184 1.0068 0.9934 8 1.0773 1.0724 1.0682 1.0639 1.0544 1.0426 1.0292 12 1.1174 1.1109 1.1062 1.1015 1.0915 1.0795 1.0661 16 1.1585 1.1506 1.1456 1.1406 1.1299 1.1176 1.1042 20 1.2008 1.1915 1.1865 1.1813 1.1696 1.1569 24 1.2443 1.2336 1.2292 1.2237 Sodium Sulfite (Na 2SO 3) % d 4 19 1 1.0078 2 1.0172 4 1.0363 8 1.0757 12 1.1146 16 1.1549 18 1.1755 Sodium Thiosulfate (Na 2S 2O 3) % d 4 20 1 1.0065 2 1.0148 4 1.0315 8 1.0654 12 1.1003 16 1.1365 20 1.1740 24 1.2128 28 1.2532 30 1.2739 35 1.3273 40 1.3827 Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate (Na 2S 2O 3 5H 2O)) % d 4 19 1 1.0052 2 1.0105 4 1.0211 8 1.0423 12 1.0639 16 1.0863 20 1.1087 24 1.1322 28 1.1558 30 1.1676 40 1.2297 50 1.2954-210 -
A7. 확산계수의실험값 A7. 확산계수의실험값 기상확산계수 ( in Air, 1 ATM ) - 1/4 S o l u t e temp. Diffusion coefficient ( D G cm 2 /s ) Acetic acid (CH 3COOH) 0 0.1064 25 0.113 Acetone (CH 3COCH 3) 0 0.109 Ammonia (NH 3) 0 0.198 22 0.247 25 0.236(0.28) n-amyl alcohol (C 5H 11OH) 0 0.0589 sec-amyl alcohol 25 0.07 30 0.072 Amyl butyrate (CH 3(CH 2) 2CO 2C 5H 11) 0 0.040 Amyl formate(c 5H 12O) 0 0.0543 i-amyl formate 0 0.058 Amyl isobutyrate 0 0.0419 Amyl propionate 0 0.046 Aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) 0 0.061 25 0.072 25.9 0.074 30 0.075 59 0.090 Anthracene (C 14H 10) 0 0.0421 Benzene (C 6H 6) 0 0.077 25 0.088(0.0962) Benzidine (NH 2-C 6H 6-C 6H 6-NH 2) 0 0.0298 Benzyl chloride (C 6H 5COCl) 0 0.066 n-butanol (CH 3(CH 2)OH) 0 0.0703 25.9 0.087 59 0.104 n-butyl acetate (CH 3COO(CH 2) 3CH 3 C 6H 12O 2) 0 0.058 i-butyl acetate (C 6H 12O 2) 0 0.0612 n-butyl alcohol 0 0.0703 30 0.088 i-butyl alcohol 0 0.0727 25 0.090 Butyl amine 0 0.0821 25 0.101 i-butyl amine 0 0.0853 i-butyl butyrate 0 0.0468 i-butyl formate 0 0.0705 i-butyl isobutyrate 0 0.0457 i-butyl proprionate 0 0.0529 i-butyl valerate 0 0.0424 Butyric acid (C 4H 8O 2) 0 0.0679 25 0.081 Caproic acid (C 5H 11COOH) 0 0.050 " 참고문헌중에서편집하여정리 " 비고 - 211 -
부록 기상확산계수 ( in Air, 1 ATM ) - 2/4 S o l u t e temp. Diffusion coefficient ( D G cm 2 /s ) i-caproic acid 0 0.0513 Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 0 0.138(0.136) 3 0.142 25 0.164 44 0.177 727 1.32 Carbon disulfide (CS 2) 0 0.0892 25 0.107 Carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) 0 0.070 Carbon monoxide (CO) 12 0.198 25 0.107 Chlorine (Cl 2) 0 0.124 Chlorobenzene (C 6H 5Cl) 25 0.073 25.9 0.074 30 0.075 59 0.090 Chloroform (CHCl 3) 0 0.091 Chloropicrin (CCl 3NO 2) 25 0.088 m-chlorotoluene 0 0.054 25 0.065 o-chlorotoluene 0 0.059 p-chlorotoluene 0 0.051 Cynogen chloride 0 0.111 Cyclohexane 45 0.086 Diethylamine 0 0.0884 25 0.105 Diphenyl 0 0.061 25 0.068 218 0.160 Ethanol (C 2H 5OH) 0 0.102 25 0.132(0.135) 42 0.145 Ether(diethyl) (R-O-R) 0 0.0778 Ethyl acetate 0 0.0715 25.9 0.087 59 0.106 Ethyl alcohol 0 0.102 25 0.119 Ethyl benzene 0 0.0658 25 0.077 Ethyl n-butyrate 0 0.0579 Ethyl i-butyrate 0 0.0591 Ethylene 25 0.093 Ethyl ether 0 0.0778 25 0.093 Ethyl formate 0 0.0840 비고 - 212 -
A7. 확산계수의실험값 기상확산계수 ( in Air, 1 ATM) - 3/4 Diffusion coefficient S o l u t e temp. ( D G cm 2 /s ) Ethyl propionate 0 0.068 비고 Ethyl valerate 0 0.0512 Eugenol 0 0.0337 Formic acid 0 0.1308 25 0.159 n-hextane 21 0.080 Hexyl alcohol 0 0.0499 25 0.059 Hydrogen (H 2) 0 0.611 25 0.410 Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 0 0.173 Hydrogen peroxide 60 0.188 Iodine 0 0.07 25 0.0834 Krypton (Kr) 341 0.473 Mercury 0 0.112 341 0.473 Mesitylene 0 0.056 25 0.067 Methane (CH 4) 0 0.196 Methyl acetate 0 0.084 Methyl alcohol 0 0.132 25 0.159(0.162) Methyl butyrate 0 0.0633 Methyl i-butyrate 0 0.0639 Methyl formate 0 0.0872 Methyl proponate 0 0.0735 Methyl valerate 0 0.0569 Naphthalene 0 0.0513 25 0.0611 n-octane 0 0.0505 25 0.060 Oxigen 0 0.178 25 0.206 Phosgene 0 0.095 Propionic acid 0 0.0829 25 0.099 Propyl acetate 0 0.067 n-propyl alcohol 0 0.085 i-propyl alcohol 0 0.0818 25 0.1 30 0.101 n-propyl benzene 0 0.0481-213 -
부록 기상확산계수 ( in Air, 1 ATM ) - 4/4 S o l u t e temp. Diffusion coefficient ( D G cm 2 /s ) 비고 i-propyl benzene 0 0.0489 25 0.059 n-propyl bromide 0 0.085 i-propyl bromide 0 0.0902 25 0.105 Propyl butyrate 0 0.0530 Propyl formate 0 0.0712 n-propyl iodide 0 0.079 n-propyl isobutyrate 0 0.0549 25 0.096 i-propyl isobutyrate 0 0.059 Propyl propionate 0 0.057 Propyl valerate 0 0.0466 Safrol(CH 2CH=CH 2) 0 0.0434 i-safrol 0 0.0455 Sulfur dioxide (SO 2) 20 0.122 Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6) 55 0.117 Toluene (C 6H 5CH 3) 0 0.076 25 0.084(0.0844) 25.9 0.086 30 0.088 59 0.092 Trimethyl carbinol 0 0.087 n-valeric acid (CH 3CHCH 2CO 2H) 0 0.050 i-valeric acid 0 0.0544 25 0.067 Water (H 2O) 0 0.220 25 0.256(0.26) 25.9 0.258 42 0.288 59 0.305 1000 3.253 Xenon (Xe) 16 0.102 Xylene (C 6H 4(CH 3) 2) 25 0.071-214 -
A7. 확산계수의실험값 액상확산계수 ( in Water ) - 1/3 S o l u t e temp. Diffusion coefficient ( D L 10 5 cm 2 /s ) 비고 Acetamide 25 1.19 dilute Acetic acid 14 0.9 1N 15 0.88 1 wt% 20 0.88, 1.19 25 1.24 dilute Acetic ether 20 1.00 dilute Aceton 17 1.25 0.5 vol% 17 1.00 20 vol% Acetonitrile 25 1.66 dilute Acetylene 20 1.56, 1.81 25 1.78(2.11) dilute Amyl alcohol 20 0.93 25 1.19 dilute Ammonia 12 1.64 dilute 20 1.76, 2.04 dilute 25 1.7, 2.0, 2.3 dilute i-amyl alcohol 25 1.0 dilute Benzene (C 6H 6) 2 0.58 dilute 10 0.75 dilute 20 1.02 dilute 60 2.55 dilute n-butane 4 0.50 dilute 20 0.89 dilute 60 2.51 dilute n-butanol 1 0.435 0.0501 mol/l 1 0.393 0.3 mol/l 1 0.345 0.7 mol/l 20 0.77 dilute 20 0.77 dilute 25 0.96 dilute 25 0.956 0.0501 mol/l 25 0.876 0.3 mol/l 25 0.756 0.3 mol/l Caffeine 25 0.63 dilute Carbon dioxide (CO 2) 20 1.5 dilute 25 1.96, 2.0 dilute Chloral hydrate 25 0.77 dilute Chlorine (Cl 2) 20 1.41(1.22) dilute 25 1.44 dilute total - no correction for hydrolysis 25 1.51 0.02~0.07 mol/l free - in dilute HCl, negligible hydrolysis 25 1.48 0.0~0.05 mg mol/l 1,1 -Dichloropropanol 25 1.0 dilute Dicyanodiamine 25 1.08 dilute Diethyl ether 25 0.85 dilute - 215 -
부록 액상확산계수 ( in Water ) - 2/3 S o l u t e temp. Diffusion coefficient ( D L 10 5 cm 2 /s ) 비고 Ethanol (C 2H 5OH) 10 0.84 dilute 10 0.84 1 vol% 10 0.57 21 vol% 10 0.30 75 vol% 15 1.00 dilute 20 1.00 dilute 25 1.28, 1.24 dilute 25 1.24 0 mg/100cc 25 0.935 10 mg/100cc 25 0.595 25 mg/100cc 25 0.372 50 mg/100cc 25 0.551 65 mg/100cc 25 1.132 78.5 mg/100cc Ethyl benzene 2 0.44 dilute 10 0.61 dilute 20 0.81 dilute 60 1.95 dilute Ethylene glycohol 20 1.04 dilute 25 1.16 dilute 40 1.71 dilute 55 2.26 dilute 70 2.75 dilute Formic acid 25 1.37 dilute Glucose 15 0.52 dilute 25 0.67 dilute Glycerol 20 0.72 dilute 25 0.94 dilute Helium (He 2) 25 6.30 dilute Hexamethylene tetramine 25 0.67 dilute Hydrogen (H 2) 25 5.85(4.4?), 5.94, 4.80 dilute Hydrogen chloride (HCl) 20 2.64 dilute 25 3.10 dilute Hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) 20 1.41, 1.63 dilute 25 1.61 dilute Hydroquinone 25 0.88, 1.12 dilute Lactose 20 0.46 dilute 25 0.49 dilute Maltose 25 0.48 dilute Methane (CH 4) 2 0.85 dilute 20 1.49 dilute 60 3.55 dilute Methanol (CH 3OH) 15 1.26 dilute 15 1.26 0.5 vol% 15 0.99 22 vol% 15 0.77 46 vol% 15 1.22 84 vol% 15 1.75 99.5 vol% 20 1.28 dilute 25 1.6 dilute Micotine 25 0.60 dilute Nitric acid (HNO 3) 20 2.60 dilute 25 2.98 dilute Nitrogen (N 2) 20 1.90 dilute 25 1.9, 2.02 dilute 29.6 3.47 dilute - 216 -
A7. 확산계수의실험값 액상확산계수 ( in Water ) - 3/3 S o l u t e temp. Diffusion coefficient ( D L 10 5 cm 2 /s ) 비고 Nitrous oxide (N 2O) 20 1.75 dilute 25 1.8, 2.67 dilute Oxalic acid 25 1.61 dilute Oxygen (O 2) 20 2.08 dilute 25 2.5, 2.41 dilute 29.6 3.49 dilute Pentaerythritol 25 0.77 dilute Propanol 20 0.87 dilute n-propanol 15 0.87 dilute 25 1.1 dilute Propylene 20 0.85 dilute 25 1.44 dilute 60 1.92 dilute Pyridine 25 0.76 dilute Pyrogallol 25 0.74 dilute Raffinose 25 0.41 dilute Resorcinol 25 0.87 dilute Saccharose 12 0.36 dilute 25 0.49 dilute Sodium chloride (NaCl) 20 1.35 dilute Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 20 1.51 dilute Succinic acid 25 0.94 dilute Sucrose 25 0.56 dilute Sulfur dioxide (SO 2) 25 1.7 dilute 25 1.83 0.01~0.10 mg mol/l Sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4) 20 1.73 dilute 25 1.97 dilute Tartaric acid 25 0.80 dilute Urea 25 1.37 dilute Urethane 25 1.06 dilute - 217 -
부록 A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 본자료는 "The properties of gases & Liquids" 4'th Ed., Robert C. Reid, MaGraw-Hill, 1987 에실린 Property Data Bank중 p656~732에서발췌하였으며시용된기호의의미는다음과같다. Molwt = 분자량 ( molecular weight, g / g-mol ) Tfp = 표준어는점 ( normal freezing point, K) Tb = 표준끓는점 ( normal boiling point at 1 atm, K) Pc = 임계압력 ( critical pressure, bar, 1.013 bar = 1 atm ) Vc = 임계부피 ( critical volume, cm 3 1.048 / mole, V b = 0.285V c ) Dimp = 쌍극자모우멘트 ( dipole moment, debyes ) LDEN = 액비중 ( liquid density, g / cm 3 ) TDEN = 액비중값에서의온도 ( temperature fot LDEN, K) 본자료는주로확산계수를구할때필요한자료이며, 쌍극자모우멘트값은분자극성의세기를예측할수있게해준다. 여기서참고적으로임계상수에대한물리적인의미는다음과같다. 만일비교적낮은온도하에서단일성분의가스를압축하게되면어느순간부터응축이일어나게된다. 여기서다시계의온도를높이게되면응축했던가스는다시증발하게된다. 이렇게증발된가스를다시압축하여응축시키기위해서는더높은압력이필요로하게되고계의압력이상승함에따라가스상의밀도가높아지게된다. 이러한압축과승온을반복하게되면, 어느순간액밀도와가스의밀도가같아지게되는순간이존재하게되는데이때를 임계점 이라한다. 또한이때의온도, 압력, 몰부피를임계온도 (T c ), 임계압력 (P c ), 임계몰부피 (V c ) 라한다. 이때는이론적으로단일상만존재하게되며계의온도가임계온도이상이라면아무리압축하여도상변화는일어나지않는다. 공기의임계상수 No Formula N a m e Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole Dipm debye LDEN TDEN - - Air 28.97-79.15 132.42 37.2 82.77 - - - - 218 -
A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole Dipm debye LDEN TDEN 1 AlBr3 Aluminum Tribromide 266.694 370.7 528 763 28.9 310 5.0 2 AlCl3 Aluminum Trichloride 133.341 467. 453. 620. 26.3 259 2.0 1.31 473 3 AlI3 Aluminum TriIodide 407.697 464. 655. 983. 408 2.3 4 Ar Argon 39.948 83.8 87.3 150.8 48.7 74.9 0.0 1.373 90 5 As Arsenic 74.922 888. 1673. 223. 34.9 6 AsCl3 Arsenic Trichloride 181.281 264.7 403 654 252 1.6 2.163 293 7 BBr3 Boron Tribromide 250.568 227 364 581 272 0.0 2.643 291 8 BCl3 Boron Trichloride 117.191 165.9 285.8 455 38.7 239.5 0.0 1.349 284 9 BF3 Boron Trifluoride 67.805 146.5 172 260.8 49.9 114.7 0.0 2.811 293 10 BI3 Boron Triiodide 391.55 323.1 483 773 356 3.35 323 11 Br2 Bromine 159.808 266.0 331.9 588 103 127.2 0.2 3.119 293 12 BrI Iodine Bromine 206.813 315 389 719 139 1.2 13 Br3P Phosphorus Tribromide 270.723 233 446.1 711 300 0.5 2.852 288 14 Br4Si Silicon Tetrabromide 347.702 278.6 427 663 382 0.0 2.772 298 15 Br4Ti Titanium Tetrabromide 367.536 312 503 795.7 391 16 ClFO3 Perchloryl Fluoride 102.448 125.5 226.4 368.4 53.7 160.8 0.0 17 ClF2N Nitrogen chloride difluoride 87.456 207 337.5 51.5 18 ClF2P Phosphorus chloride difluoride 104.423 225.9 362.4 45.2 19 ClF2PS Thiophosphoryl Chloride difluoride 136.489 279 439.2 41.1 20 ClF5 Chlorine Pentafluoride 130.443 260.0 416 52.7 233 21 ClNO Nitrosyl Chloride 65.459 213.5 267.7 440 1.8 1.42 261 22 Cl2 Chlorine 70.906 172.2 239.2 416.9 79.8 123.8 0.0 1.563 239 23 Cl2FP Phosphorus Dichloride fluoride 120.878 287.0 463.0 49.6 24 Cl3P Phosphorus Trichloride 137.333 161 349.1 563 264 0.9 1.574 294 25 Cl4Si Silicon Tetrachloride 169.898 204.3 330.8 508.1 35.9 325.7 0.0 1.48 293 26 Cl4Ti Titanium Tetrachloride 189.712 243 409.6 638 46.6 339.2 0.0 1.70 298 27 Cl5P Phosphorus Pentachloride 208.260 148 433 646 0.8 28 D2 Deuterium (Equilibrium) 4.032 18.7 23.6 38.2 16.5 60.3 0.0 0.165 22.7 29 D2 Deuterium (Normal) 4.032 18.6 23.5 38.4 16.6 0.0 30 D2O Deuterium Oxide 20.031 277.0 374.6 644.0 216.6 56.6 1.9 1.105 298 31 FNO2 Nitryl fluoride 65.003 312.2 349.5 0.5 32 F2 Fluorine 37.997 53.5 85.0 144.3 52.2 66.3 0.0 1.51 85 33 F2N2 Cis-difluorodiazine 66.010 167.5 272 70.9 34 F2N2 Trans-difluorodiazine 66.010 161.7 35 F2O Oxygen Difluoride 53.995 50 128.4 215 49.6 0.2 1.521 128 36 F2Xe Xenon Difluoride 169.296 387.5 631 93.2 148.6 37 F3N Nitrogen Trifluoride 71.002 66.4 144.4 234.0 45.3 0.2 1.54 144 38 F3NO Trifluoroamine Oxide 87.001 186 303 64.3 146.9 39 F3P Phosphorus Trifluoride 87.968 178 271.2 43.3 3.1 172 40 F3PS Thiophosphoryl Trifluoride 120.034 220.9 346.0 38.2 0.6 41 F4N2 Tetrafluorohydrazine 104.016 105 199 309 37.5 0.3 1.5 163 42 F4S Sulfur Tetrafluoride 108.058 152 232.7 364 1.0 1.936 195 43 F4Si Silicon tetrafluoride 104.09 183.0 187 259.0 37.2 0.0 44 F4Xe Xenon Tetrafluoride 207.292 387 388.9 612 70.4 188.6 45 F6S Sulfur Hexafluoride 146.054 222.5 209.6 318.7 37.6 198.8 0.0 1.83 223 46 F6U Uranium Hexafluoride 352.018 337 329 505.8 46.6 250.0 0.0 47 He Helium-3 3.017 3.19 3.31 1.14 72.9 0.0 48 He Helium-4 4.003 4.25 5.19 2.27 57.4 0.0 0.123 4.3 49 Hg Mercury 200.61 234.3 630 1765 1510 42.7 13.594 293 50 I2 Iodine 253.82 386.8 457.5 819 155 1.3 3.74 453 51 I4Si Silicon Tetraiodide 535.706 393.7 560.5 944 558 52 I4Ti Titanium Tetraiodide 555.520 423 650 1040 505 53 Kr Drypton 83.800 115.8 119.9 209.4 55.0 91.2 0.0 2.42 120 54 NO Nitric Oxide 30.006 109.5 121.4 180 64.8 57.7 0.2 1.28 121 55 NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide 46.006 261.9 294.3 431 101 167.8 0.4 1.45 293 56 N2 Nitrogen 28.013 63.3 77.4 126.2 33.9 89.8 0.0 0.804 78 57 N2O Nitrous Oxide 44.013 182.3 184.7 309.6 72.4 97.4 0.2 1.226 184 58 Ne neon 20.183 24.5 27.1 44.4 27.6 41.6 0.0 1.204 27 59 O2 Oxygen 31.999 54.4 90.2 154.6 50.4 73.4 0.0 1.149 90 60 O2S Sulfur dioxide 64.063 197.7 263.2 430.8 78.8 122.2 1.6 1.455 263 61 O3 Ozone 47.998 80.5 181.2 261.1 55.7 88.9 0.6 1.356 161 62 O3S Sulfur Trioxide 80.058 290 318 491.0 82.1 127.3 0.0 1.78 318-219 -
부록 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole Dipm debye LDEN TDEN 63 P Phosphorous 30.974 553 994 64 Rn Radon 222.00 202 211.4 377 62.8 4.4 211 65 S Sulfur 32.006 717.8 1314 207 66 Se Selenium 78.96 1010 1766 272 67 Tz Tritium 6.32 25.0 40.0 58 0.0 68 Xe Xenon 131.300 161.3 165.0 289.7 58.4 118.4 0.0 3.06 165 69 HBr Hydrogen Bromide 80.912 187.1 206.8 363.2 85.5 0.8 2.16 216 70 HCl Hydrogen Chloride 36.461 159.0 188.1 324.7 83.1 80.9 1.1 1.193 188 71 HD Hydrogen Deuteride 3.023 16.6 22.1 36.0 14.8 62.7 0.0 72 HF Hydrogen Fluoride 20.006 190 293 461 64.8 69.2 1.9 0.967 293 73 HI Hydrogen Iodide 127.912 222.4 237.6 424.0 83.1 0.5 2.80 237 74 HF2N Difluoriamine 53.011 250 403 75 H2 Hydrogen (Equilibrium) 2.016 14.0 20.3 33.0 12.9 64.3 0.0 0.071 20 76 H2 Hydrogen (Nomal) 2.016 14.0 20.4 33.2 13.0 65.1 0.0 77 H2O Water 18.015 273.2 373.2 647.3 221.2 57.1 1.8 0.998 293 78 H2S Hydrogen Sulfide 34.080 189.6 213.5 373.2 89.4 98.6 0.9 0.993 214 79 H3As Arsine 77.946 159.7 218 373.1 0.2 1.604 209 80 H3N Ammonia 17.031 195.4 239.8 405.5 113.5 72.5 1.5 0.639 273 81 H3P Phosphine 33.998 140 185.4 324.5 65.4 0.6 1.529 298 82 H4CiN Ammonium Chloride 53.492 793 882 16.4 83 H4CiP Phosphonium Chloride 70.459 246 322.3 73.7 84 H4N2 Hydrazine 32.045 274.7 386.7 653 147 3.0 1.008 293 85 H4Si Silane 32.122 88.2 161 269.7 48.4 0.0 0.68 88 86 H6B2 Diborane 27.668 108 185.6 289.8 40.5 0.0 0.470 153 87 CBrCiF2 Bromochlorodifluormethane 165.364 269 426.9 42.5 245.5 88 CBr2F2 Dibromodifluormethane 209.815 132 298 471.3 41.3 0.7 2.462 288 89 CBrF3 Trifluorobromomethane 148.910 215.3 340.2 39.7 195.9 0.7 1.538 298 90 CClF3 Chlorotrifluoromethane 104.459 92.0 193.2 302.0 38.7 180.4 0.5 1.298 243 91 CCl2F2 Dichlorodifluormethane 120.914 115.4 245.2 385.0 41.1 216.7 0.5 1.750 158 92 CCl2O Phosgene 98.916 145.0 281 455 56.7 190.1 1.1 1.381 293 93 CCl3P Trichlorofluoromethane 137.368 162.0 296.9 471.2 44.1 247.8 0.5 1.494 290 94 CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride 153.823 250 349.9 556.4 45.6 275.9 0.0 1.584 298 95 CD4 Deuteromethane 20.071 111.7 189.2 46.6 98.2 0.0 96 CF4 Carbon Tetrafluoride 88.005 86.4 145.1 227.6 37.4 139.6 0.0 1.33 193 97 CO Carbon Monoxide 28.010 68.1 81.7 132.9 35.0 93.2 0.1 0.803 81 98 COS Carbonyl Sulfide 60.070 134.3 223 378.8 63.5 136.3 0.7 1.274 174 99 CO2 Carbon Dioxide 44.010 216.6 304.1 73.8 93.9 0.0 100 CS2 Carbon Disulfide 76.131 161.3 319 552 79.0 160 0.0 1.293 273 101 CHClF2 Chlorodifluoromethane 86.469 113 232.4 369.3 49.7 165.6 1.4 1.23 289 102 CHCl2F Dichloromonofluoromethane 102.923 138 282.1 451.6 51.8 196.4 1.3 1.38 282 103 CHClF2 Chloroform 119.378 209.6 334.3 536.4 53.7 238.9 1.1 1.489 293 104 CHF3 Fluoroform 70.013 110 191.0 299.3 48.6 132.7 1.6 1.246 239 105 CHN Hydrogen Cyanide 27.026 259.9 298.9 456.7 53.9 138.8 3.0 0.688 293 106 CHBr2 Dibromomethane 173.835 220.6 370 583 71 1.9 2.50 293 107 CH2Cl2 Dichloromethane 84.933 178.1 313.0 510 63 1.8 1.317 298 108 CH2F2 Difluoromethane 52.023 221.5 351.6 58.3 120.8 2.0 109 CH2O Formaldehyde 30.026 156 254 408 65.9 2.3 0.815 253 110 CH2O2 Formic Acid 46.025 281.5 373.8 580 1.5 1.226 288 111 CH3Br Methyl Bromide 94.039 179.5 276.6 464 66.1 1.8 1.737 268 112 CH3Cl Methyl Chloride 50.488 175.4 249.1 416.3 67.0 138.9 1.9 0.915 293 113 CH3F Methyl Fuloride 34.033 131.4 194.7 315.0 56 113.2 1.8 0.843 213 114 CH3I Methyl Iodide 141.939 206.7 315.7 528 65.9 1.6 2.279 293 115 CH3NO2 Nitromethane 61.041 244.6 374.3 588 63.1 173.2 3.1 1.138 293 116 CH4 Methane 16.043 90.7 111.6 190.4 46.0 99.2 0.0 0.425 112 117 CH4O Methanol 32.042 175.5 337.7 512.6 80.9 118.0 1.7 0.791 293 118 CH4S Methyl Mercaptan 48.107 150 279.1 470.0 72.3 144.8 1.3 0.866 293 119 CH5N Methyl Amine 31.058 179.7 266.8 430.0 74.3 1.3 0.703 260 120 CH6N2 Methyl Hydrazine 46.072 362 567 82.4 271.2 1.7 121 CH6Si Methyl Silane 46.145 116.7 215.6 352.5 0.7 122 C2Br2ClF3 1,2-Dibromo-1-Chlorotrifluoroethane 276.277 182.7 366 560.7 36.1 368 123 C2Br2F4 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 259.822 163 320.4 487.8 33.9 341 2.175 294 124 C2ClF3 Chlorotrifluoroethane 116.469 116 245.3 379 40.5 212 0.4 1.305 293-220 -
A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole Dipm debye LDEN TDEN 125 C2ClF5 Chloropentafluoroethane 154.467 167 235.2 353.2 32.3 251.8 0.3 1.26 303 126 C2Cl2F4 1,1-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 170.922 179 277.0 418.6 33.0 294.2 1.455 298 127 C2Cl2F4 1,1-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 170.922 179 276.2 418.9 32.6 293.8 0.5 1.48 277 128 C2Cl3F3 1,2,2-Trichlorotetrafluoroethane 187.380 238.2 320.8 487.3 34.1 325.5 1.580 289 129 C2Cl4 Tetrachloroethene 165.834 251 394.4 620.2 47.6 289.6 0.0 1.62 293 130 C2Cl4F2 1,1,2,2-Tetrachlorodifluoroethane 203.831 298.0 366.0 551 38.7 1.65 298 131 C2F3N Trifluoroacetonitrile 95.023 205.5 311.1 36.2 202 132 C2F4 Perfluoroethene 100.016 130.7 197.2 306.5 39.4 172 1.519 197 133 C2F6 Perfluoroethane 138.012 172.4 194.9 293.0 30.6 222 0.0 1.590 195 134 C2N2 Cyanogen 52.035 245.3 252.0 400 59.8 0.2 0.954 252 135 C2HClF2 1-Chloro-2,2-difluoroethane 98.479 254.6 400.6 44.6 197 136 C2HClF4 Chloro-1,1,2,2,-Tetrafluoroethane 136.475 263 399.9 37.2 244 137 C2HCl3 Trichloroethene 131.389 186.8 360.4 572 50.5 256 0.9 1.462 293 138 C2HCl5 Pentachloroethane 202.295 244 435 646 34.8 1.0 1.671 298 139 C2HF302 Trifluoroacetic Acid 114.024 257.9 346 491.3 32.6 204 2.3 1.535 273 140 C2H2 Acetylene 26.038 188.4 308.3 61.4 112.7 0.0 0.615 189 141 C2H2Cl2 Cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 96.944 192.7 333.3 537 56 1.8 1.282 298 142 C2H2Cl2 Trans-1,2-Dichloroethene 96.944 223 321.9 513 48.1 0.0 1.255 293 143 C2H2Cl4 1,1-Difluoroethene 167.850 237 419.4 661.2 58.4 1.5 1.600 293 144 C2H2F2 1,1-Difluoroethene 64.035 129 187.5 302.9 44.6 154.1 1.4 0.617 297 145 C2H2O Ketene 42.038 138 232 380 65 145 1.4 146 C2H2Cl Vynyl Chloride 62.499 119.4 259.8 525 51.5 169 1.5 0.969 259 147 C2H2ClF2 1-Chloro-1,1-Difluoroethane 100.496 142 263.4 409.6 43.3 231 2.1 1.10 303 148 C2H3ClO Acetyl Chloride 78.498 160.2 323.9 508.0 58.7 204 2.4 1.104 293 149 C2H3Cl3 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 133.405 240 347.2 545 43.0 1.7 1.339 298 150 C2H3Cl3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 133.405 235.8 386.7 606 51.4 1.4 1.441 293 151 C2H3F Viny Fluoride 46.044 130.0 201.0 327.9 52.41 144 1.4 0.681 263 152 C2H3F3 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane 84.041 161.9 225.6 346.3 37.6 194 2.3 153 C2H3N Acetonitrile 41.053 229.3 354.8 545.5 48.3 173 3.5 0.781 293 154 C2H3NO Methyl Isocyanate 57.052 229.3 354.8 545.5 55.7 0.958 293 155 C2H4 Ethylene 28.054 104.0 169.3 282.4 50.4 130.4 0.0 0.577 163 156 C2H4Rr2 1,2-Didromethane 187.862 283.3 404.7 646 53.5 1.0 2.180 293 157 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichlorethane 98.960 176.2 330.5 523 50.7 236 2.0 1.168 298 158 C2H4Cl2 1,2-Dichlorethane 98.960 237.5 356.7 566 53.7 225 1.8 1.250 289 159 C2H4F2 1,1-Difluoroethane 66.051 156.2 248.2 386.7 45.0 181 2.3 1.012 247 160 C2H4O Acetaldehyde 44.054 150.2 294 461 55.7 154 2.5 0.778 293 161 C2H4O Ethylene Oxide 44.054 161 283.7 469 71.9 140 1.9 0.899 273 162 C2H4O2 Acetic Acid 60.052 289.8 391.1 592.7 57.9 171 1.3 1.049 293 163 C2H4O2 Methyl Formate 60.052 174.2 304.9 487.2 60.0 172 1.8 0.974 293 164 C2H5Br Ethyl Bromide 108.966 154.6 311.5 503.9 62.3 215 2.0 1.451 298 165 C2H5Cl Ethyl Chloride 64.515 136.8 285.5 460.4 52.7 199 2.5 0.896 293 166 C2H5F Ethyl Fluoride 48.060 129.9 235.5 375.3 50.2 169 2.0 1.950 293 167 C2H5I Ethyl Iodide 155.967 165. 345.6 554. 47. 1.7 0.548 183 168 C2H6 Ethane 30.070 89.9 184.6 305.4 48.8 148.3 0.0 0.667 293 169 C2H5O Ethylene Glycol 46.069 131.7 248.3 400.0 52.4 178 1.3 0.667 293 170 C2H5O Ethanol 46.069 159.1 351.4 513.9 61.4 167.1 1.7 0.789 293 171 C2H5O2 Ethylene Glycol 62.069 260.2 470.5 (645) (77) 2.2 1.114 293 172 C2H5S Ethyl Mercaptan 62.134 125.3 308.2 499 54.9 207 1.5 0.839 293 173 C2H5S Dimethyl Ether 62.130 174.9 310.5 503.0 55.3 201 1.5 0.848 293 174 C2H7N Ethyl Amine 45.085 192 289.7 465.4 56.4 182 1.3 0.683 293 175 C2H7N Dimethyl Lamine 45.085 181.0 280.0 438.7 53.1 1.0 0.656 293 176 C2H7NO Monoethanolamine 61.084 283.5 443.5 614 44.5 196 2.6 1.016 293 177 C2H8N2 Ethylelnediamine 60.099 284 390.4 593 62.8 206 1.9 0.896 293 178 C3ClF5O Chloropentafluoroactone 182.475 281.0 410.6 28.8 179 C3F6O Perfluoracetone 166.020 245.7 357.1 28.4 329 180 C3F8 Perfluoracetone 188.017 90. 236.5 345.1 26.8 299.8 1.350 293 181 C3H3F3 Trifluoracetone 96.051 244. 376.2 38.0 211 182 C3H3F5 1,1,1,2,2-Pentafluoracetone 134.047 255.7 380.1 31.4 273 183 C3H3N Acrylonitrile 53.064 189.5 350.5 536 45.6 210 3.5 0.806 293 184 C3H3NO Isoxazole 69.063 368 552 2.8 1.078 293 185 C3H4 Propadiene 40.065 136.9 238.7 393 54.7 162 0.2 0.658 238 186 C3H4O Methyl Acethylene 40.065 170.5 249.9 402.4 56.3 164 0.7 0.706 223-221 -
부록 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 186 C3H4O Methyl Acethylene 40.065 170.5 249.9 402.4 56.3 164 0.7 0.706 223 187 C3H4O2 Acrolein 56.064 186 326. 506 51.6 2.9 0.839 293 188 C3H4O2 Acrolein 72.064 185 414 615 56.7 210 1.051 293 189 C3H4O2 Acrylic Acid 72.064 215.5 319.9 475 57.7 210 0.963 293 190 C3H5Cl Vinyl Formate 76.0526 138.7 328.3 514 47.6 234 2.0 0.937 293 191 C3H5Cl3 Allyl Chloride 147.432 258.5 429 651 39.5 348 1.6 1.389 293 192 C3H5N 1,2,3-Trichloropropane 55.050 180.3 370.3 564.4 41.8 229 3.7 0.782 293 193 C3H6 Propionitrile 42.081 145.7 240.3 397.8 54.9 163 0.0 0.563 288 194 C3H6 Cyclopropane 42.081 87.9 225.5 364.9 46.0 181 0.4 0.612 223 195 C3H6Cl2 Propylene 122.987 172.7 369.5 577 44.0 226 1.9 1.15 293 196 C3H6O 1,2-dichloropropane 58.080 178.2 329.2 508.1 47.0 209 2.9 0.790 293 197 C3H6O Acetone 58.080 144 370.2 543.0 0.855 288 198 C3H6O Allyl Alcohol 58.080 193 321 515.3 63.3 2.7 0.797 293 199 C3H6O 1,2-Propylene Oxide 58.080 161 308 482.2 49.2 186 2.0 0.829 293 200 C3H6O Vinyl Methyl Ether 58.080 151.5 278 436 47.6 205 0.750 293 201 C3H6O2 Propionic Acid 74.080 252.5 414.5 612 54 222 1.5 0.993 293 202 C3H6O2 Ethyl Formate 74.080 193.8 327.5 508.5 47.4 229 2.0 0.927 289 203 C3H6O2 Methyl Acetate 74.080 175 330.4 506.8 46.9 228 1.7 0.934 293 204 C2H7Cl Propyl Chloride 78.542 150.4 320.4 503 45.8 254 2.0 0.891 293 205 C3H7Cl Isopropyl Chloride 78.542 156.0 308.9 485.0 47.2 230 2.1 0.862 293 206 C3H8 Propane 44.094 85.5 231.1 369.8 42.5 203 0.0 0.582 231 207 C3H8O 1-Propanol 60.096 146.9 370.3 536.8 51.7 219 1.7 0.804 293 208 C3H8O Isopropyl Alcohol 60.096 184.7 355.4 508.3 47.6 220 1.7 0.786 293 209 C3H8O Methyl Ethyl Enter 60.096 134 280.6 437.8 44.0 221 1.2 0.700 293 210 C3H8O2 Methylal 76.096 168 315 480.6 39.5 213 1.0 0.888 291 211 C3H8O2 1,2-Propanediol 76.069 213 460.5 625 60.7 237 3.6 1.036 293 212 C3H8O2 1,3-Propanediol 76.069 246.4 487.6 724 89.5 3.7 1.053 293 213 C3H8O3 Glycerol 92.095 291 563 726 66.8 255 3.0 1.261 293 214 C3H8S Methyl Ethyl Sulfide 76.157 167.2 339.8 533 42.6 0.837 293 215 C3H9BO3 Trimethyl Borate 103.922 342 501.7 35.9 0.8 0.915 293 216 C3H9N N-Propyl Amine 59.112 190. 321.7 497.0 48.1 233 1.3 0.717 293 217 C3H9N Isopropyl Amine 59.112 177.9 305.6 471.8 45.4 221 0.688 293 218 C3H9N Trimethyl Amine 59.112 156 276.0 433.3 40.9 254 0.6 0.633 293 219 C3F8 Perfluorocyclbueane 200.028 267.2 388.5 27.8 324 1.654 253 220 C3F10 Perfluorobutane 238.024 145 271.2 386.4 23.2 378 1.517 293 221 C4H4 Vinylacetylene 52.076 227.6 278.1 455 49.6 202 0.710 273 222 C4H4O Furan 68.075 187.5 304.5 490.2 55.0 218 0.7 0.938 293 223 C4H4S Thiophene 84.136 234.9 357.2 579.4 56.9 219 0.5 1.071 289 224 C4H5N Allyl Cyanide 67.091 186.7 392 585 39.5 265 3.4 0.835 293 225 C4H5N Pyrrole 67.091 403.0 639.8 1.8 0.967 294 226 C4H6 1-Butyne 54.092 147.4 281.2 463.7 47.1 220 0.8 0.650 289 227 C4H6 2-Butyne 54.092 240.9 300.1 488.7 50.8 221 0.8 0.691 293 228 C4H6 1,2-Butadine 54.092 137.9 284.0 443.7 44.9 219 0.4 0.652 293 229 C4H6 1,3-Butadine 54.092 164.2 268.7 425. 43.3 221 0.0 0.621 293 230 C4H6O2 Vinyl Acetate 86.091 173 346. 525. 43.5 265 1.7 0.932 293 231 C4H6O3 Acetic Anhydride 102.089 199 413.2 569. 46.8 3.0 1.087 293 232 C4H6O4 Dimethyl Oxalate 118.090 327 436.5 628. 39.8 1.15 288 233 C4H6O4 Succinic Acid 118.090 456 508. 2.2 234 C4H7N Butyronictrile 69.107 161.0 391.1 582.2 37.9 2.8 0.792 293 235 C4H6O2 Methyl Acrylate 86.091 196.7 535.5 536. 43. 265 0.595 293 236 C4H8 1-Butene 56.108 87.8 266.9 419.6 40.2 240 0.3 0.595 293 237 C4H8 2-Butene,Cis 56.108 134.3 276.9 435.6 42.0 234 0.3 0.621 293 238 C4H8 2-Butene,Trans 56.108 167.6 274.0 428.6 39.9 238 0.0 0.604 293 239 C4H8 Cyclobutane 56.108 182.4 285.7 460.0 49.9 210 0.694 293 240 C4H8 Isobutylene 56.108 132.8 266.2 417.9 40.0 239 0.5 0.594 293 241 C4H8O N-Butyraldehyde 72.107 176.8 348.0 545.4 53.8 2.6 0.802 293 242 C4H8O Isobutylaldehyde 72.107 208.2 337. 513. 41.5 274 0.789 293 243 C4H8O Methyl Ethyl Ketone 72.107 186.5 352.7 536.8 42.1 267 3.3 0.805 293 244 C4H8O Tetrahydrofuran 72.107 164.7 338. 540.1 51.9 224 1.7 0.889 293 245 C4H8O Vinyl Ethyl Ether 72.107 157.9 308.7 475. 40.7 1.3 0.793 293 246 C4H8O2 N-Butyric Acid 88.107 267.9 437.2 628. 52.7 290 1.5 0.958 293 247 C4H8O2 Isobutyric Acid 88.107 227.2 427.9 609. 40.5 292 1.3 0.968 293 Dipm debye LDEN TDEN - 222 -
A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 248 C4H8O2 1,4-Dioxane 88.107 285 374.6 587. 52.1 238 0.4 1.033 293 249 C4H8O2 Ethyl Acetate 88.107 189.6 350.3 523.2 38.3 286 1.9 0.901 293 250 C4H8O2 Methyl Propionate 88.107 185.7 352.8 530.6 40.0 282 1.7 0.915 293 251 C4H8O2 N-Propyl Formate 88.107 180.3 354.1 538.0 40.6 285 1.9 0.911 289 252 C3H8S Tetrahydrothiophene 88.172 177.0 394.2 632 1.9 1.000 293 253 C4H9Cl 1-Chlorobutane 92.569 150.1 351.6 542 36.8 312 2.0 0.886 293 254 C4H9Cl 2-Chlorobutane 92.569 141.8 341.4 520.6 39.5 305 2.1 0.873 293 255 C4H9Cl Tert-Butyl Chloride 92.569 247.8 324 507 39.5 295 2.1 0.842 293 256 C4H9N Pyrrolidine 71.123 359.6 568.6 56.1 249 1.6 0.852 295 257 C4H9NO Morpholine 87.122 268.4 401.4 618 54.7 253 1.5 1.000 293 258 C4H10 N-Butane 58.124 134.8 272.7 425.2 38.0 255 0.0 0.579 293 259 C4H10 Isobutance 58.124 113.6 261.4 408.2 36.5 263 0.1 0.557 293 260 C4H10O N-Butanol 74.123 183.9 390.9 563.1 44.2 275 1.8 0.810 293 261 C4H10O 2-Butanol 74.123 158.5 372.7 536.1 41.8 269 1.7 0.807 293 262 C4H10O Isobutanol 74.123 165.2 381.0 547.8 43.0 273 1.7 0.802 293 263 C4H10O Tert-Butanol 74.123 298.8 355.5 506.2 39.7 275 1.7 0.787 293 264 C4H10O Diethyl Ether 74.123 156.9 307.6 466.7 36.4 280 1.3 0.713 293 265 C4H10O Methyl Propyl Ether 74.123 311.7 476.3 38.0 1.2 0.783 293 266 C4H10O Methyl Isopropyl Ether 74.123 303.9 464.5 37.6 0.724 293 267 C4H10O2 1,2-Dimethoxyethane 90.123 202 358 536 38.7 271 0.0 0.867 293 268 C4H10O3 Diethylene Glycol 106.122 265 519 681 47 1.116 293 269 C4H10S Diethyl Sulfide 90.184 169.2 365.3 557 39.6 318 1.6 0.837 293 270 C4H10S2 Diethyl Disulfide 122.244 171.7 427.1 642 2.0 0.998 293 271 C4H11N N-Butyl Amine 73.139 224.1 349.5 531.9 42.0 1.3 0.739 293 272 C4H11N Isobutyl Amine 73.139 188.0 336.2 514.3 41.0 1.2 0.722 295 273 C4H11N Diethyl Amine 73.139 223.4 328.6 496.5 37.1 301 1.1 0.707 293 274 C5F12 Perfluoropentane 288.031 302.4 420.6 20.5 473 0.0 275 C5H2F6O2 Hexafluoroacetylacetone 208.059 237.3 485.1 27.7 276 C5H4O2 Furfural 96.085 234.5 434.9 670. 58.9 3.6 1.159 293. 277 C5H5N Pyridine 79.102 231.5 388.4 620.0 56.3 254 2.3 0.983 293 278 C5H6N2 2-Methyl Pyrazine 94.117 410. 634.3 50.1 283 1.044 273 279 C5H6O 2-Methyl Furan 82.102 338. 527. 47.2 247 0.7 0.913 293 280 C5H8 Cyclopenten 68.119 138.1 317.4 506.0 0.9 0.772 293 281 C5H8 1,2-Pentadiene 68.119 135.9 318.0 503. 40.7 276 0.693 293 282 C5H8 1,3-Pentadiene,Trans 68.119 185.7 315.1 496. 39.9 275 0.7 0.676 293 283 C5H8 1,4-Pentadiene 68.119 124.9 299.1 478. 37.9 276 0.4 0.661 293 284 C5H8 1-Pentyne 68.119 167.5 313.3 493.5 40.5 278 0.9 0.690 293 285 C5H8 2-Methyl-1,3-Butadiene 68.119 127.2 307.2 484. 38.5 276 0.3 0.681 293 286 C5H8 3-Methyl-1,2-Butadiene 68.119 159.5 314.0 496. 41.1 267 0.686 293 287 C5H8O Cyclopentanone 84.118 222.5 403.9 634.6 51.1 268 3.0 0.959 293 288 C5H8O Dihydropyran 84.118 359. 561.7 45.6 268 1.4 289 C5H8O2 Ettyl Acrylate 100.118 201 373. 552. 37.4 320 0.921 293 290 C5H10 Cyclopentane 70.135 179.3 322.4 511.7 45.1 260 0.0 0.745 293 291 C5H10 1-Pentene 70.135 107.9 303.1 464.8 35.3 300 0.4 0.640 293 292 C5H10 1-Pentene 70.135 121.7 310.1 476. 36.5 0.656 293 293 C5H10 2-Pentene,Cis 70.135 132.9 309.5 475. 36.6 0.649 293 294 C5H10 2-Pentene,Trans 70.135 135.6 304.3 465. 35.4 0.5 0.650 293 295 C5H10 2-Methyl-1-Butene 70.135 139.3 311.7 470. 35.4 0.662 293 296 C5H10 2-Methyl-2-Butene 70.135 104.7 293. 450. 35.1 0.627 293 297 C5H10O 3-Methyl-1-Butene 86.134 182 376. 554. 35.4 333 2.6 0.810 293 298 C5H10O Valeraldehyde 86.134 196 375.4 561.1 36.9 301 2.5 0.806 293 299 C5H10O Methyl N-Propyl Kentone 86.134 181 367.5 553.4 38.5 310 2.8 0.803 293 300 C5H10O Diethyl Ketone 86.134 234.2 375.1 561.0 31.3 336 2.7 0.814 293 301 C5H1oO 2-Methyl Tetrahydrofuran 86.134 351.0 537.0 37.6 267 0.855 293 302 C5H10O Tetrahydropyran 86.134 361.0 572.2 47.7 263 1.6 0.886 288 303 C5H10O2 N-Valeric Acid 102.134 239.0 459.5 651.0 0.939 293 304 C5H10O2 Isovaleric Acid 102.134 449.7 634.0 1.0 0.925 293 305 C5H10O2 Isobutyl Formate 102.134 178.0 371.4 554.0 37.3 352 1.9 0.885 293 306 C5H10O2 N-Propyl Acetate 102.134 374.7 549.4 33.3 345 1.8 0.887 293 307 C5H10O2 Ethyl Propionate 102.134 178.0 372.2 546.0 33.6 345 1.8 0.895 289 308 C5H10O2 Metyle Butyrate 102.134 199.3 375.9 554.4 34.8 340 1.7 0.898 293 309 C5H10O2 Metyle Isobutyrate 102.134 188.4 365.5 540.8 34.3 339 2.0 0.891 293 Dipm debye LDEN TDEN - 223 -
부록 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 310 C5H11N Piperidine 85.150 185.4 379.6 594.0 47.6 289 1.2 0.862 293 311 C5H12 N-Pentane 72.151 262.7 309.2 469.7 33.7 304 0.0 0.626 293 312 C5H12 2-Methyl Butane 72.151 143.4 301.0 460.4 33.9 306 0.1 0.620 293 313 C5H12 2,2-Dimethylpropane 72.151 113.3 282.6 433.8 32.0 303 0.0 0.591 293 314 C5H12O 1-Pentanol 88.150 256.7 411.1 588.2 39.1 326 1.7 0.815 293 315 C5H12O 2-Methyl-1-Butanol 88.150 195.0 401.9 571.0 33.4 0.819 293 316 C5H12O 3-Methyl-1-Butanol 88.150 203.0 405.2 579.4 1.8 0.810 293 317 C5H12O 2-Methyl-2-Butanol 88.150 156.0 375.5 545.0 39.5 1.9 0.809 293 318 C5H12O 2,2-Dimethyl-1-Propanol 88.150 264.4 386.3 549.0 0.783 327 319 C5H12O Ethyl Propyl Ether 88.150 327.0 336.4 500.2 33.7 339 1.2 0.733 293 320 C5H12O Butyl Methyl Ether 88.150 146.4 343.3 512.8 33.7 329 1.3 0.744 293 321 C5H12O Tert-Butyl Methyl Ether 88.150 157.7 328.3 496.4 33.7 1.2 322 C6BrF5 Bromopentafluorobenzene 246.960 410.0 601.0 30.4 323 C6ClF5 Chloropentafluorobenzene 202.509 391.1 570.8 32.4 376 324 C6Cl2F4 Dichlorotetrafluorobenzene 218.964 430.9 626.0 53.2 325 C6Cl3F3 1,3,5-Trichlorotriflorobenzene 235.419 471.5 684.9 32.7 448 326 C6F6 Perfluorobenzene 186.056 353.4 516.7 33.0 335 327 C6F12 Perfluorocyclohexane 300.047 236.0 457.2 24.3 459 0.0 328 C6F14 Perfluoro-N-Hexane 338.044 186.0 329.8 448.8 18.7 606 329 C6F14 Perfluoro-2-Methylpentane 338.044 330.8 453.0 18.2 550 1.733 293 330 C6F14 Perfluoro-3-Methylpentane 338.044 331.5 450.0 16.9 331 C6F14 Perfluoro-2-3-Dimethylbutane 338.044 332.9 463.0 18.7 525 332 C6HF5 Penfluorobenzene 168.064 358.9 531.0 35.3 324 333 C6HF50 Penfluorophenol 184.063 418.8 609.0 40.0 348 334 C6H2F4 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 150.074 367.5 550.8 37.9 313 335 C6H2F4 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 150.074 357.6 535.3 37.5 336 C6H2F4 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 150.074 363.4 543.4 38.0 337 C6H4C12 O-Dichlorobenzene 147.004 265.1 452.0 729.0 41.0 360 2.3 1.306 293 338 C6H4F2 1,4-Difluorobenzene 114.094 362.0 556.0 44.0 339 C6H5Br Bromobenzene 157.010 242.3 429.2 670.0 45.2 324 1.5 1.495 293 340 C6H5Cl Chlorobenzene 112.559 227.6 404.9 632.4 45.2 308 1.6 1.106 293 341 C6H5F Fluororbenezene 96.104 234.0 357.9 560.1 45.5 269 1.4 1.024 293 342 C6H5I Iodobenezene 204.011 241.8 461.6 721.0 45.2 351 1.4 1.855 277 343 C6H6 Benzene 78.114 278.7 353.2 562.2 48.9 259 0.0 0.885 289 344 C6H6O Phenol 94.113 314.0 455.0 694.2 61.3 229 1.6 1.059 313 345 C6H7N Aniline 93.129 267.0 457.6 699.0 53.1 274 1.6 1.022 293 346 C6H7N 2-Methylpyridine 93.129 207.0 402.6 621.0 46.0 1.9 0.950 288 347 C6H7N 3-Methylpyridine 93.129 417.3 645.0 2.4 0.961 288 348 C6H7N 4-Methylpyridine 93.129 276.9 418.5 646.0 44.6 311 0.955 293 349 C6H10 1,5-Hexadiene 82.146 132.0 332.6 507.0 34.4 0.692 293 350 C6H10 Cyclohexene 82.146 169.7 356.1 560.5 43.4 0.6 0.816 289 351 C6H10O Cyclohexanone 98.145 242.0 428.8 629.0 39.0 312 0.951 288 293 352 C6H11N Capronitrile 97.161 194.0 436.8 622.0 32.5 0.809 288 288 353 C6H12 Cyclohexane 84.162 279.6 353.8 553.5 40.7 308 0.779 293 293 354 C6H12 Methylcyclopentane 84.162 130.7 345.0 532.7 37.8 360 0.754 293 293 355 C6H12 1-Hexane 84.163 133.3 336.6 504.0 31.7 0.673 293 293 356 C6H12 2-Hexane,Cis 84.162 132.0 342.0 518.0 32.8 0.687 293 293 357 C6H12 2-Hexane,Trans 84.162 140.0 341.0 516.0 32.7 0.678 293 289 358 C6H12 3-Hexane,Cis 84.162 135.3 339.6 517.0 32.8 0.680 293 293 359 C6H12 3-Hexane,Trans 84.162 159.7 340.3 519.9 32.5 0.677 293 293 360 C6H12 2-Methyl-2-Pentene 84.162 138.1 340.5 518.0 32.8 351 0.691 289 293 361 C6H12 3-Methyl-2-Pentene,Cis 84.162 138.3 340.9 518.0 32.8 0.694 293 293 362 C6H12 3-Methyl-2-Pentene,Trans 84.162 134.7 343.6 521.0 32.9 0.698 293 293 363 C6H12 4-Methyl-2-Pentene,Cis 84.162 139.0 329.6 490.0 30.4 0.669 293 293 364 C6H12 4-Methyl-2-Pentene,Trans 84.162 132.0 331.7 493.0 30.4 0.669 293 293 365 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-1-Butene 84.162 115.9 328.8 501.0 30.4 0.678 293 293 366 C6H12 2,3-Dimethyl-2-Butene 84.162 198.9 346.4 524.0 33.6 0.708 293 293 367 C6H12 3,3-Dimethyl-1-Butene 84.162 158.0 314.4 490.0 32.5 0.653 293 293 368 C6H12O Cyclohexanol 100.160 298.0 434.3 625.0 37.5 327 0.942 303 327 369 C6H12O Enthyl Propyl Ketone 100.160 396.6 582.8 33.2 0.813 295 293 370 C6H12O Menthyl Propyl Ketone 100.160 216.0 400.7 587.0 33.2 0.816 288 293 371 C6H12O Menthyl Isobutyl Ketone 100.160 189.0 389.6 571.0 32.7 0.801 293 Dipm debye LDEN TDEN - 224 -
A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 372 C6H12O2 N-Butyl Acetate 116.160 199.7 399.3 579.0 31.4 0.898 273 373 C6H12O2 Isobutyl Acetate 116.160 174.3 389.7 564.0 30.2 414 0.875 293 374 C6H12O2 Ethyl Butyrate 116.160 180.0 394.7 569.0 29.6 395 0.879 293 375 C6H12O2 Ethyl Isobutyrate 116.160 185.0 383.2 555.0 29.7 410 0.869 293 376 C6H12O2 N-Propyl Propionate 116.160 193.7 395.8 571.0 30.2 1.8 0.881 293 377 C6H12O2 N-Amyl Formate 116.160 199.7 403.6 576.0 34.6 0.902 273 378 C6H12O2 Isoamy Formate 116.160 396.7 578.0 0.882 293 379 C6H14 N-Hexane 86.178 177.8 341.9 507.5 30.1 370 0.0 0.659 293 380 C6H14 Isohexane 86.178 119.5 333.4 497.5 30.1 367 0.653 293 381 C6H14 3-Methyl Pentane 86.178 155.0 336.4 504.5 31.2 367 0.664 293 382 C6H14 2,2-Dimethyl Butane 86.178 173.3 322.8 488.8 30.8 359 0.649 293 383 C6H14 2,3-Dimethyl Butane 86.178 144.6 331.1 500.0 31.3 358 0.662 293 384 C6H14O 1-Hexanol 102.177 229.2 430.2 611.0 40.5 381 1.8 0.819 293 385 C6H14O 2-Hexanol 102.177 411.0 586.2 0.816 293 386 C6H14O Ethyl Butyl Ether 102.177 170.0 365.4 531.0 30.4 390 1.2 0.749 293 387 C6H14O Methyl Amyl Ether 102.177 372.0 546.5 30.4 392 0.750 293 388 C6H14O Dipropyl Ether 102.177 151.0 363.2 530.6 30.3 1.2 0.736 293 389 C6H14O Diisopropyl Ether 102.177 187.7 341.7 500.3 28.8 386 1.2 0.724 293 390 C6H15N Dipropylamine 101.193 233.6 382.5 555.8 29.9 1.0 0.738 293 391 C6H15N Diisopropylamine 101.193 212.2 357.1 523.1 30.2 1.0 0.722 295 392 C6H15N Triethylamine 101.193 158.4 362.5 535.0 30.3 389 0.9 0.728 293 393 C7F8 Perfluorotoluene 236.061 377.7 534.5 27.1 428 394 C7F14 Perfluoromethylcyclohexane 350.055 349.5 486.8 23.3 1.789 298 395 C7F16 Perfluoro-N-Heptane 388.051 195.0 355.6 474.8 16.2 664 1.733 293 396 C7H3F5 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorotoluene 182.091 390.7 566.5 31.3 384 397 C7H5N Benzonitrile 103.124 260.0 464.3 699.4 42.2 3.5 1.010 288 398 C7H6O Benzaldehyde 106.124 216.0 452.2 694.8 45.4 2.8 1.045 293 399 C7H6O2 Benzoic Acid 122.124 395.6 523.0 752.0 45.6 341 1.7 1.075 403 400 C7H8 Toluene 92.141 178 383.8 591.8 41.0 316 0.4 0.867 293 401 C7H8O Methyl Phenyl Ether 108.140 235.7 426.8 645.6 42.5 1.2 0.996 293 402 C7H8O Benzyl Alcohol 108.140 257.8 478.6 720.2 44.0 1.7 1.041 298 403 C7H8O O-Cresol 108.140 304.1 464.2 697.6 50.1 1.6 1.028 313 404 C7H8O M-Cresol 108.140 285.4 475.4 705.8 45.6 309 1.8 1.034 298 405 C7H8O P-Cresol 108.140 307.9 475.1 704.6 51.5 1.6 1.019 313 406 C7H9N 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 107.156 434.4 655.4 2.2 0.942 298 407 C7H9N 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 107.156 431.6 647.0 2.3 0.949 273 408 C7H9N 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 107.156 430.2 644.2 2.2 0.938 273 409 C7H9N 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 107.156 267.0 417.2 623.8 1.7 0.923 298 410 C7H9N 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 107.156 452.3 683.8 1.9 0.954 298 411 C7H9N 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 107.156 445.1 667.2 2.6 0.939 298 412 C7H9N N-Methylaniline 107.156 216.0 469.4 701.0 52.0 1.7 0.989 293 413 C7H9N O-Toluidine 107.156 258.4 473.5 694.0 37.5 1.6 0.998 293 414 C7H9N M-Toluidine 107.156 242.8 476.6 709.0 41.5 1.5 0.989 293 415 C7H9N P-Toluidine 107.156 316.9 473.7 667.0 23.8 1.6 0.964 323 416 C7H14 Cycloheptane 98.189 265.0 391.6 604.2 38.1 353 0.810 293 417 C7H14 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane 98.189 203.4 361.0 547.0 34.4 360 0.759 289 418 C7H14 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane-Cis 98.189 219.3 372.7 564.8 34.4 368 0.777 289 419 C7H14 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane-Trans 98.189 155.6 365.0 553.2 34.4 362 0.756 289 420 C7H14 Ethylcyclopentane 98.189 134.7 376.6 569.5 34.0 375 0.771 289 421 C7H14 Methylcyclohexane 98.189 146.6 374.1 572.2 34.7 368 0.0 0.774 289 422 C7H14 1-Heptene 98.189 154.3 366.8 537.3 28.3 440 0.3 0.697 293 423 C7H14 2,3,3-Trimethyl-1-Butene 98.189 163.3 351.0 533.0 28.9 400 0.705 293 424 C7H14O Methyl Amyl Ketone 114.188 424.2 611.5 34.4 0.820 288 425 C7H14O2 N-Propyl Butyrate 130.187 176.0 416.2 590.0 27.1 1.8 0.879 288 426 C7H14O2 N-Propyl Isobutyrate 130.187 408.6 581 28.3 0.884 273 427 C7H14O2 Isoamyl Acetate 130.187 194.7 415.7 599 1.8 0.876 288 428 C7H14O2 Isobutyl Propionate 130.187 201.8 410.0 583 27.7 0.888 273 429 C7H16 N-Heptane 100.205 182.6 371.6 540.3 27.4 432 0.0 0.684 293 430 C7H16 2-Methylhexane 100.205 154.9 363.2 530.4 27.3 421 0.0 0.676 293 431 C7H16 3-Methylhexane 100.205 100.0 365.0 535.3 28.1 404 0.0 0.687 293 432 C7H16 2,2-Dimethylpentane 100.205 149.4 352.4 520.5 27.7 416 0.0 0.674 293 433 C7H16 2,3-Dimethylpentane 100.205 362.9 537.4 29.1 393 0.0 0.695 293 Dipm debye LDEN TDEN - 225 -
부록 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 434 C7H16 2,4-Dimethylpentane 100.205 154 353.6 519.8 27.4 418 0.0 0.673 293 435 C7H16 3,3-Dimethylpentane 100.205 138.7 359.2 536.4 29.5 414 0.0 0.693 293 436 C7H16 3-Ethylhexane 100.205 154.6 366.6 540.6 28.9 416 0.0 0.698 293 437 C7H16 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 100.205 248.3 354.0 531.2 29.5 398 0.0 0.690 293 438 C7H16O 1-Heptanol 116.204 239.2 449.8 633 30.4 435 1.7 0.822 293 439 C8H14O3 Phthalic Anhydride 148.118 404 560 810 47.6 368 5.3 440 C8H8 Styrene 104.152 242.5 418.3 647 39.9 0.1 0.906 293 441 C8H8 Methyl Phenyl Ketone 120.151 292.8 474.9 714 40.6 376 3.0 1.032 288 442 C8H8O2 Methyl Benzoate 136.151 260.8 472.2 692 36.4 396 1.9 1.086 293 443 C8H8O3 Methyl Salicylate 152.149 264.6 496.1 709 2.4 1.182 298 444 C8H10 O-Xylene 106.168 248.0 417.6 630.3 37.3 369 0.5 0.880 293 445 C8H10 M-Xylene 106.168 225.3 412.3 617.1 35.4 376 0.3 0.864 293 446 C8H10 P-Xylene 106.168 286.4 411.5 616.2 35.1 379 0.1 0.861 293 447 C8H10 Ethylbenzene 106.168 178.2 409.3 617.2 36.0 374 0.4 0.867 293 448 C8H10O O-Ethylphenlol 122.167 269.8 477.7 703.0 1.037 273 449 C8H10O M-Ethylphenlol 122.167 269 491.6 718.8 1.025 273 450 C8H10O P-Ethylphenlol 122.167 318 491.1 716.4 451 C8H10O Ethyl Phenyl Ether 122.167 243.0 443.0 647.0 34.2 1.2 0.979 277 452 C8H10O 2,3-Xylenol 122.167 348.0 490.1 722.8 453 C8H10O 2,4-Xylenol 122.167 298.0 484.1 707.6 2.0 454 C8H10O 2,5-Xylenol 122.167 348.0 484.3 706.9 309 1.5 455 C8H10O 2,6-Xylenol 122.167 322.0 474.2 701.0 456 C8H10O 3,4-Xylenol 122.167 338.0 500.2 729.8 457 C8H10O 3,5-Xylenol 122.167 337.0 494.9 715.6 1.7 458 C8H11N N,N-Dimethylaniline 121.183 275.6 467.3 687.0 36.3 1.8 0.956 293 469 C8H11N N-Ethylpyridine 121.183 207.4 476.2 698.0 1.6 0.963 293 460 C8H16 Diethylsuccinate 174.196 251.9 490.9 663.0 1.7 1.041 293 461 C8H16 1,1-Dimethylcyclohexane 112.216 239.7 392.7 591.0 29.6 416 2.3 0.785 289 462 C8H16 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane-Cis 112.216 223.1 402.9 606.0 29.6 0.796 293 463 C8H16 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane-Trans 112.216 185.0 396.6 596.0 0.776 293 464 C8H16 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane-Cis 112.216 197.6 393.3 591.0 29.6 0.766 293 465 C8H16 1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane-Trans 112.216 183.0 397.6 598.0 29.7 0.785 293 466 C8H16 1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane-Cis 112.216 185.7 397.5 598.0 29.7 0.783 293 467 C8H16 1,4-Dimethylcyclohexane-Trans 112.216 392.5 587.7 29.7 0.763 293 468 C8H16 Ethylcyclohexane 112.216 161.8 404.9 609.0 30.0 450 0.0 0.788 293 469 C8H16 1,1,2-Trimethycyclopentane 112.216 386.9 579.5 29.4 470 C8H16 1,1,3-Trimethycyclopentane 112.216 378.0 569.5 28.3 471 C8H16 1,2,4-Trimethycyclopentane-C,C,T 112.216 391.0 579.0 29.0 472 C8H16 1,2,4-Trimethycyclopentane-C,T,C 112.216 382.4 571.0 28.0 473 C8H16 L-Methy-L-Ethylcyclopentane 112.216 394.7 592.0 30.0 474 C8H16 N-Propylcyclopentane 112.216 155.8 404.1 603.0 30.0 425 0.781 289 475 C8H16 Isopropycyclopentane 112.216 160.5 399.6 601.0 30.0 0.776 293 476 C8H16 cyclooctane 112.216 287.6 422. 647.2 35.6 410 0.834 293 477 C8H16 1-octane 112.216 171.4 394.4 566.7 26.2 464 0.3 0.714 293 478 C8H16 2-octane-trans 112.216 185.4 398.1 580. 27.7 0.720 293 479 C8H16O2 isoamyl propionate 144.214 433.4 611. 0.870 293 480 C8H16O2 isobutyl butyrate 144.214 430.1 603. 24.5 0.863 291 481 C8H16O2 isobutyl isobutyrate 144.214 421.8 594. 24.6 0.875 273 482 C8H16O2 n-propyl isovalerate 144.214 429.1 609. 0.863 293 483 C8H18 n-octane 114.232 216.4 398.8 568.8 24.9 492 0.0 0.703 293 484 C8H18 2-methylhaptane 114.232 164. 390.8 559.6 24.8 488 0.702 289 485 C8H18 3-methylhaptane 114.232 152.7 392.1 563.7 25.5 464 0.706 293 486 C8H18 4-methylhaptane 114.232 152.2 390.9 561.7 25.4 476 0.705 293 487 C8H18 2,2-dimethylhexane 114.232 152. 380.0 549.9 25.3 478 0.695 293 488 C8H18 2,3-dimethylhexane 114.232 388.8 563.5 26.3 468 0.712 293 489 C8H18 2,4-dimethylhexane 114.232 382.6 553.5 25.6 472 0.700 293 490 C8H18 2,5-dimethylhexane 114.232 181.9 382.3 550.1 24.9 482 0.693 293 491 C8H18 3,3-dimethylhexane 114.232 147. 385.1 562.0 26.5 443 0.710 293 492 C8H18 3,4-dimethylhexane 114.232 390.9 568.9 26.9 466 0.719 293 493 C8H18 3-ethylhexane 114.232 391.7 565.5 26.1 455 0.718 293 494 C8H18 2,2,3-trimethylpentane 114.232 160.9 383.0 563.5 27.3 436 0.716 293 495 C8H18 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 114.232 165.8 372.4 544.0 25.7 468 0.692 293 Dipm debye LDEN TDEN - 226 -
A8. 각종가스의임계점자료 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 496 C8H18 2,3,3-trimethylpentane 114.232 172.5 387.9 573.6 28.2 455 0.726 293 497 C8H18 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 114.232 163.9 386.6 566.4 27.3 461 0.719 293 498 C8H18 2-methyl-3-ethylpentane 114.232 158.2 388.8 567.1 27.0 443 0.719 293 499 C8H18 3-methyl-3-ethylpentane 114.232 182.3 391.4 576.6 28.1 455 0.727 293 500 C8H18 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane 114.232 374. 379.6 576.8 28.7 461 501 C8H18O 1-octanol 130.231 257.7 468.3 652.5 28.6 490 2.0 0.826 293 502 C8H18O 2-octanol 130.231 241.2 452. 637. 1.6 0.821 293 503 C8H18O 4-methyl-3-heptanol 130.231 443. 623.5 504 C8H18O 5-methyl-3-heptanol 130.231 445. 621.2 505 C8H18O 2-ethyl-1-hexanol 130.231 203.2 457.8 540.2 1.8 0.833 293 506 C8H18O dibutyl ether 130.231 175. 413.4 580. 25.3 0.768 293 507 C8H18O di-tert-butyl ether 130.231 382.2 550. 24.2 1.2 508 C8H19N dibutyl amine 129.247 211. 432.8 607.5 26.4 0.767 293 509 C8H19N diisobutyl amine 129.247 203. 412.8 584.4 27.2 1.1 0.741 298 510 C9H7N quinoline 129.162 258. 510.8 782. 1.095 293 511 C9H7N isoquinoline 129.162 300. 516.4 803. 1.091 303 512 C9H1O indane 118.179 451.1 684.9 39.5 293 513 C9H1O alpha-methylstyrene 118.179 438.5 654. 34. 0.911 293 514 C9H10O2 ethyl benzoate 150.178 238.3 485.9 668.7 23.2 1.046 293 515 C9H12 n-propylbenzene 120.195 173.7 432.4 638.2 32.0 440 0.862 293 516 C9H12 isopropylbenzene 120.195 177.1 425.6 631.1 32.1 0.862 293 517 C9H12 1-methyl-2-ethylbenzene 120.195 192.3 438.3 651. 30.4 460 0.881 293 518 C9H12 1-methyl-3-ethylbenzene 120.195 177.6 434.5 637. 28.4 490 0.865 293 519 C9H12 1-methyl-4-ethylbenzene 120.195 210.8 435.2 640. 29.4 470 0.861 293 520 C9H12 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene 120.195 247.7 449.3 664.5 34.5 0.894 293 521 C9H12 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 120.195 227. 442.5 649.2 32.3 0.880 289 522 C9H12 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 120.195 228.4 437.9 637.3 31.3 0.1 0.865 293 523 C9H13N N,N-dimethyl-o-toluidine 135.210 212. 467.3 668. 31.2 0.9 0.929 293 524 C9H18 n-propylcyclohexane 126.243 178.7 429.9 639.0 28.0 0.793 293 525 C9H18 isopropylcyclohexane 126.243 183.4 427.7 640.0 28.3 0.0 0.802 293 526 C9H18 1,trans-3,5-trimethylcyclohexane 126.233 413.7 602.2 0.722 293 527 C9H18 1-nonene 126.233 191.8 420.0 592. 23.4 580 0.745 273 528 C9H18O dibutyl ketone 142.242 267.3 461.6 640. 2.7 0.827 286 529 C9H2o 1-nonene 128.259 219.7 424.0 594.6 22.9 548 0.718 293 530 C9H2o 2-methyloctane 128.242 192.8 416.4 587.0 23.1 0.713 293 531 C9H2o 2,2-dimethylheptane 128.242 160.0 405.9 576.8 23.5 0.711 293 532 C9H2o 2,2,3-trimethylhexane 128.259 406.8 588. 24.9 0.729 293 533 C9H2o 2,2,4-trimethylhexane 128.259 153.0 399.7 573.7 23.7 0.720 289 534 C9H2o 2,2,5-dimethylhexane 128.259 167.4 397.2 568. 23.3 519 0.717 289 535 C9H2o 3,3-ditethylpentane 128.259 240.1 419.3 610. 26.7 0.0 0.752 293 536 C9H2o 2,2,3,3-tetramethylpentane 128.259 263.0 413.4 607.7 27.4 0.757 293 537 C9H2o 2,2,3,4-tetramethylpentane 128.259 152.0 406.1 592.7 26.0 0.739 293 538 C9H2o 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane 128.259 206.0 395.4 574.7 24.9 0.719 293 539 C9H2o 2,3,3,4-tetramethylpentane 128.259 171.1 414.7 607.7 27.2 0.755 293 540 C9H2oO 1-nonanol 128.258 268.0 486.7 671. 546 1.7 0.828 293 541 C10F8 perfluoronaphthalene 272.094 482. 673.1 293 542 C10F18 perfluorodecalin 462.074 415. 566. 15.2 293 543 C10F8 naphthalene 128.174 353.5 491.1 748.4 40.5 413 0.0 0.971 363 544 C10F12 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthlene 132.206 242.0 480.7 719. 35.1 0.973 293 545 C10F14 n-butylbenzene 134.222 185.2 456.5 660.5 28.9 497 0.4 0.860 293 546 C10F14 isobutylbenzene 134.222 221.7 445.9 650. 31.4 480 0.3 0.853 293 547 C10F14 sec-butylbenzene 134.222 197.7 446.5 664. 29.4 0.4 0.862 293 548 C10F14 tert-butylbenzene 134.222 215.3 442.3 660. 29.6 0.5 0.867 293 549 C10F14 1-methy-2-isopropylbenzene 134.222 451.5 670. 28.9 0.876 293 550 C10F14 1-methy-3-isopropylbenzene 134.222 448.3 666. 29.3 0.861 293 551 C10H14 1-Methyl-Isopropylbenzene 134.222 200. 450.3 651. 27.3 0.0 0.857 293 552 C10H14 1,4-Diethylbenzene 134.222 231. 456.9 657.9 28.0 0.1 0.862 293 553 C10H14 1,2,3,5-Tetramethylbenzene 134.222 249. 471.2 679. 0.890 293 554 C10H14 1,2,4,5-Tetramethylbenzene 134.212 352. 470.0 675. 29.4 0.838 354 555 C10H14O Thymol 150.221 323. 505.7 698. 556 C10H15N N-Butylaniline 149.236 259. 513.9 721. 28.3 0.932 293 557 C10H18 Cis-Decalin 138.254 230. 468.9 702.3 32.0 0.0 0.897 293 Dipm debye LDEN TDEN - 227 -
부록 No Formula Name Molwt Tfp K Tb K Tc K Pc bar Vc cm3 /mole 558 C10H18 Trans-Decalin 138.254 242.8 460.5 687.1 31.4 0.0 0.870 293 559 C10H18 1,3-Decadiene 138.254 442 615 0.750 293 560 C10H19N Caprylonitrile 153.269 255.3 516. 622.0 32.5 0.820 293 561 C10H20 Butylcyclohexane 140.260 198.4 454.1 667 31.5 0.799 293 562 C10H20 Isobutylcyclohexane 140.270 444.5 659 31.2 0.795 293 563 C10H20 Sec-Butylcyclohexane 140.270 452.5 669 26.7 0.813 293 564 C10H20 Tert-Butylcyclohexane 140.270 232.0 444.7 659 26.6 0.0 0.813 293 565 C10H20 1-Decene 140.270 206.9 443.7 615 22.0 650 0.741 293 566 C10H20O Menthol 156.269 316. 489.5 694 567 C10H22 N-Decane 142.286 243.5 447.3 617.7 21.2 603 0.0 0.730 293 568 C10H22 3,3,5-Trimethylheptane 142.286 428.9 609.7 23.2 569 C10H22 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylhexane 142.286 433.5 623.2 25.1 570 C10H22 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylhexane 142.286 410.6 581.6 21.9 571 C10H22O 1-Decanol 158.285 280.1 506.1 687 22.2 600 1.8 0.830 293 572 C11H10 1-Methylnaphthalene 142.201 242.7 517.9 772 36. 462 0.5 1.020 293 573 C11H10 2-Methylnaphthalene 142.201 307.7 514.3 761 35. 462 0.4 0.990 313 574 C11H14O2 Butyl Benzoate 178.232 251 523 723 26. 561 1.006 293 575 C11H16 Pentamethylbenzene 148.249 327.5 504.6 719 576 C11H22 N-Hexylcyclopentane 154.297 200.2 476.3 660.1 21.3 0.797 293 577 C11H22 1-Undecene 154.297 224.0 465.8 637.0 19.9 0.751 293 578 C11H24 N-Undecene 156.313 247.6 469.1 638.8 19.7 660 0.0 0.740 293 579 C12H10 Diphenyl 154.212 342.4 529.3 789.0 38.5 502 0.990 347 580 C12H10O Diphenyl Ether 170.211 300.0 531.2 766.0 31.4 1.1 1.066 303 581 C12H18 Hexamethylbenzene 162.276 536.6 758.0 582 C12H24 N-Heptylcyclopentane 168.324 220.0 497.3 679.0 19.4 0.810 293 583 C12H24 L-Dodecene 168.324 238.0 486.5 657.0 18.5 0.758 293 584 C12H26 Dodecene 170.340 263.6 489.5 658.2 18.2 713 0.0 0.748 293 585 C12H26O Dihexylether 186.339 230.0 499.6 657.0 18.2 720 0.794 293 586 C12H26O Dodecanol 186.339 297.1 533.1 679.0 19.2 718 1.6 0.835 293 587 C12H27N Tributylamine 185.355 486.6 643.0 18.2 0.8 0.779 293 588 C13H12 Diphenylmethane 168.239 300.0 538.2 770.0 28.6 0.4 1.006 293 589 C13H26 N-Octylcycopentane 182.351 229.0 516.9 694.0 17.9 0.805 293 590 C13H26 1-Tridecene 182.351 250.1 505.9 674.0 17.0 0.766 293 591 C13H28 N-Tridecene 184.367 267.8 508.6 676.0 17.2 780 0.756 293 592 C14H10 Anthracene 178.234 489.7 613.1 869.6 554 0.0 593 C14H10 Phenanthrene 178.234 373.7 613.0 873.0 554 0.0 594 C14H28 N-Nonylcyclopentane 196.378 244.0 535.3 710.5 16.5 0.808 293 595 C14H28 L-Tetradecene 196.378 260.3 524.3 689.0 15.6 0.786 273 596 C14H30 N-Tetradecene 198.394 279.0 526.7 693.0 14.4 830 0.763 293 597 C15H30 N-Decylcyclopentane 210.405 251.1 552.5 723.8 15.2 0.811 293 598 C15H30 L-Pentadecene 210.405 269.4 541.5 704.0 14.5 0.791 273 599 C15H32 N-Pentadecene 212.421 283.0 543.8 707.0 15.2 0.769 293 600 C16H22O4 Dibutyl-O-Phthalate 278.350 238.0 608.0 880 1.047 293 601 C16H32 N-Decylcyclohexane 224.432 271 570.8 750 13.5 0.819 293 602 C16H32 1-Hexadecene 224.432 277.3 558 717 13.3 0.788 283 603 C16H34 Hexadecane 226.448 291 560 722 14.1 0.773 293 604 C17H34 N-Dedecylcyclopentane 238.459 268 584.1 750 12.9 0.816 293 605 C17H36O Heptadecanol 256.474 327 597 736 14.1 0.848 327 606 C17H36 N-Heptadecane 240.475 295 575.2 733 13. 1000 0.22 0.778 298 607 C18H14 O-Terphenyl 230.310 330 605 891.0 39.0 753 0.396 608 C18H14 M-Terphenyl 230.310 360 638 924.9 35.1 768 0.358 609 C18H14 P-Terphenyl 230.310 485 649 926.0 33.2 763 0.329 610 C18H36 L-Octadecene 252.486 290.8 588.0 739 11.3 0.789 293 611 C18H36 N-Tridecylcyclopentane 252.486 278 598.6 761 12.0 0.818 293 612 C18H38 Octadecane 245.504 301.3 589.5 748 12.0 0.777 301 613 C18H38O 1-Octadecanol 270.501 331 608 747 14.1 0.812 332 614 C19H38 1-Cyclopentyltetradecane 266.513 282 599 772 11.2 0.820 293 615 C19H40 N-Nonadecane 268.529 305 603.1 756 11.1 0.789 305 616 C20H40 1-Cyclopentylpentadecane 280.540 290 625 780 10.2 0.821 293 617 C20H42 N-Eicosane 282.556 310 617 767 11.1 0.775 313 618 C20H42O 1-Eicosanol 298.555 339 629 770 12. Dipm debye LDEN TDEN - 228 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 A9. 가스의기-액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료가스흡수조작에관련하여교과서적인많은문헌이나와있지만기-액용해도자료및 H OG, K G a 값등물질전달계수에관계되는자료들을체계적으로집성한문헌은매우드물다. 본장에서소개하는데이터들은일본의 NCE( 日鐵化工機 ( 株 ) Nittetu Chemical Engineering Co.) 의 Yoichi Shimoi씨가정리한 가스흡수와충전물데이터집 (Gas Absorption Manual) 을근간으로하여기타서구문헌등에발표된자료및필자가실험한몇가지의실험자료를실은것이다. 다음에제공되는자료들을손쉽게이용하기위한몇가지의상식적인내용을언급해본다. ⅰ. 가스의흡수특성가스의흡수특성은주로가스의물에의한흡수특성에대해간략하게기술한다. ⅱ. 용해도자료용해도에대한자료는몇가지의형태로나와있는데모든경우에대해물리적흡수시에필요한기-액평형선도를그릴수있어야한다. 우리가관심이있는부분은주로묽은계 (dilute system) 이므로평형선을직선으로가정할수있는경우가많다. 따라서우리가다루려는농도구간에서의기-액평형선의기울기 m 값을구하는것이관건이된다. 일반적으로주어진용해도자료의형태는다음의 ⑴~⑷의경우와같으며각각의경우에대하여계의 m 값을구하는방법을설명하기로한다. ⑴ 헨리상수 H로주어졌을경우헨리의법칙에의해 p = Hㆍx = yㆍp 이며 m 값에대한정의는 m = y / x 이므로 m = y / x = H / P 이다. 즉헨리상수의단위가 atm/mol fr로주어졌을경우분모항인 mol fr은무차원이므로계의전압이 1 atm이라면평형선의기울기는 m = H 이다. ⑵ 액상농도 x wt% 로기상농도 y mmhg로주어졌을경우 m 값에대한정의는 기상중의 성분 분율 액상중의 성분 분율 - 229 -
부록 이다. 아무튼기-액상에있어어떤성분의몰분율 (mol fr) 을계산하기위해서는단위를 mol 또는 kgmol로통일시켜야한다. 따라서액상의농도가 wt% 로주어졌다면 mol fr로의환산이필요하며간단한예를들어서요령을설명하기로한다. 예를들어 15 wt% 의암모니아수용액의몰분율을계산해보자. 이수용액속에질량은각각암모니아 : 15 물 : 85 이며질량분율은 15/85 이다. 따라서각성분에각각의분자량을나누면몰량이되므로질량분율에서몰분율로는 이다. 한편기상에서의몰분율을계산하기위해주어진자료의단위가 mmhg로되어있다면이역시 mol fr로고쳐야할것이다. 일반적으로대기압하에서의조작은전압을 1 atm = 760 mmhg로생각할수있다. 기체의경우분압은체적농도같은의미이고몰비와도같은의미이므로분압이 30mmHg의경우에대한몰분율을계산해보면 y mol fr 따라서 m 값은 m ⑶ 액상농도 x mol fr로기상농도 y mol fr로주어졌을경우 m = ( y / x ) 에의해직접계산한다. ⑷ 직접 pseudo-m값으로주어졌을경우주어진 m값을바로사용한다. ⅲ. 물질전달계수 H G, H L, H OG, K G a 등의자료를제공한다. 설계에이용하기위해서는 H OG 값으로변환한다. - 230 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 1. Acetaldehyde( 아세트알데히드, CH 3 CHO) ⅰ. 물질의특성일반적으로알데히드류는유기가스이나극성을갖고있어물에잘섞이는성질이있어물에의한흡수가가능하다. 하지만현실적으로물리적흡수방법만유효하므로실제조작에있어폐수발생량이많아현실성이떨어지며미생물의번식등에의한충전물및분사노즐의막힘등의문제가우려된다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 온도 ( ) 0 25 50 헨리상수 (H, atm/mol fr) 0.998 4.87 15.96 ⅲ. 물질전달계수기존의유사한성질을갖는가스의물질전달자료에서확산계수를보정하여추산한다. 2. Acetic acid( 아세트산, CH 3 COOH) ⅰ. 물질의특성일반적으로유기산들은극성을가지며물과잘섞이는성질이있어물에의한흡수조작이가능하다. 하지만앞에서설명한아세트알데히드와마찬가지로악취처리를목적으로하는조작에있어서는많은폐수발생량과미생물의번식에의한막힘문제등이우려되나산성인관계로알칼리에의한중화반응을이용할수있다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Acetic acid partial pressure over aqueous acetic acid solution (mmhg) 온도 ( ) 액상농도 20 25 30 34 40 25 % 50 % 75 % 16.3 22.1 29.6 39.4 51.7 15.7 21.4 28.8 38.3 50.2 15.3 20.8 27.8 36.6 48.1 45 50 55 60 65 67.0 87.2 110 141 178 65.0 85.0 107 138 172 62.0 80.1 102 130 162 70 75 80 85 90 223 277 342 419 510 216 269 331 407 497 203 251 310 376 458 95 100 618 743 602 725 550 666 International Critical Tables" vol.3, p. 302 McGraw-Hill - 231 -
부록 ⅲ. 물질전달자료 - 232 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 3. Acetone( 아세톤, CH 3 COCH 3 ) ⅰ. 물질의특징케톤류도극성을가지며물과잘섞일수있어물에의한흡수조작이가능하다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Acetone partial Pressure over aqueous aceton solution for dilute system T p (mmhg) 여기서 x : 액상농도 (mol fr) T : 온도 (K) Pseudo m value for dilute system T m (mol fr / mol fr) 여기서 T : 온도 (K) - 233 -
부록 Partial Pressure of Acetone ⅲ. 물질전달자료 Acetone - Air - H 2 O System Hutchings : C.E.P, 45, 253 (1949) ⅜ Raschig Ring-φ152 1,320 H (mm) - 234 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 ½ Raschig Ring - φ152 1,400 H (mm) ¾ Raschig Ring - φ152 1,390 H (mm) 1¼ Raschig Ring - φ254 1,140 H (mm) - 235 -
부록 Acetone - Air - H 2 O System Packing : 1 Raschig Ring Tower : φ251 4,970 H Othmer, Scheibel : Trans. A.I.Ch.E. 37, 211 (1941) 실험식 G H OG L G (m) 여기서, G, L : (kg/m 2 hr) 다음은위의실험식을그래프로그린것이다. Acetone - Air - H 2 O System Packing : 1 Berl Saddle Tower : φ203 1,730 H Larson : M.S. Thesis Ch. Eng. Lafayette College (1942) - 236 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 Acetone - Air - H 2 O System Packing : Tellerette S (P.P) Tower : φ600 1,500 H Nittetu Chemical Engineering Co. Tokyo, Japan Acetone - Air - H 2 O System Packing : 1 Raschig Ring Tower : φ305 610 H Houston & Walker : I.C.E. 42, 1105 (1950) - 237 -
부록 4. Air( 공기 ) ⅰ. 물질의특성공기는지구대기를구성하는기체로서수증기를제외한성분은다음의표에서와같다. 가스명 중량백분율 (wt%) 체적백분율 (vol%) 산소질소알곤이산화탄소네온헬륨크립톤크세논 23.01 75.51 1.286 0.04 0.0012 0.00007 0.0003 0.00004 20.93 78.10 0.9325 0.03 0.0018 0.0005 0.0001 0.000009 공기를상온의물에녹이면질소 65.09%, 산소 34.91% 의비율로녹는다. 다음의용해도자료는일정량의알곤가스함유중에산소와질소의용해도를이론적으로계산하여헨리상수 H 를계산한것이다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 t 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 10-4 H 4.32 4.88 5.49 60.7 6.64 7.20 7.71 8.23 8.70 9.11 9.46 10.1 10.5 10.7 10.8 10.7 "International Critical Tables" vol. 3. p. 257. H is calculated form the absorption coefficients of O2 and N2, taking into consideration the correction for constant argon content. ⅲ. 물질전달자료 - 238 -
- 239 - A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료
부록 5. Ammonia( 암모니아, NH 3 ) ⅰ. 물질의특성암모니아가스는무기성이며, 극성을갖고있어물에섞여해리된다. 즉, 물에잘용해된다. 물에녹아알칼리성을띄며, 기상중에서산성가스와만나반응암모늄염을형성하는관계로백연현상및효율부족현상을야기하는주범중하나이다. 암모니아가스를중화하기위해서는증기압이낮은황산 (sulfuric acid) 을흡수액중에섞어서사용해야기상에서의암모늄염형성을최소화할수있다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Partial Pressure of dilute system Kowalke's equation T p (atm) 여기서 x : mol fraction (-) T : 온도 (K) For non-dissociated NH 3 log H T E T 여기서 H : Henry constant (atm/mol fr) T : 온도 ( ) Range of x and T x < 1 mol%, 20 < T < 80 Ammonia 의 pseudo-m 값 NH 3 -H 2 O system x-y chart - 240 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 Partial pressure of Ammonia over aqueous solution kg-nh3 /100kg-H2O 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 25 10 15 10 7.5 5 4 3 2.5 2 1.6 1.2 1.0 0.5 x 10 2 (mol fr.) 51.4 48.8 45.8 42.5 38.8 34.6 29.7 24.1 20.9 17.5 13.7 9.57 7.35 5.02 4.06 3.08 2.58 2.07 1.66 1.25 1.05 0.526 p (atm) 0 10 20 25 30 40 50 60 1.25 1.0 0.837 0.658 0.500 0.362 0.250 0.157 O 118 0.0842 0.0562 0.0330 0.0233 0.0147 1.30 1.03 0.790 0.518 0.396 0.250 0.190 0.136 0.0922 0.0550 0.0393 0.0251 0.0212 0.0149 1.91 1 54 1.24 0.903 0.618 0.392 0.298 0.218 0.150 0.0916 0.0658 0.0417 0.0328 0.0239 0.0197 0.0158 0.0309 0.0255 0.0201 0.0158 0.0120 0.00974 0.00447 0.946 0.597 0.463 0.342 0.236 0.145 0.105 0.0671 0.0528 0.0389 0.0321 0.0254 0.0201 0.0151 4.34 3.63 2.80 2.00 1.40 0.911 O 703 0.520 0.359 0.220 O.158 O.101 0.0800 0.0592 (0.0495) * (0.0395) (0.0317) (0,0241) (0.0203) 1.09 0.784 0.533 0.325 0.236 0.151 0.120 0.0883 (0.0733) (0.0586) (0.0467) (0.0351) (0.0292) 1.10 0.767 0.475 0.343 0.217 0.170 O 124 0.101 0.0803 0.0641 0.0478 0.0397 ⅲ. 물질전달자료 NH 3 -Air-Water System Tower φ600 900H (mm) Shimoi : Plant and Process 33. 129 (1991) (Japan) Tellerette-So, P.P Tellerette-S, P.P - 241 -
부록 Tellerette-SⅡ, P.P Tellerette-M, P.P Tellerette-L, P.P Tellerette-LL, P.P - 242 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 NH 3 -Air-H 2 SO 4 System Nittetu Chemical Engineering Co. Tokyo Japan - 243 -
부록 NH 3 -Air-H 2 SO 4 System Ick Sung Kyowa Engineering Co. Seoul Korea (1995) Tower Packing Gas Rate Liquid Rate φ300 1,000 H Pall Ring 1", P.P G=6,345 kg/m 2 hr L=11,000 kg/m 2 hr Liquid Temp. 35 ph 6.00 7.00 8.00 입구농도 (mol ppm) 140 100 100 출구농도 (mol ppm) 2 8 50 H OG (m) 0.235 0.394 1.44-244 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 6. Benzene( 벤젠, C 6 H 6 ) ⅰ. 물질의특성벤젠은유기물질로비극성물질이며물에녹지않으므로물을이용한흡수처리는불가능하다. 따라서벤젠의흡수처리에있어그흡수액으로는무취 Kerosene이나 T.E.G(Tri Ethylene Glycol) 등과같이끓는점이높은용매를사용하고있다. 또한흡수를행한다음의흡수액은증류탑으로보내져용질은회수되며용매는재생되어진다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Washing Oil(Mw=160) 에대한 Benzene 의용해도 ⅲ. 물질전달자료 Benzene-Air-Kerosene System 1 - Berl Saddle (Ceramic) φ305 2,020 H (mm) Gross : A.I.Ch.E p.121 (1943) - 245 -
부록 Experimental Equation K G a = α G λ 여기서 K G a : (kgmol/m 3 hr atm) G : (kg/m 2 hr) System L (kg/m 2 hr) λ α 5,124 0.937 0.032 Benzene-Air-Kerosene 9,028 0.912 0.034 14,640 0.962 0.026 7. Chlorine( 염소, Cl 2 ) ⅰ. 물질의특성상당히유독한가스로취급에주의를요하는기체이다. 물에대한용해도가낮아순수한물만으로는흡수처리하기힘들고수산화나트륨 (NaOH) 와같은중화제를흡수액중에수 % 를섞어서사용해야한다. 수산화나트륨과의반응은다음과같다. Cl 2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H 2 O ⅱ. 용해도자료 Henry's Constant based on non-dissociated Cl 2 Temp. ( ) H ( atm/mol fr) 10 490 15 590 20 570 25 890-246 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 x-y Chart of ( Cl 2 -H 2 O System) Partial Pressure of Cl 2 over Aqueous Solution p (atm) 0.00658 0.0132 0.0395 0.0658 0.132 0.197 0.263 0.329 0.395 0.461 0.526 0.592 0.658 0.790 0.921 1.05 1.18 1.32 2.63 3.95 5.26 6.58 x 10 4 (mol fr.) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 1.24 1.73 3.10 4.36 7.08 9.67 12.1 14.5 1.15 1.53 2.60 3.44 5.28 6.93 8.51 10.0 11.5 13.0 14.5 15.9 17.4 20.2 23.1 25.9 1.12 1.46 2.38 3.08 4.51 5.77 6.97 8.11 9.23 10.3 11.4 12.4 13.5 15.6 17.5 19.5 21.5 23.5 43.3 1.08 1.41 2.23 2.82 4.01 5.01 5.97 6.86 7.73 8.54 9.41 10.1 11.0 12.5 14.0 15.5 17.0 18.5 33.1 47.6 62.6 78.0 1.06 1.36 2.10 2.62 3.65 4.49 5.25 5.99 6.68 7.32 7.96 8.60 9.23 10.4 11.6 12.8 13.9 15.1 26.1 36.9 48.0 59.3 1.02 1.32 2.01 2.47 3.38 4.11 4.77 5.37 5.94 6.50 7.04 7.55 8.07 9.04 9.99 11.0 11.9 12.8 21.5 30.0 38.5 47.2 0.990 1.27 1.92 2.36 3.17 3.83 4.41 4.94 5.42 5.89 6.38 6.82 7.23 8.08 8.88 9.68 10.4 11.3 18.4 25.3 32.3 39.3 0.918 1.17 1.76 2.13 2.84 3.38 3.87 4.29 4.69 5.07 5.44 5.81 6.15 6.77 7.43 8.05 8.63 9.23 14.7 19.7 24.9 29.8 0.864 1.10 1.66 1.98 2.62 3.11 3.53 3.92 4.27 4.60 4.91 5.23 5.51 6.07 6.62 7.13 7.66 8.13 12.7 16.9 21.0 25.1 Adams ; C.E.P, vol. 29, p447 (1937) - 247 -
부록 Partial Pressure of Cl 2 over Aqueous Solution Partial Pressure of Cl2 mmhg 5 10 30 50 100 Solubility, g of Cl2 per liter 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0.488 0.679 1.221 1.717 2.79 0.451 0.603 1.024 1.354 2.08 0.438 0.575 0.937 1.210 1.773 0.424 0.553 0.873 1.106 1.573 0.412 0.532 0.821 1.025 1.424 0.398 0.512 0.781 0.962 l.313 0.383 0.492 0.743 0.912 1.228 0.369 0.470 0.704 0.863 1.149 0.351 0.447 0.671 0.815 1.085 0.339 0.431 0.642 0.781 1.034 0.326 0.415 0.627 0.747 0.987 0.316 0.402 0.598 0.722 0.950 150 200 250 300 350 3.81 4.78 5.71 2.73 3.35 3.95 4.54 5.13 2.27 2.74 3.19 3.63 4.06 1.966 2.34 2.69 3.03 3.35 1.754 2.05 2.34 2.61 2.86 1.599 1.856 2.09 2.31 2.53 1.482 1.706 1.914 2.10 2.28 1.382 1.580 1.764 1.932 2.10 1.294 1.479 1.642 1.793 1.940 1.227 1.396 1.553 1.700 1.831 l.174 1.333 1.480 1.610 1.736 1.137 1.276 1.413 1.542 1.661 400 450 500 550 600 5.71 6.26 6.85 7.39 7.97 4.48 4.88 5.29 5.71 6.12 3.69 3.98 4.30 4.60 4.91 3.11 3.36 3.61 3.84 4.08 2.74 2.94 3.14 3.33 3.52 2.47 2.64 2.80 2.97 3.13 2.25 2.41 2.55 2.69 2.83 2.08 2.22 2.35 2.47 2.59 1.965 2.09 2.21 2.32 2.43 1.854 1.972 2.08 2.19 2.29 1.773 1.880 1.986 2.09 2.19 650 700 750 800 900 8.52 9.09 9.65 10.21 6.52 6.90 7.29 7.69 8.46 5.21 5.50 5.80 6.08 6.68 4.32 4.54 4.77 4.99 5.44 3.71 3.89 4.07 4.27 4.62 3.29 3.44 3.59 3.75 4.04 2.97 3.10 3.23 3.37 3.63 2.72 2.84 2.96 3.08 3.30 2.55 2.66 2.76 2.87 3.08 2.41 2.50 2.60 2.69 2.89 2.28 2.37 2.41 2.56 2.74 1,000 1,200 1,500 2,000 2,500 9.27 10.84 13.23 17.07 21.0 7.27 8.42 10.14 13.02 15.84 5.89 6.81 8.05 10.22 12.32 4.97 5.67 6.70 8.38 10.03 4.36 4.92 5.76 7.14 8.48 3.88 4.37 5.09 6.26 7.40 3.53 3.95 4.58 5.63 6.61 3.28 3.67 4.23 5.17 6.05 3.07 3.43 3.95 4.78 5.59 2.91 3.25 3.74 4.49 5.25 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 18.73 21.7 24.7 27.7 30.8 14.47 16.62 18.84 20.7 23.3 11.70 13.38 15.04 16.75 18.46 9.83 11.22 12.54 13.88 15.26 8.52 9.65 10.76 11.91 13.01 7.54 8.53 9.52 10.46 11.42 6.92 7.79 8.65 9.47 10.35 6.38 7.16 7.94 8.72 9.48 5.97 6.72 7.42 8.13 8.84 ⅲ. 물질전달자료 Effect of Liquid rate on K L a and H OL for Cl 2 -Air-H 2 O System J.E Vivian, R.P. Whitey, "Chem. Eng. Prog." Vol. 43, p.691 (1947) - 248 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 Cl 2 -Air-H 2 O System Packing : 1" Rsschig Rings Packing Bed : 1 φ100 610 H 2 φ356 1,220 H Vivian : C.E.P 43, 691 (1947), C.E.P 44, 54 (1948) - 249 -
부록 - 250 -
- 251 - A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료
부록 8. Ethanol( 에탄올, C 2 H 5 OH) ⅰ. 물질의특성유기가스이나극성을갖고있어물과잘섞인다. 모든유기가스와마찬가지로흡수탑내부에미생물의번식에의한충전물, 디미스터및분사노즐등에막힘현상이우려되며고도처리시막대한폐수의발생이예상된다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Partial Pressure of Ethanol for Ethanol-H 2 O system Pseudo-m Value of Ethanol for dilute system m = 10^(7.009-2250/T) 여기서 T : K p = c 10^(6.469-2250/T) T : R (mmhg) - 252 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 c : lb-mole / ft 3 ⅲ. 물질전달자료 Relation between H G & D G Absorption Data No. Packing ; 1" Carbon Raschig Ring Packing Bed ; φ305 610 H Houston, Walker : I.E.C. 42, 1105 (1950) 9. Formaldehyde( 포름알데히드, HCHO) ⅰ. 물질의특성유기가스이나극성을갖고있어물과잘섞인다. 일반적인유기가스들과마찬가지로흡수탑내부에미생물의번식에의한충전물, 디미스터및분사노즐등에막힘현상이우려된다. 물리적흡수를이용하여고도처리할경우막대한폐수의발생이예상되지만폐수의발생을줄이기위해암모니아를이용하는화학적흡수를이용할수있으며그반응의결과무취인헥사메틸렌테트라아민 (Hexamethylenetetramine) 이생성되며반응식은다음과같다. 6HCHO + 4NH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 N 4 + 6H 2 O 이러한조작통해페수발생량은현격하게줄일수있으나반응에사용되는과량의암모니아가스는가스흡수탑을슬립 (slip) 하여또따른공해문제를일으키게되므로슬립되는암모니아를처리하기위해황산을흡수액으로하는또다른가스흡수탑이필요하게된다. 암모니아와황산의반응식은다음과같다. 2(NH 4 )OH + H 2 SO 4 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O ( 저농도반응 ) - 253 -
부록 NH 4 OH + H 2 SO 4 NH 4 HSO 4 + H 2 O ( 고농도반응 ) ⅱ. 용해도자료 Formaldehyde-H 2 O System Formaldehyde-H 2 O System (Coefficient in Eq.) p T 여기서 p : 포름알데히드분압 (mmhg) α : 계수 ( 아래그림참조 ) T : 온도 (K) 계수 α 값자료 - 254 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 ⅲ. 물질전달자료 Formaldehyde-Air-H 2 O System Tower : 500 500 1,600H (mm) Conc. of formaldehyde (inlet) : 13.5~33.4 mol ppm Circulating water : 37~42, ph=6.4~7, 300~400 mg/l Hiyama : Air Pollution Control Symposium Proceedings Formaldehyde-Air-KMnO 4 System Tower : 500 500 800H (mm) Circulating water : 2% KMnO 4, 15~20 Hiyama : Air Pollution Control Symposium Proceedings No. Raw gas (ppm) Outlet gas (ppm) Removal Eff. (%) 1 0.30 0.07 77 0.53 2 0.36 0.08 78 0.53 3 1.60 0.21 87 0.39 4 0.24 0.06 75 0.58 Average - - - 0.51 H OG (m) Formaldehyde-Air-NH 4 OH System 1995. 7. 28. by Y.S Hwang Factor Value Gas flow rate (kg/m 2 hr) 6,345 Liquid flow rate (kg/m 2 hr) 11,000 Liquid Temp ( ) 35 y 1 (mol ppm) 110 y 2 (mol ppm) 17.5 Packing φ300 1,000H (mm), 1" Pall ring, PP ph 8.9~9.2 H OG (m) 0.554-255 -
부록 9. Hydrogen bromide( 브롬화수소, HBr) ⅰ. 물질의특성물에잘용해되며, 친수성이강하여산결로 (acid dew) 에의한미세미스트의발생이우려된다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Partial pressure of HBr & H2O (mmhg) % Hbr 20 ( ) 25 ( ) 50 ( ) 55 ( ) Hbr H 2 O Hbr H 2 O Hbr H 2 O Hbr H 2 O 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 0.09 0.23 0.71 2.2 6.8 21 6.2 4.5 3.3 2.4 1.7 1.3 0.0016 0.0022 0.0033 0.0061 0.011 0.023 0.048 0.10 0.13 0.37 1.1 3.2 9.3 27 8.2 6.1 4.5 3.3 2.4 1.9 1.3 3.2 7.2 17 40 91 30.2 24.3 19.3 16.0 13.3 10.4 2.0 4.6 10.2 23.0 51 115 260 38 31 25 21 18 14 11.4 "International Critical Tables" vol. 3. p. 302 McGraw-Hill ⅲ. 물질전달자료 HBr Absorption Test Components: Run 10-1 Run 10-2 Run 10-3 Kind of Gas HBr Test Date 2/27/95 2/27/95 2/27/95 G lb/min 0.021 0.021 0.042 L lb/min 0.042 0.012 0.042 L/G ga1/kcf(22 ) 16.74 4.78 8.37 _P in. water 0.36 0.34 0.95 HBr (in) ppmv 11.42 11.42 35.03 HBr (out) ppmv <0.28* <0.28* <0 32* K G a 1/s >1.58 >1.58 >3.04 Footnotes: * No detect. NOTE: HBr vapor was generated using a solution of hydrobromic acid (48% wt). SEMATECH, Technology Transfer 95052814A-ENG - 256 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 10. Hydrogen chloride( 염화수소, HCl) ⅰ. 물질의특성물에대한용해도가매우높아흡수조작이용이하나, 친수성이강하여산결로 (acid dew) 에의한미세미스트의발생이우려된다. 이러한미세 (sub-micron) 미스트는흡수탑내에서잘제거되지않으며, 가스농도분석시효율부족현상을일으킬수있다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Vapor Composition of HCl-H 2O Systems Liquid Vapor, Mo1e% HC1 Molality Weight% Mole% 0 10 20 30 40 50 1.0 3.51 1.77 4.09 10-4 6.01 10-4 8.88 10-4 12.9 10-4 19.0 10-4 27.5 10-4 2.0 6.80 3.48 2.84 10-3 4.09 10-3 5.87 10-3 8.11 10-3 11.9 10-3 16.3 10-3 3.0 9.86 5.14 11.72 10-3 16.51 10-3 23.12 10-3 32.1 10-3 4.32 10-2 0.0616 4.0 12.73 6.72 0.04 0.0592 0.0808 0.109 0.145 0.198 5.0 15.42 8.26 0.15 0.194 0.257 0.335 0.437 0.574 6.0 17.95 9.75 0.464 0.597 0.767 0.968 1.215 1.552 7.0 20.34 11.19 1.394 1.735 2.152 2.631 3.198 3.931 8.0 22.58 12.59 3.822 4.79 5.68 6.72 7.86 9.29 9.0 24.70 13.94 10.12 11.94 13.55 15.00 17.29 19.72 10.0 26.72 15.27 23.49 25.70 28.15 30.41 32.85 35.75 11.0 28.63 16.54 43.6 46.62 48.29 50.5 52.55 55.3 12.0 30.43 17.77 65.6 67.05 68.35 69.55 70.6 71.9 13.0 32.16 18.97 82.2 82.4 82.4 83.0 83.4 83.4 14.0 33.79 20.12 91.0 91.03 90.9 90.4 91.0 91.0 15.0 35.35 21.28 95.4 95.7 95.4 95.4 94.9 95.1 15.88 36.63 24.11 97.8 97.6 97.3 97.4 97.1 - Othmer DF, Naphtali LM. 1956. Correlating pressures and vapor compositions of aqueous hydrochloric acid. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 1: 6-10. HCl-H 2 O System (partial pressure) p A B T 여기서 A A A X A X A X A X A X A B B X B X B X B X B X p : HCl & H 2 O Vapor pressure (mmhg) x : 액상 HCl 농도 (wt%) T : 계의온도 (K) Subscript 0 1 2 3 4 5 HCl H 2O A 12.28113-2.44903E-1 1.60809E-2-6.26236E-4 1.17853E-5-8.86805E-8 B 5098.020-204.457 12.889-5.492E-1 1.094E-2-8.259E-5 A 9.136084-4.3728E-2 4.4558E-3-1.9689E-4 3.6097E-6-1.7941E-8 B 2318.856-12.894 1.492-6.080E-2 1.160E-3-6.129E-6-257 -
부록 ⅲ. 물질전달자료 - 258 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 11. Hydrogen cyanide( 시안화수소, HCN) ⅰ. 물질의특성물에대한용해도가그리높지는않아서물리적인흡수조작이용이하지는않다. 물리적흡수시다소높은액기비와다량의폐수발생이우려된다. 폐수발생량의줄이기위해 NaOH 등의알칼리중화제를사용하는것이바람직하다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Pseudo m-value for dilute system m T mmhg 여기서 T : 계의온도 (K) 적용범위 : 0 < T <30-259 -
부록 HCN-H 2 O System (Partial pressure of HCN) HCN-H 2 O System (m-valve) ⅲ. 물질전달자료 HCN-Air-H 2 O System G (kg/m 2 hr) L (kg/m 2 hr) ph Liq. temp ( ) In HCN (ppm) 0ut HCN (ppm) Absorp. rate (%) H OG (m) 5,560 5,560 5,560 7,230 20,400 20,400 18,300 18,300 8.2 3.0 6.1 6.9 9 10 10 10 56.6 10.9 64.5 66.1 3.5 3.1 2.2 19.3 93.8 97.2 96.6 70.8 0.54 0.42 0.44 1.22-260 -
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부록 12. Hydrogen fluoride( 불화수소, HF) ⅰ. 물질의특성물에대한용해도가커물리적흡수법적용도가능하다. 중화제로알칼리를사용할경우 NaOH의경우 NaF염이생성되는데용해도가낮아높은농도의 HF를처리할경우염의석출에의한시스템의막힘문제에대해주의를요한다. 고농도의 HF의처리에는있어중화제로는 KOH가선호되는데중화반응의결과로생성되는 KF염이높은용해도를갖고있기때문이다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Pseudo m-value of dilute system T m 여기서 T : 계의온도 (K) 적용범위 : 25 < T < 75 HF-H 2 O System (x-y Chart) HF-H 2 O System (Pseudo-Henry's Constant) - 262 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 HF-H 2 O System (Partial pressure of HF) HF conc. (wt%) x (mol fr) Partial pressure (mmhg) 25 40 60 75 phf ph 2O phf ph 2O phf ph 2O phf ph 2O 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 0 0.0180 0.0362 0.0544 0.0727 0.0908 0.1094 0.1280 0.1464 0.1650 0.1840 0.2025 0.2220 0.2406 0.2593 0.2785-0.048 0.088 0.137 0.194 0.260 0.340 0.430 0.540 0.660 0.803 0.980 1.19 1.41 1.70 2.03 23.77 24.00 22.98 22.50 21.92 21.30 20.65 19.94 19.20 18.42 17.60 16.78 15.87 14.93 13.98 - - 0.115 0.212 0.333 0.472 0.620 0.793 1.00 1.27 1.59 1.97 2.41 2.98 3.67 4.50 5.50 54.81 53.97 53.02 51.96 50.76 49.42 48.00 46.44 44.80 43.00 41.10 39.15 37.12 35.05 32.97 - - 0.300 0.630 1.02 1.47 1.95 2.48 3.06 3,80 4.65 5.60 6.79 8.20 9.80 11.8 14.0 149.8 147.4 144.5 141.2 137.5 133.5 129.3 124.9 120.2 115.3 111.2 106.6 101.9 96.9 91.4 - - 0.670 1.30 2.08 2.98 3.92 5.00 6.20 7.70 9.60 11.60 13.95 16.80 20.0 24.0 28.2 286.9 282.0 276.5 270.6 264.4 257.7 250.5 242.8 234.7 226.0 216.7 206.9 196.8 186.7 176.5 166.0 Fujita ; Chem. Eng. (Japan) 27, 2, 50 (1956) ⅲ. 물질전달자료 - 263 -
부록 13. Hydrogen sulfide( 황화수소, H 2 S) ⅰ. 물질의특성물에대한용해도가작아물리적흡수법의적용은불가능하다. 중화제로 NaOH와같은알칼리를사용할경우효율이증가하지만 O3 또는 NaOCl과같은산화제를함께사용하게되면효율이현격하게좋아진다. 그반응식은다음과같다. H 2 S + 2NaOH Na 2 S + 2H 2 O --- 느린반응 2H 2 S + 2NaOH + 5NaOCl Na 2 SO4 + 3NaCl +H 2 O --- 빠른반응 실제에있어 NaOH만사용할경우 90% 의제거효율이얻어진다면 NaOCl을함께공급할경우 99% 이상의효율이얻어진다. ⅱ. 용해도자료 Henry's constant value of H2S (H = y/x [atm/mol fr]) T ( ) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 H 10-2 2.68 3.15 3.67 4.23 4.83 5.45 6.09 6.76 7.45 8.14 8.84 10.3 11.9 13.5 14.4 14.8 "International Critical Tables," vol. 3, p. 259. - 264 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 ⅲ. 물질전달자료 - 265 -
부록 14. Methanol( 메탄올, CH 3 OH) ⅰ. 물질의특성메탄올은유기가스이지만극성이있어물과잘섞이는성질이있다. 따라서물리적흡수법을적용할수는있다. 다른모든유기가스와마찬가지로용해된메탄올은미생물의먹이가될수있고이로인해흡수탑내부에미생물의번식이우려되며, 번식된미생물에의한충전물, 디미스터, 배관계및분사노즐등에막힘현상이유발될수있다. 미생물의번식을막기위해서는살균효과가있는산화제인오존 (O 3 ) 또는차아염소산나트륨 (NaOCl) 등을흡수액에투입, 산화제의농도를적정하게유지할필요가있다. 원론적으로공해방지측면에서본다면유기성가스들은 RTO나 RCO 등열분해장치즉, 연소를통한처리방법이일반적이라고볼수있다. 분자구조상전기적극성을띄는수용성유기가스들은분명, 물리적흡수법으로처리할수있으나흡수액중의용질농도를낮추기위한중화또는산화법이적용되기힘들다. 결과적으로흡수액중의용질의농도를낮게유지하기위해서는다량의배수즉, 폐수배출이필요하게되고이러한이유로경제성을확보하기힘든측면이있다. 최근에는일부러흡수액중에수처리용미생물을번식시켜흡수액중의용질성분을연속적으로제거시켜연속적인가스흡수조작을행하는 Bio Scrubber가적용되기도하나까다로운미생물의관리가문제가되어큰호응을얻지는못하고있다. - 266 -
A9. 가스의기 - 액평형 ( 용해도 ) 자료, 물질전달자료 ⅱ. 용해도자료 Methanol-H 2 O System (Partial pressure of methanol (mmhg)) Partial pressure of H 2 O and CH 3 OH over aqueous solution of methyl alcohol Mole fraction CH3OH ph2o mmhg 39.9 pch3oh mmhg Mole fraction CH3OH ph2o mmhg 59.4 pch3oh mmhg 0 14.99 17.85 21.07 27.31 31.06 40.1 47.0 55.8 68.9 86.0 100.0 54.7 39.2 38.5 37.2 35.8 34.9 32.8 31.5 27.3 20,7 10.1 0 0 66.1 75.5 85.2 100.6 108.8 127.7 141.6 153.4 186.6 225.2 260.7 0 22.17 27.40 33.24 39.80 47.08 55.5 69.2 78.5 85.9 100.0 145.4 106.9 102.2 96.6 91.7 84.8 76.9 57.8 43.8 30.1 0 0 210.1 240.2 272.1 301.9 335.6 373.7 439.4 486.6 526.9 609.3 "International Critical Tables," vol. 3, p. 290, McGraw-Hill. Pseudo m-valve & partial pressure of dilute system T m p T x 여기서 T : 계의온도 (K) x : 액상농도 (mol fr) - 267 -