Unit 43 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. He expected / to meet his mother again. 2. It s really hard / to love a person unconditional

Self- S I N S A G O study Book

Unit 43 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. He expected / to meet his mother again. 2. It s really hard / to love a person unconditionally. 3. The important thing / is to appreciate / what you have. 4. I thought / it my duty to tell you the truth. 5. The best way / of predicting the future / is to study the past. 6. Sometimes / people find / it difficult to express / what they want to say. 7. Some people think / [ it is necessary / to give / at least 40,000 tons of rice / to poor countries in Africa]. 1. [ikspèkt] 2. [>nk ndí ÂnÂli] 3. [ prí; iéit] 4. [dδù;ti] 5. [pridíkt] 6. 7. 4 B 1. Is it possible / to measure beauty? 1. [mè, ] 2

2. Linda has already decided / how to spend the prize money. 3. Many film stars find it difficult / to lead a normal life. 2. 3. [li;d] [n ; mâl] C 1. to gain 2. to drink 3. to have 1. The most important reason [ students read ] / is to gain academic knowledge. 2. It was impossible / to drink from the stream / because it was all red with blood. 3. Some special televisions make / it possible to have a health check / with a doctor / without leaving home. 1. [gein] [ k dèmik] [n lid,] 2. [stri;m] 3. Unit 44 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. chances 2. be to 3. be to 4. the right 5. 2 seems 6. 5 told 1. People in the world / can have chances / to enjoy different cultures. 1. [t æns] 3

2. If we are to win the competition, / we must train much harder. 3. You are to apologize to your teacher / for lying to him. 4. They are deprived of the right / to be Korean / from the moment. 5. The university seems / to have many academic programs. 6. The captain told all the crew members / to stay calm / under any circumstances. 2. [k mpití Ân] 3. [ p l d,àiz] 4. 5. 6. [k pt n] [kru;] [sá; k mst ns] B 1. to pull others toward themselves 2. may seem to be strange in another 3. want them to agree with our actions 1. Things hold gravity / to pull others toward themselves. 2. What is fashionable in one culture / may seem to be strange / in another. 3. We want them / to agree with our actions. 1. [gr v ti] 2. [f Ân bl] [k=lt ] 3. [ k Ân] C 1. to be 2. to increase 3. to produce 1. The old approach / of multinational companies / to globalization / proved to be unsuccessful. 2. Riding a bike when you travel / is a really good way / to increase chance / to meet local people. 3. Exciting music causes the human brain / to produce serotonin / a chemical [ which makes us feel happy and secure]. your 1. [ próut ] 2. [inkrí;s] 3. [kèmikâl] [sikjù ] 4

Unit 45 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1. Street maps are easy / to read. 2. Chaplin used his movies / to talk about social and political issues. 3. His son grew up / to be a professional baseball player. 4. He must be a criminal / to behave in that way. 5. I m pleased / to sit here with you. 6. Jane arrived for the concert / only to find / it had been canceled. 7. He saved his money / so as to buy a brand new notebook computer. 8. Andrew saw the movies twice / never to catch the director s intention. 1. 2. [sóu Âl] [p lítikâl] 3. 4. [krím nâl] [bihèiv] 5. 6. Jane [k nsâl] 7. [seiv] 8. Andrew [dirèkt ] [intèn Ân] 5

B 1. not to mention 2. not to say 3. to tell the truth 4. to make matters worse 5. so to speak 1. She can speak French fluently, / not to mention English. 2. This task is difficult, / not to say impossible. 3. A: What did you think of the movie? B: Well, to tell the truth, / it wasn t very good. 4. He forgot to say / he would be late, / and to make matters worse, / the traffic was bad. 5. Inventions are born, so to speak, / of necessity. 1. [flù(;) ntli] 2. [tæsk] 3. A: B: 4. 5. [invèn Ân] [n sès ti] C 1. so busy studying that they cannot think about their interest 2. so nice that he can lend you his new suit 3. so clever that he can solve the difficult problem 1. Most teenagers / are too busy studying / to think about their interest. = Most teenagers are so busy studying that they cannot think about their interest. 2. He is nice enough / to lend you his new suit. = He is so nice that he can lend you his new suit. 3. The boy is so clever / as to solve the difficult problem. = The boy is so clever that he can solve the difficult problem. 1. 2. [lend] [sju;t] 3. D 1. only to find him gone 2. to get directions by drivers 3. too young to stay alone at home 4. generous enough to overlook the employees minor mistakes 1. Police arrived at the suspect s home at 6 a.m., / only to find him gone. 2. GPS is used / to get directions / by drivers. 3. Most of the students participating in after school programs / are too young / to stay alone at home. 1. [s spèkt] 2. [dirèk Ân] 3. [p ; tís péit] 6

4. My boss is generous / enough to overlook /the employees minor mistakes. 4. [d,ènâr s] [òuv lùk] [impl ií;] [máin ] E 1. to learn 2. high 1. We shouldn t feel surprised to learn / [that most young people have problems / when they are growing up]. 2. When the price of oil was too high to support the world economy, / the U.N. decided / to hold a special general meeting. 1. 2. [s p ; t] [hould] F 1. enjoy to enjoy 2. enough smart smart enough 3. to dangerous too travel too dangerous to travel 4. hearing hear 1. A great deal of people / came to the concert hall / so as to enjoy her performance. 2. Ted was smart enough / to enter Harvard University. 3. Afghanistan was too dangerous to travel around / even some years ago. 4. They were very pleased / to hear the news. 1. [p f ; m ns] 2. Ted [ènt ] 3. 4. Unit 46 Grammar Points 7

Exercise A 1. for 2. of 3. for 4. to be served 5. not to return 1. It s important / for drivers / to take care / while driving. 2. It was brave / of him / to save the drowning child. 3. The road is too busy / for the children / to cross safely. 4. I am waiting for dinner / to be served. 5. The man promised / not to return again. 1. 2. [dráuni\] 3. [kr (;)s] 4. [s ; v] 5 [pr mis] B 1. was not invited 2. I was silly 3. It, had forgotten 4. It, suffered 5. to have been caused 1. I am very disappointed / not to have been invited / to the party. = I am very disappointed / that I was not invited / to the party. 2. It was silly / of me / to forget the tickets. = I was silly / to forget the tickets. 3. They seemed / to have forgotten / about their race. = It seemed / that they had forgotten / about their race. 1. [dìs p intid] 2. [síli] 3. 8

4. He seems / to have suffered / from a great deal of debt. = It seems / that he suffered / from a great deal of debt. 5. They believe / that the illness was caused / by evil spirits. = The illness is believed / to have been caused / by evil spirits. 4. [det] 5. [ílnis] [k ;z] [spírit] C 1. We hope / that we will finish the work / as soon as possible. We hope / to finish the work / as soon as possible. 2. It seems / that she is sick. She seems / to be sick. 3. It seemed / that he had suffered from / a lot of difficulties. He seemed / to have suffered from / a lot of difficulties. 4. I was disappointed / that I had missed the party. I was disappointed / to have missed the party. 1. 2. 3. [dífik>lti] 4. [mis] D 1. for stars to express freely 2. to have caught tigers in the mountains 3. refused to give up his dream 4. of Ann to get up 1. It is difficult / for stars to express freely / their own personal thoughts. 2. Hunters are said / to have caught tigers / in the mountains / in those days. 3. Despite his enormous disabilities, / he refused / to give up his dream. 4. It is really diligent / of Ann to get up / at 6 a.m. every day. 1. [iksprès] [pá; sânâl] [^ ;t] 2. [h=nt ] 3. [dispáit] [in ; m s] [dìs bíl ti] [rifjù;z] 4. [dílid,ânt] 9

E 1. of them 2. to be spent 3. to have been built 1. It is especially stupid / of them / to quarrel about / which soccer team is the best. 2. We can cut down on the use of electricity / to be spent / on lighting and air-conditioning. 3. Stonehenge is said / to have been built / to predict the movement / of the sun and moon. 1. [ispè Âli] [kw (;)râl] 2. [ilektrís ti] 3. [mù;vm nt] F 1. to not participate not to participate 2. wants himself to be wants to be 3. 4. of parents for parents 1. Korea decided / not to participate in the meeting / in Belgium next month. 2. He wants to be a math teacher / in the future. 3. It will be necessary / for you / to learn Arab language / for a better job. 4. Experts think / it is important for parents / to keep their kids away / from digital equipment. 1. 2. 3. [nèsiséri] 4. [èksp ; t] Unit 47 Grammar Points 10

Exercise A 1. laugh 2. crawl 3. cross 4. bring 5. find 6. crying 7. to collect 1. That program was / funny. It really made / me / laugh. 2. I felt / an insect / crawl up my leg. 3. She watched / her son / cross the street. 4. I had / my mother / bring me an umbrella. 5. He helped / me / (to) find the post office. 6. Jane saw / a child / crying / next to her motorcycle. 7. The professor got / the students / to collect information / on global warming. 1. 2. [kr ;l] 3. 4. 5. 6. Jane [móut sàikl] 7. B 1. did nothing but complain 2. a shadow come from the kitchen 3. helps protect the environment 4. made some students clean the classroom 5. rest at home than help the arrogant doctor 1. She did nothing but / complain. 2. I saw a shadow come / from the kitchen. 3. Recycling helps / protect the environment. 4. The teacher / made some students clean the classroom / again. 5. I would rather rest at home / than help the arrogant doctor. 1. [k mplèin] 2. [ dou] 3. [ri;sáikli\] [pr tèkt] [inváiâr nm nt] 5. [ r g nt] C 1. leave 2. to create create 3. be 1. David will be here at five. His boss is going to let him leave work early. 1. David 5 11

2. The national train system / helped a company (to) create a market nationally. 3. We cannot but be surprised / to see / how every creature is adapted / to its surroundings. 2. [[n Ân li] 3. [krí;t ] [s ráundi\] Unit 43-47 Review Test 01. 02. 03. be to 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. to helping to help 10. to not be beaten not to be beaten 11. That It 12. to satisfy to be satisfied 13. 14. for me to give my opinion 15. of you to visit the orphanage 16. for them to take measures 17. to give up the new project 18. to sell two cars to customers 19. to believe everything he is told 20. to solve out all of the questions 21. Ato be Bto blame 22. Anot to be Bare to Cto cope with 23. to be reminded to remind so too 24. Amade to make Bdid to do do Cbeing to be 25. 26. 27. 01. 01. [tèisti] 02. 03. 03. 04. 05. 06. 05. 07. 08. Alice 09. 10. 08. 09. [reiz] [f<nd] [wel] [rimóut] 10. [èin Ânt] [bi;t] 12

11. 12. 13. 11. [riváiz] 12. [plei] [s tisfài] 13. [sni;k] [<nnèsiséri] [ví;z ] [ d=lt] [preiz] 14. 15. 14. [ pínj n] 15. [ ; f nid,] 16. 16. 17. 18. 19. Daniel 20. 21. 22. 23. 18. [dí;l ] 19. [n ;í;v] 20. 21. [óuv wéit] [tekn l d,i] 22. [f brik] [r pid] [p pj lèi n] 23. [mí;ni\f l] [priskríp Ân] [rèklis] [ b nd n] [risp ns bíl ti] [prè s] 13

24. 25. 26. 1500 27. 300 206 [swet] [st<f] 24. [ bd,ìkt] 25. [pr ses] [ ; t fí Âl] [silèk Ân] [m tδù ] [dim ndi\] [dizáiâr bl] [fí;meil] [meil] [kw l ti] [fí;t ] 26. [bíblikâl] [ r g ns] [trænsf ; m] [t<\] [fil s f ] [ sèn Âl] [l d,ik] [sk l ] [k nstr=kt] 27. [skèl tl] [fl pi] [ín ] [ ; g n] [ t t ] [d, int] 14

Unit 48 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. Attending 2. expressing 3. talking 4. being refused 1. Attending your first rock concert / is an unforgettable experience. 2. Our taste in music / is a great way / of expressing our personality. 3. Women are used to talking / about their emotions and feelings. 4. The poet admitted / being refused / by many publishing companies. 1. [>nf gèt bl] 2. [teist] [pë; sân l ti] 3. [imóu Ân] 4. [ dmít] B 1. by lowering cholesterol levels 2. for repairing the nation s road system 3. enjoy reading books about these people 4. of being scolded by Mom 1. Fiber reduces the risk of heart disease / by lowering cholesterol levels. 2. The government is running out of money / for repairing the nation s road system. 3. I hope / you enjoy reading books about these people. 1. [fáib ] [ridδù;s] [lóu ] 2. [rip ] 3. [ind, i] 15

4. Sally was ashamed / of being scolded by Mom. 4. [ èimd] [skould] C 1. training 2. giving 3. Making To make 4. starting 1. Most singers spend a lot of time / in training themselves / to improve the quality of their voice. 2. In addition to giving money to health projects, / he has given over $500 thousand / to support education / since 2009. 3. Making fashion means being creative, / but it also means / paying close attention / to the industrial and commercial sides / of the operation. 4. By starting the day one hour earlier / in the summer, / people gain an hour / of daylight. 1. [imprù;v] [kw l ti] 2. 2009 50 [pr d,ekt] [s p ; t] [éd,ukèi Ân] 3. [krièitiv] [ind=stri l] [k má; Âl] [ pârèi Ân] 4. [dèilàit] Unit 49 Grammar Points 16

Exercise A 1. being treated 2. getting 3. Learning 4. being caught 5. praising 6. cleaning 7. helping 8. repairing 1. He is proud / of being treated / as a member of the club. 2. Mike is worried / about getting a bad grade. 3. Learning a second language is easy / for young learners. 4. How could the thief get away / without being caught? 5. His conduct / deserves praising. 6. The room / wants cleaning. 7. All members in the club / insisted on helping children in Rewanda. 8. The MP3 player [ I bought last month ] / needs repairing. 1. [tri;t] 2. Mike [greid] 3. 2 4. [^i;f] 5. [k nd<kt] [dizá; v] 6. 7. 8. MP3 [ri;p ] B 1. being beaten 2. being recognized 3. having told 4. her 5. my me 6. being chosen 7. being regarded to be regarded 1. The enemies were afraid / of being beaten / in the end. 2. Famous people get tired / of being recognized / everywhere they go. 1. [èn mi] [bi;t] 2. [rèk gnàiz] 17

3. The teacher excused his student / for having told a lie / last time. 4. He is sure / of her winning the race. 5. My wife and I can live comfortably / without my getting a job. 6. I m looking forward to John s being chosen / as a scholarship student. 7. Nobody likes / being regarded / as a mother s boy. 3. 4. 5. [k=mf t bli] 6. John 7. [rig ; d] C 1. my me 2. having seen 3. being elected 4. being told 1. She cannot stand / my telling her / what to do. 2. Despite the persuasion, / the witness denied / having seen the accused. 3. Today s laws prevent a U.S. president / from being elected / more than two times. 4. You say / you remember telling me the news. But I certainly can t remember / being told. 1. [stænd] 2. [p swèi,ân] [wítnis] [dinái] 3. [ilèkt] 4. [sá; tânli] D 1. his winning 2. his father having his father s having 3. seeing 4. on my doing 5. changing 1. I am sure / that he will win the game. =I am sure / of his winning the game. 1. 18

2. He is aware / that his father has vast wealth. = He is aware / of his father having vast wealth. 3. The child remembers / that he saw the terrible sight. = The child remembers / seeing the terrible sight. 4. He insisted / that I should do the work / immediately. = He insisted on my doing the work / immediately. 5. I think / that I will change my job. = I m thinking of / changing my job. 2. [væst] [wel^] 3. [sait] [tèr bl] 4. [imí;di tli] 5. E 1. cleaning 2. fixing 3. rewriting 1. All the rooms in the house / need cleaning / right away. 2. The monkey s cage / wants fixing. 3. To make a good movie, / the scenario requires rewriting. 1. 2. [keid,] [fiks] 3. [sin riòu] [ri;ráit] F 1. being gotten getting 2. having fired having been fired 3. yourself having having 4. being painted painting to be painted 5. teaching having taught 6. sending being sent 1. She was sure / of her roommate getting good grades / in the mid-term exam. 2. I can t understand / his having been fired / at the company. 1. [rù(;)mméit] 2. 19

3. I thank you / for having a time with us. 4. Some part of the fence / requires painting again. 5. The man is proud of / having taught Alice / when she was in elementary school. 6. The salesperson didn t mind / being sent / to a new branch in LA. - [fái ] [k=mpâni] 3. 4. 5. Alice 6. LA [maind] [brænt ] Unit 50 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. talking 2. to tell 3. eating 4. posting 5. hurting 6. passing 7. walking 8. to know 9. to get 10. threatening 1. Sally finished talking / and sat down. 2. I regret to tell you / that he s not going to be here. - 3. The doctor suggests eating several mini meals / on high-stress days. 4. I can remember / posting the letter. I posted it / on Friday morning. - 1. Sally 2. 3. 4. [poust] 20

5. I want / to avoid hurting someone s feelings. 6. Would you mind / passing the bread? 7. Miss Temple stopped walking / and looked straight at me. 8. You need to know the difference / between an illusion and a reality. 9. Last year, / his friend Sara failed / to get onto the school basketball team. 10. The man denied threatening / to kill a policeman. 5. 6. [pæs] 7. Temple 8. [iljù;,ân] [ri(;) l ti] 9. Sara 10. [dinái] [^rètân] B 1. to ring 2. moving 3. to make 1. John forgot / to ring Susan. 2. Jenny didn t try / moving the piano. 3. He stopped / to make a phone call. 1. John Susan 2. Jenny 3. C 1. to accept what they say 2. we decided to go to bed 3. then try to develop positive thoughts 1. We refuse / to accept / what they say. 2. It was late / and we decided / to go to bed. 1. [rifjù;z] [ ksèpt] 2. [disáid] 3. If you feel depressed, / then try to develop positive thoughts. 3. [diprèst] [divèl p] [p zitiv] 21

D 1. to sit 2. to control 3. to read 4. working 5. to understanding 1. Preparing for a job interview, / remember to sit up straight. This helps you look confident. 2. Parents tend / to control all the new changes / [ that tempt children away / from schoolwork]. 3.Help me, please! I forgot / to read Romeo and Juliet, / and I have to hand in the paper / tomorrow! 4. Men prefer to work / at widely known firms, / while women don t mind / working part time / in a variety of jobs. 5. A good deal of time / was devoted to understanding / the future require- ments and how to begin / incorporating these into our system. 1. [k nfidânt] 2. [k ntróul] [tempt] 3. [pèip ] 4. [wáidli] 5. [ink ; p réit] E 1. riding 2. handling 3. removing 4. wasting 5. going 6. visiting 7. working 8. speaking 1. Did you remember riding home / on a small truck / last Friday? 2. She is used / to handling with a DSLR camera. 3. Everyone in this area / objected to removing the old park. 4. I regret / wasting my time / when I was in my twenties. 5. What do you say / to going to the Grand Canyon / this weekend? 6. I look forward / to my daughter visiting me / this winter vacation. 7. She felt so thirsty / that she stopped working / and got some water. 1. 2. DSLR 3. 4. 20 [weist] 5. 6. 7. [^Á; sti] 22

8. In addition to speaking Spanish fluently, / he can also make himself understood in Chinese. 8. [flù(;) ntli] Unit 51 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. without saying 2. without quarreling 3. On seeing it 4. no use complaining 5. felt like having 6. on the point of leaving 7. makes a point of taking 8. far from being sincere 9. What do you say to having 10. worth reading 1. It is needless to say / that overeating is not good. = It goes without saying / that overeating is not good. 2. Whenever they meet each other, / they quarrel. = They never meet each other / without quarreling. 3. As soon as I saw it, / I sighed / because there was so much mess. = On seeing it, / I sighed / because there was so much mess. 4. It s of no use / to complain / that there is not much / to laugh about. = It s no use complaining / that there is not much / to laugh about. 5. I suddenly felt inclined / to have a cup of coffee. = I suddenly felt like / having a cup of coffee. 6. He was about to leave / when she came back. = He was on the point of leaving / when she came back. 7. My mother always makes it a rule / to take a walk / after dinner. = My mother always makes a point / of taking a walk / after dinner. 1. [ní;dlis] [òuv rí;ti\] 2. [kw (;)râl] 3. [sai] [mes] 4. [k mplèin] 5. [s=dnli] 6. 7. 23

8. He is never sincere. = He is far / from being sincere. 9. Why don t you have a party / this Friday night? = What do you say to having a party / this Friday night? 10. It is worthwhile / to read the book. = The book is worth / reading. 8. [sinsí ] 9. 10. B 1. talking 2. (in) building 3. worrying 4. preparing 5. predicting 6. reads 7. to laugh 8. reading 1. We spent a lot of time / talking with friends. 2. They had difficulty / (in) building the bridge / over the river. 3. It s no use worrying / about what has not happened. 4. She was very busy / preparing for the test. 5. There is no predicting / which country will win in the World Cup. 6. Tiffany never reads the diary / without recollecting her happy school life. 7. Everybody had no choice / but to laugh at what he said. 8. All of his poems / are worth reading. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [pridíkt] 6. Tiffany [ri;k lèkt] 7. 8. C 1. feeling 2. playing 1. I could not help feeling / that there was a certain suspicion. 2. Breaking my arm in training / prevented me / from playing in the competition. 1. [s spí Ân] 2. [k mp tí Ân] 24

D 1. had difficulty in getting accustomed to 2. couldn t help rejecting the offer 3. no use fixing the car 4. make a point of reading the newspaper 1. Brian had difficulty / in getting accustomed / to his new life in Korea. 2. He couldn t help rejecting the offer / because he didn t want to leave his family. 3. It is no use fixing the car. You d better / buy a new one. 4. I make a point of reading the newspaper / at least for 30 minutes every day. 1. 2. [rid,èkt] [ (;)f ] 3. 4. Unit 48-51 Review Test 01. 02. 03. 04. not studying 05. to help 06. filling 07. my quitting 08. admitting 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. On hearing 14. no solving 15. say to 16. Usain BoltUsain Bolt s breaking the world record in the 100 m race 17. CathyCathy s attending the meeting 18. help accepting his offer but accept his offer 19. 20. 21. to achieve, becoming 22. being frustrated 23. (A) using (B) being confused (C) adopting 24. 25. 01. 01. [ n làiz] 02. 03. 04. 02. [kru;] [ v id] [kræ ] 03. [bri;"] 05. John 06. 06. 07. Jane 07. [kwit] 08. 08. [ædmít] 25

09. 10. 11. 12. 09. [^èr pi] [kju ] [ílnis] [ná; v s] [i;pæl] 10. [k mplèin] [ t k] 11. [t pstik] 12. [krítisàiz] 13. 14. 14. [tr fik] 15. 16. 100 17. Daniel Cathy 18. - 19. - 20. 8 11 21. 16. [breik] [rèk d] 17. [ tènd] 18. [ tr ktiv] 19. [ign ; ] [plèzântli] [pridíkt bl] [k ri] 20. 21. [ t í;v] [bij nd] [>nfèivâr bl] 26

22. 23. Felis cattus Felis cattus Susan coneflower Rudbeckia triloba 24. 25. [k ndí Ân] [d,<d,i\] [ínflu ns] 22. [k n s] [ grèsiv] [riflèkt] [fr=streit] 23. [prisáis] [k nfjù;z] [ d pt] [bai l d,ist] [igz ktli] 24. [t u;] [sip] [hju;d,] [fè" ] [k stδu;m] [èin Ânt] [p lis] [dèkâréitiv] [p t i] 25. [èd,ukéit] [lóukâl] [répj (;)tèi Ân] [k mjù;n ti] [kw l fàid] [ eip] [pr p li] 27

Unit 52 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. injured 2. endangered 3. leading 4. fallen 5. covered 6. isolated 7. pierced 8. smiling 9. understood 10. called 1. An injured person / should seek medical help. 2. There is / a long list of endangered animals. 3. Even leading companies / went out of business. 4. In late fall, / they burn the fallen leaves. 5. The Rosetta Stone is a large stone / covered in writing. 6. The tourists still remain isolated / in the mountains. 7. You cannot have your ear pierced / here. 1. [si;k] [mèdikâl] 2. 3. [lí;di\] 4. 5. 6. [tù(;)ârist] [rimèin] 7. 8. She sat smiling brightly / on her father s knees. 9. He made himself understood / in sign language. 8. [bráitli] [ni;] 9. 28

10. I heard my name called / behind my back. 10. B 1. shared 2. living 3. named 4. blowing 5. astonished 6. bursting 7. polished 8. worried 9. tiring 1. Neil Armstrong had a dream / shared by many Americans. 2. In 1900, / there were around five million chimpanzees / living in the wild in Africa. 3. In China, / there lived a man / named Cha Buduo, / which means not much difference. 4. Waves are caused / by the wind / blowing over the surface of the sea. 5. She stood astonished / at the sight of the destruction / of the building. 6. The father watched him / and felt his heart bursting / with joy. 7. We should have these shoes polished. 8. Some people get worried / about eating wild mushrooms. 9. The journey took all day and night. They found it very tiring. 1. [ ] 2. 1900 5 3 Cha Buduo [dífâr ns] 4. [k ;z] [sá; fis] 5. [distr=k Ân] 6. [b ; st] 7. 8. [m= ru(;)m] 9. [tai ] [d,á; ni] 29

C 1. Magma moving inside a volcano 2. watched the enemy destroying our city 3. made with locally grown vegetables made with vegetables grown locally 4. had his daily schedule cancelled 1. Magma moving inside a volcano / causes lots of small earthquakes. 2. I watched the enemy destroying our city / before my own eyes. 3. It is a fresh menu item / made with locally grown vegetables. 4. David had his daily schedule cancelled / by his secretary. 1. [v lkèinou] [Á; ^kwéik] 2. [èn mi] 3. [vèd,it bl] [lóuk li] [grou] 4. [dèili] [sèkr téri] D 1. drowning 2. too surprised 3. discovered 4. confused 1. There s a superstition / among sailors / that dolphins save drowning men / by pushing them / to the surface. 2. Parents shouldn t feel too surprised / about behavior of teenagers; / they are all parts of growing up. 3. He was the first person to realize / that the continent discovered by Columbus / was not part of Asia. 4. An individual may feel frustrated and confused / if he or she doesn t know / the language of the country / where he or she is living. 1. [sjú;p stí Ân] - 2. [bihèivj ] 3. [rí(;) làiz] [k ntân nt] [disk=v ] 4. [ìnd víd,u l] [fr=streit] [k nfjù;z] 30

Unit 53 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. Being thirsty 2. Quickly running to the train station 3. Always looking on the bright side of life 4. Being in college 5. Being old and crippled 6. Arresting a person 1. As he was thirsty, / he had some water. Being thirsty, / he had some water. 2. Because I quickly ran / to the train station, / I could catch the train. Quickly running to the train station, / I could catch the train. 3. Because I always look on / the bright side of life, / I am an optimistic person. Always looking on the bright side of life, / I am an optimistic person. 4. While they are in college, / students are asked / to create documents. Being in college, / students are asked to create documents. 5. Though he was old and crippled, / he had enough courage / to complete the mission. Being old and crippled, / he had enough courage / to complete the mission. 6. When they arrest a person, / the police must tell the suspect / what his or her rights are. Arresting a person, / the police must tell the suspect / what his or her rights are. 1. [^Á; sti] 2. 3. [ pt místik] 4. [d kjum nt] 5. [krípl] [ká;rid,] [k mplí;t] [mí Ân] 6. [ rèst] [s spèkt] [rait] 31

B 1. As Because I felt sorry for their misfortune 2. WhenBecause I felt somewhat miserable and sad 3. WhenIf it is compared to Columbus s voyage 4. and reminded me of my mother 5. When I entered the room 1. Feeling sorry / for their misfortune, / I used to give a lot of money to them. AsBecause I felt sorry for their misfortune, / I used to give a lot of money to them. 2. Feeling somewhat miserable and sad, / I started / listening to the music. WhenBecause I felt somewhat miserable and sad, / I started / listening to the music. 3. Compared to Columbus s voyage, / Magellan s expedition was a greater adventure. WhenIf it is compared to Columbus s voyage, / Magellan s expedition was a greater adventure. 4. Her voice was a little rough, / reminding me of my mother. Her voice was a little rough, / and reminded me of my mother. 5. Entering the room, / I saw the man / sitting on the sofa. When I entered the room, / I saw the man / sitting on the sofa. 1. [misf ; t Ân] 2. [s=m w t] [mízâr bl] 3. [v iid,] [éksp dí Ân] 4. [r<f] 5. C 1. bursted into tears, hearing the sad news 2. leaving many employees unemployed 3. forcing more blood to flow into the brain 1. Scarlet bursted into tears, / hearing the sad news. 2. The firm went bankrupt, / leaving many employees unemployed. 3. Yawning momentarily raises the heart rate, / forcing more blood into the brain. to flow 1. 2. [f ; m] [impl ií;] [>nimpl id] 3. [j ;n] [móum ntâr li] [reiz] 32

D 1. increasing 2. Located 3. helping 4. Making 5. Realizing 1. One way to use the energy of waves / is to focus them / into a narrow channel, / increasing their power and size. 2. Located on the Bay of Naples / in southern Italy, / Pompeii was a favorite spot / for wealthy Romans / to build their country villas. 3. The new gene may improve crop quality, / helping the plant to resist disease, insects, and extreme temperatures. 4. Making a decision / based on incomplete information, / some of us go to these people / to seek their advice. 5. Realizing / his boss wouldn t be ready, / he sent me an e-mail / at 8:30 p.m., / telling me / that we needed to reschedule. 1. [fóuk s] [t nâl] 2. [sp t] [víl ] 3. [d,i;n] [rizíst] [ikstrí;m] 4. [ìnk mplí;t] 5. 8 30 [rí; làiz] [rì;skèd,u;l] Unit 54 Grammar Points 33

Exercise A 1. Not believing what she heard 2. Not knowing French 3. Having photocopied all the papers 4. AsBecause she was green with envy 5. If it is used economically 6. After he had repaired the car 1. When Emily didn t believe / what she heard, / she raised her eyebrows. Not believing what she heard, / Emily raised her eyebrows. 2. Because he didn t know French, / he found it hard / to communicate. Not knowing French, / he found it hard to communicate. 3. After she had photocopied all the papers, / she put them back / in the file. Having photocopied all the papers, / she put them back in the file. 4. Being green / with envy, / Sarah bit her lip. As she was green with envy, / Sarah bit her lip. 5. Used economically, / a tin will last / for weeks. If it is used economically, / a tin will last for weeks. 6. Having repaired the car, / the mechanic took it out / for a road test. After he had repaired the car, / the mechanic took it out for a road test. 1. Emily [áibràu] 2. [k mjù;nikéit] 3. [fóut k pi] 4. Sarah [bait] 5. [ì;k n mikâli] [tin] [læst] 6. [rip r] [m k nik] B 1. Not wanting 2. Having spent 3. Pleased 1. Not wanting to frighten her, / I phoned / before I went round. ( As I didn t want to frighten her, I phoned before I went round.) 2. Having spent all his money, / Daniel couldn t afford to buy a new jacket. ( As Daniel had spent all his money, he couldn t afford to buy a new jacket.) 3. Pleased with the atmosphere, / we enjoyed our stay on the ship. ( As we were pleased with the atmosphere, we enjoyed our stay on the ship.) 1. [fráitân] 2. Daniel 3. [ tm sfì ] [stei] 34

C 1. 2. 3. 1910 1. (Being) Left free to fill their time / according to their own choice, / most people tend to be embarrassed. 2. Not having heard the terrible weather forecast, / we could not help it. 3. (Being) Originally launched in 1910, / the Olympic was the largest ship / in the world / at that time. 1. [imb r s] 2. [tèr bl] 3. [ ríd,ân li] [l ;nt ] Unit 55 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. The car having broken down 2. There being no subway service 3. BecauseAs the last train had gone 4. If other conditions are equal 5. Generally speaking 1. As the car had broken down, / I had to walk to work. The car having broken down, / I had to walk to work. 2. As there was no subway service, / Joan had to take a taxi. There being no subway service, / Joan had to take a taxi. 3. The last train having gone, / we had to walk home. BecauseAs the last train had gone, / we had to walk home. 1. 2. Joan 3. 35

4. Other conditions being equal, / I will choose the job. If other conditions are equal, / I will choose the job. 5. If we speak generally, / children learn more quickly and easily. Generally speaking, / children learn more quickly and easily. 4. [k ndí Ân] [í;kwâl] 5. [d,ènâr li] B 1. left 2. shaking 3. turned 4. fixed 1. The children were playing computer games / with the door left open. 2. I was caught in the rain, / with my body shaking / with cold. 3. Susan didn t say a word, / with her face turned away / from me. 4. She made her speech / with her eyes fixed / on the script. 1. 2. [ eik] 3. Susan 4. [fiks] [skript] C 1. It raining all day long 2. with his eyes closed 3. There being no oil left 4. The weather not getting better 1. It raining all day long, / I could not go out. ( As it rained all day long, I could not go out.) 1. 2. Ken was sitting on the chair / with his eyes closed. 3. There being no oil left, / we had to light the candles up. ( As there was no oil left, we had to light the candles up.) 4. The weather not getting better, / we will have to cancel the reservation. ( If the weather doesn t get better, we will have to cancel the reservation.) 3. 4. [k nsâl] [réz vèi Ân] 36

Unit 52-55 Review Test 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. There being no objection 09. Not knowing how to swim 10. Discouraged 11. Having seen the movie 12. The door being opened by him 13. with the rain falling on his hat 14. her dog following her 15. Having spent all the money 16. saw her younger sister punished 17. (A) Rutter (B) 18. (A) (B) 19. 20. not realizing that 21. respected 22. Using 23. having been cut away 01. 02. 01. [reiz] [k=ntrisàid] 03. 04. 03. [swet] [íritéit] [sti\] 04. [fá; nit ] [inst ;l] 05. 06. 07. Paul John Mark 05. [bæ^] 06. [ mèizi\] [rihá; s] 07. [s práiz] [dai] [iksáit] [m g zí;n] 37

08. 08. [ bd,èk Ân] [s=mit] [trí;ti] 09. 10. 09. [draun] 10. [diská;rid,] 11. 11. [póuit] 12. 12. [s=dnli] 13. 13. [skip] [p=dl] 14. 14. [f lou] 15. 16. 17. Rutter 26 18. 19. 4 3 3000 16. [p=ni ] 17. [kèmistri] [lèsân] [pjù;pâl] [fr<nt] [b ; ] [breik] 18. [émp ^ètik] [k nèktid] [áis léitid] [k nèk Ân] [^rètând] [t l ntid] [dr ;] 19. [bài l d,ikâl] [daivá; s ti] 38

20. 20. [f ] [s=mdéi] [k míz réit] [ind,=stis] 21. 4 1 21. [d kjumènt ri] [<njù;,u l] [tr dí Ân l] [h ; vist] [vjù; ] [ditèil] [nóutis] 22. World Wide Web 22. [k nèkt] [ kses] [gloub] [s ; f] [mísi\] 23. 23. [tímb ] [fel] [insá; kl] [fleim] [tr<\k] [sá; kj l ] [lèi ] [pr sí;d, ] 39

Unit 56 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. (1) pick (2) to pick 2. (1) caused (2) causing 3. (1) it (2) which is 4. and 5. you 1. (1) Right now, / go to Seoul Station / and pick up your mother. (2) Right now, / go to Seoul Station / to pick up your mother. 2. (1) Recently, / a severe disease hit Asian nations hard / and (1) several hundred deaths. (2) Recently, / a severe disease hit Asian nations hard, / causing several (1) hundred deaths. 3. (1) Driving is fun and convenient, / but it is also dangerous. (2) Driving, [ which is fun and convenient,] / is also dangerous. 4. They were great builders and engineers / and built a beautiful city / on an island in a lake. 5. If you had taken my advice, / you could have beat him. caused 1. 2. [siví ] [hit] 3. [k nví;ni nt] [dèind,âr s] 4. [bíld ] 5. [ dváis] [bi;t] 40

B 1. Just believe you can do it, / and you can do it! If you just believe you can do it, / you can do it. 2. A little more capital, / and they would have been successful. If they had had a little more capital, / they would have been successful. 3. The situation looked hopeless, / but they didn t give up. Though the situation looked hopeless, / they didn t give up. 4. Take a vacation, / or you will get sick. If you don t take a vacation, / you will get sick. 1. [bilí;v] 2. [k pitâl] [s ksèsf l] 3. [sìt uèi Ân] [hóuplis] 4. C 1. are 2. wins 3. has 4. were 1. Both English and French / are widely used. 2. Slow and steady / wins the race. 3. Either you or Tom / has to go with Jane. 4. Not only the boss but also all the other employees / were invited. 1. [wáidli] 2. [stèdi] 3. Tom Jane 4. [impl ií;] D 1. act 2. cloud 3. by carrying 4. killed 5. solving 1. Now, the search engines on the Internet / give us a way / to easily share, and act on information / in new ways. get, 1. [ ] 41

2. No one has to let errors of the past destroy his present / or cloud his future. 3. Many pests are harmful / either by destroying crops / disease. 4. If you aren t careful / when you do it, / you could be hurt badly, / or even killed. 5. Humans do not absorb knowledge / like sponges. We learn formal skills, / like learning a foreign language / and doing a proof in mathematics, / not by by carrying reading a textbook / but by actually solving problems / in those fields. or 2. [klaud] 3. [pest] [kr p] [k ri] 4. 5. [ bs ; b] [f ; mâl] [fi;ld] E 1. seemed 2. confidence 3. it gets 4. steal 5. receiving 6. but 1. The streetlight in front of the house / did not work, / and so this house seemed to disappear / from the street into a pool of darkness. 2. If you do extreme sports often, / you will have less stress / and more confidence about yourself. 3. If you feel pain / and it gets worse / as you continue to work out, / you re doing / and get some rest. stop 4. Hyenas often wait for a lion to kill an animal / and then steal the animal / from the lion. what 5. After being introduced and receiving her warm greetings, / I began to interview her. 1. [w ; k] 2. [k nfidâns] 3. 4. 5. [grí;ti\] [ínt vjú;] 42

6. Not only do bats eat insects [ that annoy us], / but they help many flowers and plants reproduce. 6. [ n i] [rì;pr dδù;s] Unit 57 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. He is a genius. It is believable. That he is a genius / is believable. It is believable / that he is a genius. 2. I told a lie to my mom. I regret it. I regret / that I told a lie to my mom. 3. She is guilty. The fact is obvious. The fact / that she is guilty / is obvious. 4. Will he be able to come? We are not sure about it. We are not sure / whetherif he will be able to come. 1. [d,í;nj s] [bilí;v bl] 2. [rigrèt] 3. [gílti] [ bvi s] 4. 43

5. What are you talking about? I don t know. I don t know / what you are talking about. 5. B 1. whether 2. Whether 3. whether 1. The question is / whether or not he has the right / to do so. 2. Whether he likes the gift / is not clear / to me. 3. She didn t know / whether to laugh or to cry. 1. [rait] 2. 3. C 1. that 2. if 3. that 4. that 5. that 6. What 7. I should 8. makes 9. is 10. is 1. My only regret is / that I m not what I used to be. 2. James asked me / if he could borrow some money. 3. Fashion magazines promote the message [ that to be stylish, / we must buy things]. 4. Imagine / that you are taken / to a beautiful seaside world. 5. Scientists believe / that a cure for the disease will be discovered. 6. What causes the human body to age / is a matter of debate. 1. 2. James [b rou] 3. [pr móut] [stáili ] 4. [im d,in] [sí;sàid] 5. [kju ] [dizí;z] [disk=v ] 6. [dibèit] 44

7. I didn t know / how I should respond / to it. 8. That John likes books / makes his mother happy. 9. The fact [ that volunteering can bring wonders ] / is seen / in many places. 10. Whether he has many enemies or not / is not important. 7. [risp nd] 8. John 9. [v l ntí ] 10. [èn mi] Unit 58 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. when because as 2. As When 3. As Since Because 4. As When 5. After 6. Since As Because 1. The little children were shocked / to hear the news. = The little children were shocked / whenbecause they heard the news. 1. [ kt] 45

2. Growing older, / we could do our part / in the household. = AsWhen we grow older, / we could do our part / in the household. 3. Situated upon the hillside, / the house commands a fine view. = AsSince, Because the house is situated upon the hillside, / the house commands a fine view. 4. Approaching an intersection, / we stopped / at a red light. = AsWhen we approached an intersection, / we stopped / at a red light. 5. Introduced in 1476, / printing made rapid progress. = After printing was introduced in 1476, / it made rapid progress. 6. America being a cultural melting pot, / all Americans need to learn / about each other. = SinceAs, Because America is a cultural melting pot, / all Americans need to learn / about each other. 2. 3. [sít uéit] [hílsàid] 4. [ próut ] [ìnt sèk Ân] 5. 1476 [ìntr dδù;s] [prínti\] 6. B 1. because of 2. so that 3. No sooner, Hardly, On 4. Not until 1. Books could be / within everyone s reach / because printing was invented. = Books could be / within everyone s reach / because of the invention of printing. 2. He moved to a smaller apartment / in order to save money. = He moved to a smaller apartment / so that he could save money. 3. As soon as he left home, / he began to run / toward school. = No sooner had he left home / than he began to run / toward school. = Hardly had he left home / when he began to run / toward school. = On leaving home, / he began to run / toward school. 4. He did not know that fact / until he was twenty years old. = Not until he was twenty years old / did he know that fact. 1. [invèn Ân] 2. [mu;v] [seiv] 3. 4. 46

C 1. when 2. As soon as 3. On 4. until 5. After their 6. should 7. because of 8. used 9. agrees 1. Thousands of years ago, / people made maps / when they went to new places. 2. As soon as we changed the boat s direction, / the oar broke. 3. On pulling back the blanket, / the nurse screamed / to find a chimp. 4. You will just have to wait / until they call your name. 5. After their kids were grown / and out of the nest, / they decided to take a trip / around the world. 6. He didn t say much, / lest he should be misunderstood / by others. 7. It was all because of her / that we got into trouble. 8. When used in the right way, / TV can even speed up / the learning process. 9. I ll persuade her / until she agrees with me. 1. 2. [dirèk Ân] [ ; ] 3. [skri;m] [t ímp] 4. 5. 6. [mìs<nd st nd] 7. 8. TV [pr ses] 9. [p ; swèid] D 1. use 2. because 3. as 4. discussing 5. because of 1. How long will it take / if I use the subway? 2. Conflict can arise in teams / because individuals have basic differences / in values, attitudes and personalities. 1. 2. [k nflikt] [ ráiz] [v lju;] 47

3. They are getting more knowledge and experience / as they continue to try more possibilities. 4. The ancient Greeks were much more precise / when discussing the of love. 5. I m trying to stop eating hamburger / because of the fact / that it could make me fat. subject [pë s n l ti] 3. [n lid,] [ikspí(;)âri ns] [p s bíl ti] 4. [èin Ânt] [prisáis] [s=bd,ikt] 5. [fæt] Unit 59 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. Although 2. If 3. Although 4. Unless 5. as 1. Despite its slow development, / cancer is not something / [ you can ignore]. = Although it develops slowly, / cancer is not something / you can ignore. 2. Walk down this street, / and it ll take 20 minutes to go / to the bank. = If you walk down this street, / it ll take 20 minutes to go / to the bank. 3. You try to catch me, / but you will never succeed. = Although you try to catch me, / you will never succeed. 1. [divèl pm nt] [k ns ] [ign ; ] 2. 20 3. 48

4. If you don t make them work, / many machines won t work. = Unless you make them work, / many machines won t work. 5. Though it was late, / we decided to go there. = Late as it was, / we decided to go there. 4. 5. B 1. is 2. will come 3. Even if 4. discovered 5. despite 6. unless 7. convinces 8. However 9. Though 1. If it is fine today, / I will go on a picnic. 2. I don t know / if he will come or not. 3. Even if you can only write a single sentence, / it s far better than nothing. 4. Cancer can be cured, / if discovered in time. 5. The outstanding achievements of African-Americans / have been overlooked, / despite their great significance. 6. Many expressions / [ that we use] / make little sense / unless you know the story / behind them. 7. No positive results can be achieved / unless the individual convinces himself / that loneliness is just a state of mind. 8. However tired you may be, / you must do it. 1. 2. 3. [sèntâns] 4. [kju ] 5. [àutst ndi\] [ t í;vm nt] [òuv lùk] [signífik ns] 6. [iksprè Ân] 7. [p zitiv] [ t í;v] [k nvíns] 8. 49

9. Though poor, / he supported his family. 9. [s p ; t] Unit 56-59 Review Test 01. if 02. whether 03. that 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. While she was at school 09. if you park here 10. both intelligent and generous 11. Although they went through many hardships 12. Whenever 13. not until 14. unless 15. whether 16. recorded 17. of the fact that that 18. improving 19. tries 20. be 21. (A) if (B) that 22. 01. 01. [k nfr=nt] [læk] [stìmjulèi Ân] 02. 30 02. [rikwái ] [gaid] 03. 03. [k=mi\] [rú;m ] [dai] 04. 04. [m t ] 05. 05. [ ráiv] 06. 06. [w ;l] [keiv] [hèl^i] 07. 07. [p láit] [rent] [vout] 50

1 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 08. [ ktivli] 10. [d,ènâr s] [intèlid,ânt] 11. [h ; d ip] [rilíd, s] 12. [p ; ] 14. 14. [ ; tid,] 15. 16. 1982 4 6 15 17. 18. 7 2001 16. [reiz] [rik ; d] 17. [táini] [sítistèit] [krù; Âl] [ná; t ] [l ;nt ] 18. [g=v n ns] [p ; tìs pèi Ân] [rí;d, nâl] [métr p litân] [ dmìnistrèi Ân] 51

19. 24 TV 2001 11 6 Jack BauerLA 24 LA Jack 24 20. 21. 22. 19. [ ] [k=v ] [fèdâr l] [do mèstik] [tèr rist] [ t k] [k li;g] [káunt ] [riká; ] [tr d,ik] 20. [plau] [pènitréit] [prí;vi sli] [sá; fis] [intí(;)âri ] [rév ljù; Ân] [ sèsm nt] [mír kl] [ìnsp rèi Ân] [k ntènt] 21. [ikskjù;s] [kaunt] 22. [pázânt] [b ] [h ; b ] [sp rou] [gr sh p ] [riz lv] [æks] [bould] [strouk] [entrí;t] [ èlt ] [sp ] [h=nikòum] [sèikrid] 52

Unit 60 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. could 2. weren t 3. would accept 4. did 5. wouldn t 1. If I had more time, / I could exercise / after work. 2. He is busy / right now, / but if he weren t, / he would take us / to dinner. 3. If I were you, / I would accept / their invitation. 4. I don t have / a driver s license. But if I did, / I would buy a car / right away. 5. If they had enough money, / they wouldn t live in an old house. 1. 2. 3. [ ksèpt] [ìnvitèi Ân] 4. 5. B She is nice, / so I like her. If she weren t nice, / I wouldn t like her. 1. I m not employed full time, / so I cannot afford a bigger house. If I were employed full time, / I could afford / a bigger house. 2. He doesn t take a shower every morning, / so it s not easy to work with him. If he took a shower / every morning, / it would be easy / to work with him. 1. [ f ; d] 2. 53

3. My computer is not out of order, / so I can finish my work / in time. If my computer were out of order, / I couldn t finish my work / in time. 4. Ocean water is salty, / so it is dangerous / for us / to drink. If ocean water weren t salty, / it wouldn t be dangerous / for us / to drink. 5. My grandpa is not wearing his hearing aid, / so he cannot hear well. If my grandpa were wearing - his hearing aid, / he could hear / well. 3. 4. [óu Ân] 5. C 1. would tell 2. taught 3. wouldcould donate 4. spoke, listened 5. would not be 1. If I were you, / I would tell my parents the truth / as soon as possible. 2. If I taught this class, / I wouldn t give tests. 3. If I were healthy, / I wouldcould donate my organs. 4. If you spoke less and listened more, / you would be / much more popular. 5. If there was a screen / on the window, / there would not be so many bugs / in the room. 1. [tru;^] 2. 3. [ ; g n] 4. 5. [skri;n] [b<g] Unit 61 Grammar Points 54

Exercise A 1. had 2. would have been 3. would have 4. had realized 5. have left, hadn t lied 1. If you had told me, / I d have saved you a ticket. 1. 2. If I d taken that dangerous job, / I would have been very unhappy. 3. My father would have come / right away / if I had called him. 4. If I had realized / that the baby was asleep, / I wouldn t have made / so much noise. 5. You can t blame Janet / for leaving you. She would not have left / if you hadn t lied to her. 2. 3. 4. [rí(;) làiz] 5. B 1. had not been on sale 2. had not lent me money 3. would have run out of gas 4. would have bought 5. would never have guessed 1. Jason wouldn t have bought the jacket / if it had not been on sale. 2. If you had not lent me money / last night, / I wouldn t have been able / to go on a date. 3. If we hadn t stopped / at the gas station, / we would have run out of gas. 4. Carrie would have bought the dress / if it had not been so expensive. 5. I would never have guessed / that he was 30 if he hadn t told me. 1. Jason 2. 3. 4. Carrie 5. [ges] 55

C 1. he wouldn t have missed the bus stop 2. if he had heard the alarm go off 3. If Kevin hadn t had a blister on his foot 4. you could have bought the car Joe was so stubborn, so his wife yelled at him. If Joe hadn t been so stubborn, / his wife would not have yelled at him. 1. The boy wasn t paying attention, / so he missed the bus stop. If the boy had been paying attention, / he wouldn t have missed the bus - stop. 2. Melvin was late for work, / because he didn t hear the alarm go off. Melvin wouldn t have been late for work / if he had heard / the alarm / go off. 3. Kevin had a blister on his foot, / so he couldn t continue walking. If Kevin hadn t had a blister on his foot, / he could have continued walking. 4. You didn t save your money, / so you couldn t buy the car. If you had saved your money, / you could have bought the car. Joe Joe [st=b n] 1. 2. Melvin Melvin 3. Kevin Kevin [blíst ] 4. Unit 62 Grammar Points 56

Exercise A 1. were 2. were 3. didn t have 4. had studied 5. had been 6. understood 7. had met 8. were 9. had 10. had happened 1. I miss my friends. I wish / they were here / right now. 2. I need some help / with my homework. I wish / Tom were here now / to help me. 3. It s such a beautiful day. I wish / we didn t have to work. 4. I failed the exam / because I did not study. I wish / I had studied. 5. You re the best teacher / I ve ever had. I wish / you had been my teacher / last year / as well. 6. I don t understand / how this program works. I wish / I understood it / better. 7. He acted / as if we had met / before. 8. I know someone / [ who talks to his pets / as if they were people]. 9. How could he do / such a thing! He always acts / as if he had no brain. 10. Nadine was caught / while cheating / on the exam. But she behaved / as if nothing had happened. 1. 2. Tom 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. [pet] 9. 10. Nadine [t i;t] [bihèiv] 57

B 1. came 2. had paid 3. were 4. were 5. hadn t acted 6. did 7. were 8. had been 1. My father always comes home / late. I wish / he came home / earlier. 2. I didn t get / good grades. I wish / I had paid more attention / to the class. 3. I m so freezing and tired. I wish / I were at home / in bed. 4. I m not very good-looking. I wish / I were good-looking. 5. Bill acted very rudely. I wish / he hadn t acted / so rudely. 6. I hate / being a counselor. I wish / I did / something more interesting. 7. He always acts / as if he were the boss here. 8. Her eyes looked / as if she had been crying. 1. 2. [greid] 3. [frí;zi\] 4. [gùdlùki\] 5. Bill [ru;dli] 6. [káunsâl ] 7. 8. C 1. he had been in the army 2. Korean were his native language 3. my wife were a full-time housewife 4. he had tried hard enough to make a reservation 5. I could go traveling during winter vacation 1. In fact, he was not in the army. But he behaves / as if he had been / in the army. 2. In fact, Korean is not his native language. But he speaks / as if Korean were his native language. 1. [ ; mi] 2. [nèitiv] 58

3. I m sorry / my wife is not a full-time housewife. I wish / my wife were a full-time housewife. 4. I m sorry / he didn t try hard enough / to make a reservation. I wish / he had tried hard enough / to make a reservation. 5. I m sorry / I cannot go traveling / during winter vacation. I wish / I could go traveling / during winter vacation. 3. [fùltáim] [háuswàif] 4. [réz vèi Ân] 5. D She talks / as if she were an expert. I wish / I had graduated / from a better university. It appears / as if she had lost her interest / in her job. When I saw the winning numbers, / I wished / I hadn t lost my lottery ticket. I wish / I hadn t been busy yesterday. I could have helped you / with the work. [èksp ; t] [gr d,uéit] [ pí ] [íntârist] E 1. took care of ourselves 2. as if I were a monster 3. had been brought up abroad 1. It is time / we took care of ourselves. 1. 59

2. The woman looked at me / as if I were a monster. 3. I wish / I had been brought up abroad. 2. [m nst ] 3. [ br ;d] Unit 63 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. Without food, / people would starve / to death. = If it were not for food, people would starve to death. 2. She will take the work / provided that she is paid. = She will take the work only if she is paid. 3. If I knew / his phone number, / I would ring him. = I don t know his phone number, so I cannot ring him. 4. You cannot go home, / unless your parents pick you up. = You cannot go home, if your parents don t pick you up. 5. As long as they are talking, / they can t be listening to others. = If they are talking, they can t be listening to others. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 60

B 1. provided that 2. Unless 3. With 4. otherwise 5. without 1. I will continue working / in this company / provided that my pay is increased. 2. Unless he gets here soon, / we will have to start the meeting / without him. 3. With a hammer, / we could break this lock. 4. Nicole would be fine, / otherwise she would have called. 5. I couldn t possibly live / without you. 1. [k ntínju(;)] [pei] 2. 3. [h m ] [l k] 4. Nicole 5. [p s bli] C 1. would have been 2. long 3. would have lost 4. otherwise or 5. Had it not been for If it had not been for 6. unless you are ready 1. If the police had found out, / I would have been / in trouble. 2. You will be a great teacher / as long as you love children. 3. Had it not rained, / the farmers would have lost / all their crops. 4. Save some money now, / otherwiseor you will be broke / when old. 5. Had it not been for the hurricane, / the houses would not have been damaged. 6. Don t ask me what happened / unless you are ready to hear the truth. 1. 2. 3. [kr p] 4. 5. [há;r kéin] [d mid,] 6. D But for the love of God, / I would be miserable. 61

If it were not for the love of God, / I would be miserable. I had a toothache / during the exam. Otherwise, / I would have gotten a good score. If I hadn t had a toothache, / I would have gotten a good score. Elephants don t attack people / unless they re protecting their young. Elephants attack people / only if they re protecting their young. It would be absurd / for him to take such action. It would be absurd / if he took such action. Without the manual, / I wouldn t have known / how to operate this machine. If it had not been for the manual, / I wouldn t have known / how to operate this machine. [mízâr bâl] [pr tèkt] [j<\] [ bsá; d] [m nju l] [ pâréit] E 1. Unless the doctors operate immediately, / she will die. If the doctors don t operate immediately, / she will die. 2. As long as a person is able, / he may keep his job / until he s old. If a person is able, / he may keep his job / until he s old. 3. They could be better prepared / with a little more time. They could be better prepared / if they had a little more time. 4. Don t call me / at the office / unless it is absolutely necessary. Don t call me / at the office / if it isn t absolutely necessary. 5. Without photographs, / we would not be able / to remember the past. If it weren t for photographs, / we would not be able / to remember the past. 6. Hurry up! It would be a pity / to miss the beginning of the play. Hurry up! It would be a pity / if we missed the beginning of the play. 1. [ p réit] 2. [èibl] 3. [prip ] 4. [ bs lú;tli] [nésis (;)Âri] 5. 6. [píti] [plei] 62

Unit 64 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. go 2. should be 3. take 4. were to 5. have 1. He required / that I go to see the principal. 2. It has been decided / that the book should be revised. 3. It is necessary / that you take part in the project. 4. If man were to live forever, / we would be faced / with a lot of problems. 5. If they had started earlier, / they would have dinner now. 1. [rikwái ] [príns pâl] 2. [riváiz] 3. [nésis (;)Âri] [pr d,ekt] 4. 5. B 1. hadn t spent all his money on gambling, he wouldn t be broke now 2. weren t being too noisy, Kathy could go to sleep 3. hadn t caught the flu, he would have gone to work I didn t pay for the bill, / and today I am in trouble. If I had paid for the bill, / I wouldn t be in trouble today. 1. Jerry spent all his money on gambling, / and he is broke now. 1. Jerry Jerry 63

If Jerry hadn t spent all his money / on gambling, / he wouldn t be broke / now. 2. The neighbor is being too noisy / so Kathy cannot go to sleep. If the neighbor weren t being too noisy, / Kathy could go to sleep. 3. Rex didn t go to work / because he caught the flu. If Rex hadn t caught the flu, / he would have gone to work. [g mbli\] [brouk] 2. Kathy Kathy [nèib ] 3. Rex Rex [flu;] C 1. will not allow 2. had gotten 3. had signed up 4. had seen 5. wouldn t be 1. Unless you show your ticket, / they will not allow you / to enter the club. 2. We would be / on the plane / right now /if we had gotten our visas / on time. 3. If our children had signed up / for the camp, / they the program / now. would be joining 4. He insisted / that he had seen her going into the department store. 5. If Anna had followed / the doctor s advice, / she wouldn t be sick / now. 1. 2. 3. 4. [insíst] 5. Anna Unit 60-64 Review Test 01. had 02. saw 03. had gotten 04. would look 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. wouldn t go to school by bus 10. have gone bad if you had kept it in the refrigerator 11. if she didn t see him every day 12. wouldn t have had an accident 13. could have fallen out of the window 14. you (should) visit Wales some day 15. Without him 16. as if he had been badly beaten 17. steamed 18. 19. 20. the insurance companies suggest that everyone get health insurance 21. 64

01. 01. 02. 02. [ plìft] 03. 03. [flait] 04. 04. [w ] 05. A: James Jeff B: A: Jeff B: A: 05. 06. 06. [deit] [tri;t] 07. 08. 09. 10. 08. [k ri] 09. 10. 65

11. [rifrìd, rèit ] 11. [l=vsìk] 12. 13. 14. 15. 1200 2 16. Pedro 17. 18. 12. [ ksidânt] 13. [græb] 14. [s gd,èst] 15. [lait] [invèn Ân] [ilèktrik] 16. [fèlou] [steit] [wu;nd] [bru;z] [fleim] [b ; n] [èlbou] [^ai] [sk ; t ] 17. [k nsjù;m ] [dìs grí;] [ prù;v] [sti;m] 18. [bu ] [d ; wéi] [ví;hikl] [ próut ] 66

19. Howard 20. 21. 19. [rènt ] [ ef] [lèftòuv ] [diláitf l] [m k nik] [bá; d ] [bá; di\] 20. [pá; p s] [>nikspèktid] [imá; d, nsi] [índ, ] [ f ; d] [k m n] 21. [risá; t ] [kand=kt] [invèst géit] [str t d,i] [aidènt fài] [pr gres] [ìl strèi Ân] [dipènd nt] [ìnd víd,u l] [prái ] 67

Unit 65 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. He rang Dr. Kevin / whothat was the family doctor. 2. Actors are people / whothat usually love to be the center of attention. 3. This is Frank / (who(m)) I told you about. This is Frank / about whom I told you. 4. An orphan means a child / whose parents are dead. 5. He used to read aloud / to his wife / whose eyesight was failing. 1. Kevin 2. [ tèn Ân] 3. Frank 4. [ ; fân] 5. [ láud] [áisàit] B 1. are 2. knows 3. are 4. who 5. whose 6. whom 1. The other people / [ who also live in the house] / are really friendly. 2. You are the only person / in the world / [ who knows anything about me]. 3. It is the live-in nannies / [ who are in really short supply ]. - 1. 2. 3. [n ni] 68

4. The civil service organization / is composed of various offices and employees / [ who run them]. 5. Help is needed for families / [ whose homes were destroyed / in the bombing]. 6. Each department is asked to recommend students, / all of whom must have a 3.5 grade point average or higher / to receive the award. the 4. [impl ií;] [r<n] 5. [distr i] [b mi\] 6. 3.5 [dip ; tm nt] [rék mènd] [ w ; d] C who(m) The family has changed greatly / during the last century. In the past, / parents arranged marriages / for their children. Young people did not decide the person / [who(m) they wanted to marry]. But now, / most young people can choose the spouse / [who(m) they want to marry]. [sènt uri] [ rèind,] [spaus] Unit 66 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. which 2. whose 3. it 4. which 5. which 1. Last week / we heard about the terrible conditions / which exist in Mexican prisons. 1. 69

2. Look at the mountain / whose top is covered with snow. 3. He showed me around the city, / and it was very kind of him. 4. This is the word / the meaning of which I don t understand. 5. You can easily get these books / [which will give you all the information]. [tèr bl] [igzíst] 2. 3. 4. [w ; d] 5. [ìnf mèi Ân] B Take a good look at your weekly plan / and decide which activities can be dropped. I didn t know / which brother I was speaking to. See / if you can guess / which one is me / in my old school photo. It s either Spanish or Portuguese / that she speaks, / but I ve forgotten which. Schubert wrote down the beautiful musical thoughts / which seemed to flow from his brain / in an endless rush of melody. C 1. the interior of which 2. which 3. which 4. which 1. That building, / the interior of which is better than the outside, / was designed / by the same architects. 2. Do you remember the Italian restaurant / which I mentioned in my letter? 1. [ ; kitékt] 2. [mèn Ân] 3. Researchers found / that learning other languages / changes the area of brain / [ which processes information]. the 3. 70

4. He lent me two DVDs, / neither of which I have watched. [ Âri ] [pr sès] 4. DVD [lend] Unit 67 Grammar Points Exercise A Punk is a youth fashion / [ that started / in England in the mid 1970s]. The glorious fact is / that we can always have a new beginning. A sport / [(that) many people enjoy] / is riding the waves / on a surfboard. The Mayflower was the ship / [ that carried the Pilgrims / from England to America]. A wise man / will try to avoid feelings of guilt / by avoiding the acts / [ that cause them ]. 1970 [gl ;ri s] [pílgrim] B 1. which 2. that 3. that 4. that 5. that 1. Is that the film / in which she plays the role of a witch? 2. The death of his son / was an experience / that he never fully recovered from. 1. 2. [rik=v ] 71

3. The people and animals / [ that were affected by drought] / welcomed the onset of rainy season. 4. A lot of people said / I looked like Whoopi Goldberg, / but that really bothered me. 5. It seems / that the worlds of contemporary art and music / have failed to offer people works / [ that reflect human achievements]. 3. [draut] [ nsét] 4. [b " ] 5. [k ntèmp réri] [riflèkt] [ t í;vm nt] C 1. that which 2. them 3. that who 4. included 1. Ironing is one of the most hated chores / for many people / because it is not a task [ that can be completed quickly]. 2. The price you pay / depends on the number of people [you share a room with]. 3. It is believed / that anyone [ that catches the bouquet] / will be the next one to marry. 4. For her birthday in December, / she was excited / to have her friends over for a dinner [ that included bulgogi]. 1. [ái ni\] [t ; ] [k mplí;t] 2. 3. [bukèi] 4. 12 [inklù;d] Unit 68 Grammar Points 72

Exercise A 1. The thing / [ which I wanted to find out first] / was how long the effect will last. What I wanted to find out first / was how long the effect will last. 2. All / [ that really concerned her] / was how miserable the children were. What really concerned her / was how miserable the children were. 3. I hadn t got much money / but I gave them all / [ that I had]. I hadn t got much money / but I gave them what I had. 4. I no longer judge people / according to the thing / [ which is on the outside]. I no longer judge people / according to what is on the outside. 1. [ifèkt] [læst] 2. [k nsá; n] [mízâr bl] 3. 4. [d,<d,] B 1. what 2. which 3. What 4. is 5. what 1. There are no limits to / what you can do, / if you believe in yourself / and work very hard. 2. The same thing happened / again and again, / which hurt him. But he trying / and finally learned to ride a bike. 3. What they seek / is not so much profound knowledge as quick information. 4. We have been brought up / to believe / that what makes life interesting / is not repetition / but variation. kept 1. [límit] 2. 3. [si;k] [pr fáund] [n lid,] 4. [rép tí Ân] [v Ârièi Ân] 73

5. Thomas saves / what money he earns. 5. Thomas [seiv] [ ; n] C 1. What 2. what 1. What the textbooks / do not teach you / is when to apply the knowledge. In fact, that turns out to be / the most important part of learning. 2. Perhaps the greatest thing / about being a devoted opera-goer is / that there is so much room for growth. The more you rehear an opera, / the better you can refine what you know. 1. [ plái] 2. [divóutid] [óupâr gòu ] [rifáin] Unit 69 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. Look at the boy / whothat is playing the piano. 2. I want to buy the table / whichthat stands / in the corner. 3. Do you remember the boy / (who(m)that) we met in the park? 1. 2. [k ; n ] 3. 74

4. He has three brothers / (who(m)) he grew up with. He has three brothers / with whom he grew up. 4. B The couple have four children, / all of whom are studying music. 1. The tree fell onto a group of tourists, / all of whom were injured. 2. We will show America s 40 richest people, / many of whom are under 40 years old. 3. There are 17 species of penguins, / all of which live in the Southern Hemisphere. 4. I encourage you to go to the following websites, / many of which will provide insights / concerning how to write a science paper. 5. There are seven libraries, / none of which has access to a wide information network. 1. [índ, ] 2. 40 40 3. 17 [spí; i(;)z] 4. [pr váid] [ínsàit] 5. Unit 70 Grammar Points Exercise A 75

They believe / (that) if they are wealthy, / they will be able to do everything / (that) they want. Today / let me tell you / about an experience / (that) I had / on the bus. Erik Erikson says / (that) the first issue / (that) an infant faces / right after birth / is trust. Much of the energy consumed in homes / is produced by power plants / that burn coal or oil. Don t let other people / pressure you into trying to achieve things / that (you know) are not possible. Erik Erickson [ínf nt] [k nsjù;m] [pr djù;s] [ t í;v] B Mary finds a dress / she really likes, / and she wants to buy it. to stop making sure / I had an umbrella / in my bag. information with are based (they feel) There was nothing / I could do crying. I didn t leave the house / without You should combine / you already know / new observations. Most ofthe decisions / people make / / on what will be the best solution. Mary C Please follow the method [ which you find in this book]. The man [ from whom I bought this product] / told me to oil it. The men [ whom I employ] / are always satisfied with their pay. There is nothing [ that you can do / to solve this problem]. Jack, [ whom everyone suspected], / turned out to be innocent. [f lou] [mè^ d] [pr d kt] [ il] [empl i] 76

[s lv] Jack [s spèkt] [ín snt] Unit 71 Grammar Points Exercise A He was from Busan, / as I knew from his accent. She was praised / as an actress. As it s getting late, / I decided to go back home. Angry as he was, he couldn t help smiling. As is often the case with him, / he was late for school. B There is no old habit / but may be cured by a strong will. He is intelligent / but not a hard-working boy. Beauty is but skin deep. He has no choice / but to accept the offer. Not a day passed / but he read the Bible. [kju ] [wil] 77

[báibâl] C I d rather drive / than go by train. More is unknown / than is known. Natalie was prettier than / her sister. If it costs more than $60, / I won t buy it. No sooner had I got into the room / than the phone rang. [>nnóun] Natalie 60 [k ;st] D 1. as 2. as 3. than 4. knows 5. As 6. than 1. At the age of five, / he began learning English, / as is often the case in Korea. 2. Visit such exhibitions / as will benefit you. 3. The next war will be more cruel / than can be imagined. 4. There is nobody / but knows this matter. 5. As is clear from evidence, / the Earth is round. 6. When more food protein is eaten / than is needed to make bodily protein, / excess amino acids are / either burned as fuel for energy / or changed into other components. 1. 2. [éks bí Ân] [bèn fit] 3. [krù(;) l] 4. [m t ] 5. [èvidâns] 6. [b d li] [próuti;n] [iksès] [k mpóun nt] 78

Unit 72 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. She was raised / in England, and there / she continued / to study the violin. She was raised / in England, / where she continued / to study the violin. 2. Traditional classrooms are a place, and there / students may relate to one another / face to face. Traditional classrooms are a place / where students may relate to one another / face to face. 3. Georgia made her first parachute jumps / in 1908, and then / she was fourteen years old. Georgia made her first parachute jumps in 1908, / when she was fourteen years old. 1. 2. [rilèit] 3. Georgia 1908 [p r ú;t] B 1. which 2. why 3. where 4. where 5. which 1. Saturday is the day / which comes after Friday. 2. That s the reason / why he refused to come. 3. Visiting a farm / is far more educational / than looking at a book about a farm, / where your child can pat a cow and smell hay. 4. Shopping malls have been built / on land / where wild animals survive. 5. There is one day in every year / which should be kept free / from fear and anxiety. 1. 2. [rifjù;z] 3. [éd,ukèi nâl] [pæt] [hei] 4. [s váiv] 5. [fi ] [æ\zái ti] 79

C 1. where in which 2. that how 3. where 4. which 1. One good solution / is to have habitat preserves [ where wild animals live / with the least possible human interference]. 2. Consider the wide variety of ways [ that members of different cultures / perform daily activities]. 3. I drove to my friend s house, / where he got out, / said bye to me, / and ran to his door. 4. We often shop / in this department store, / which is on our way home. 1. [h b t t] [prizá; v] [ìnt fíâr ns] 2. [k nsíd ] [p f ; m] 3. 4. Unit 73 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. Anyone who comes / will be welcome. Whoever comes / will be welcome. 2. He eats anything / that he wants, / but he still doesn t seem / to put on weight. He eats / whatever he wants / but he still doesn t seem / to put on weight. 1. 2. 80

3. Choose any brand / which you prefer. Choose whichever brand / you prefer. 4. Come out of there, / no matter who you are. Come out of there, / whoever you are. 5. No matter what decision he makes, / I would support it. Whatever decision he makes, / I would support it. 6. He wants to take no risks, / no matter how small they are. He wants to take no risks, / however small they are. 3. 4. 5. 6. B 1. what 2. whoever 3. whomever 4. when 5. However 6. where 1. You will have our support, / no matter what you decide. 2. Could I speak to / whoever is in charge of the Marketing Department? 3. He was very kind to / whomever he talked to. 4. The roof leaks / at any time / when it rains. 5. However carefully I explained, / she still didn t understand. 6. In any place where she goes, / there are crowds of people / waiting to see her. 1. 2. [dip ; tm nt] 3. 4. [li;k] 5. 6. [kraud] C Whatever Anything whichthat The Palace buildings include / a store, a fire station, a restaurant, and small apartment houses / where most of the people live. Whatever the people want / is almost always / in their own house buildings. 81

Unit 65-73 Review Test 01.Whoever 02. where 03. that 04. where in which 05. who(m) 06. 07. 08. who you think are your enemies 09. What we call our mistakes 10. where this rule does not apply 11. which that 12. but respect his honesty 13. what is the most important 14. 15. where in which 16. that which 17. that which, that which, which 18. Athat Bwhose Cthat 19. 20. 21. 22. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 01. 02. [stri;m] 03. [sel] [ bs ; b] 04. [insíst] [t l nt] [m ^Âm tiks] 05. [wáidân] [h ráizân] [diláitf l] [meintèin] [prèd,udis] 06. [list] [flù(;) ntli] [m t ] [ká;rid,] [k nvík Ân] [wèlf ] [kaunt] 07. [trívi l] [tu;l] [inváiâr nm nt] 08. [èn mi] 09. [blèsi\] 10. [ plái] 82

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Love Letter 2006 3 18. 3 19. 11. 12. [rispèkt] [ nisti] 14. [f ; t] [p lis] 15. [roum] [haul] 16. [èr ] [distí\kt] [tekn l d,i] [trænsmít] [s tâlàit] [ínst ntli] [ ká; ] 17. [síkr ;tli] [ t t m nt] [ ] [spred] [distr i] 18. [intènd] [imprù;v] 19. [tr d, di] [víktim] [steit] [dizá; v] [p=ni m nt] 83

20. 21. Grocery Company Charles E. Butt 20 4 1/4 22. 2 40 [ædvènt Âr ] [inèvit bâl] [^r<st] 20. [prí;t ] [pái s] [divóut] [sk l ] [wil] [ ;lmáiti] [k ment] [p zès] [ditë; m nèi Ân] 21. [hænd] [ f ; d] [m njuf kt r ] [m ist ràiz r] 22. [instr=kt ] [règjuléit ] [sp ] [vest] [sèkândéri] [ekshèil] [inhèil] [>nl t ] [iksplóud] 84

Unit 74 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. as good as 2. as long as 3. As far as 4. as soon as possible 1. Actually, / he is nearly a professional photographer. = Actually, he is as good as / a professional photographer. 2. You may keep the book / if you like. = You may keep the book / as long as you like. 3. In my opinion, / I am against the plan. = As far as I m concerned, / I am against the plan. 4. The sooner you ship the goods, / the better. = Please ship the goods / as soon as possible. 1. [pr fè nâl] 2. 3. [ pínj n] [ gènst] 4. [gudz] B 1. many 2. baby s 3. little 4. passionate 5. horrible 6. harshly 1. Expose your child / to as many things, places, and people as possible. 2. Her skin is / as soft as a baby s. 3. With modern technology, / even babies [ weighing as little as one kilogram / at birth ] / can survive. 1. [ikspóuz] 2. [skin] 3. 1 [wei] [s váiv] 85

4. Be as passionate as possible. 5. You don t look / as horrible as you imagine. 6. Nobody judges your shortcomings / as harshly as you do. 4. [p Ân t] 5. [h (;)r bl] 6. [d,<d,] [ ; tk=mi\] [h ; li] C 1. much 2. miserable 3. as 1. I like this jacket / better than that one, / but it costs twice as much. 2. I d never seen him looking so miserable / as he did that day. 3. He is as willing to discuss the problem / as you are. 1. [k (;)st] 2. [mízâr bl] 3. [disk=s] Unit 75 Grammar Points 86

Exercise A 1. better 2. louder 3. worse 4. more 5. sooner 1. Two heads are better / than one. 2. Actions speak louder / than words. 1. [hed] 2. [ k Ân] 3. Things go / from bad to worse. 4. The whole is more / than the sum of its part. 4. [s<m] 5. The sooner, the better. B 1. senior 2. junior 3. prefer 4. superior 5. inferior 1. She is older / than the others in the company. = She is senior / to the others in the company. 2. My brother is three years younger / than me. = My brother is three years junior / to me. 3. I like Mexican food better / than French food. = I prefer Mexican food / to French food. 4. Our product is better / than our competitor s. = Our product is superior / to our competitor s. 5. Most wine from Switzerland is worse / than wine from France. = Most wine from Switzerland is inferior / to wine from France. 1. 2. 3. 4. [k mpètit ] 5. C 1. no fewer than 2. no more than 3. no less than 4. no less 1. There were / as many as ten students / absent. = There were / no fewer than / ten students / absent. 2. He has / only 100 dollars. = He has / no more than / 100 dollars. 3. He has / as much as / 100 dollars. = He has / no less than / 100 dollars. 1. 10 [ bsânt] 2. 100 3. 100 87

4. This movie is / as exciting as / Avatar. = This movie is / no less exciting / than Avatar. 4. [iksáiti\] D 1. than 2. than 3. much 4. much 5. that 1. On August 27, / Mars was closer to Earth / than ever in human history. 2. The elderly think of themselves / as being much younger / than they actually are. 3. Today maps are much better than before / because all maps are based / on real photographs. 4. The national flag has taken on a much friendlier form / and has become a must / for soccer fans. 5. The number of people / dying from AIDS / is larger / than that of people dying from traffic accidents. 1. 8 27 [m ; z] 2. [èld li] 3. 4. 5. E 1. the more stressed we get 2. less popular 3. higher and higher 4. those of the Democratic Party 1. The more crowded we feel, / the more stressed we get. 2. MSN is a less popular Internet search engine / than AOL is / in America. 3. It started to rain, / and the waves began to roll / higher and higher. 4. I think / that the political opinions of the Republican Party is more conservative / than those of the Democratic Party. 1. [kráudid] 2. MSN AOL 3. [weiv] [roul] 4. [p lítikâl] [k nsá; v tiv] 88

Unit 76 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. Nothing is more precious / than time. = Time is / the most precious thing. 2. I ll never be happier / than now. = I m happiest now. 3. There is / no more distant galaxy ever seen / than this. = This is / the most distant galaxy ever seen. 4. This website is more visited / than any other one. = This is / the most visited website. 5. No one is as generous as she / in the neighborhood. = She is / the most generous (person) in the neighborhood. 1. [prè s] 2. 3. [g l ksi] 4. 5. [d,ènâr s] B 1. last 2. best 3. second 4. most 1. He is / above doing such a thing. = He is / the last man to do such a thing. 1. 89

2. When it comes to tennis, / she is second to none. = When it comes to tennis, / she is the best. 3. The Sahara is the largest desert / but one / in the world. = The Sahara is the second largest desert / in the world. 4. Not more than 20 students / will attend the festival. = At most 20 students / will attend the festival. 2. 3. [dèz t] 4. [ tènd] [fèstivâl] C 1. least 2. The most 3. The most 1. This system has / the least chance of fixing the problem. 2. The most effective way / to lose weight / is to stay on a balanced diet. 3. The most unusual thing / about the ancient city / is that most of the people / [ who lived there] / lived in the same type of building. 1. 2. [ifèktiv] [b l nst] 3. [<njù;,uâl] [èin Ânt] Unit 74-76 Review Test 01. much 02. more 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. as early and quickly as young people 08. The better our relationships are at home 09. ten times more sensitive to touch 10. as I could 11. bigger and bigger 12. superior to that better than that 13. more 14. than 15. (A) much (B) very (C) much more 16. that s the most romantic thing that has ever happened in this airport 17. (A) housing (B) transportation (C) bigger larger (D) food 18. 19. 01. 02. 01. [r pid] [gr d,u t] [k mp tí Ân] 02. [t aíldlàik] [bihèiv] [ad=lt] 90

03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 03. [v lju;] [t l ntid] [p f ; m ] [ént tèin] 04. [má; kj ri] [prègn nt] [ikspóuz] 05. [sí; ; ] 06. [nanvái l ns] [dèm nstréit ] 07. [ d pt] 08. [rilèi Ân ìp] [k rí ] 09. [sèns tiv] [prè ] 11. 12. 13. 14. 12. [p f ; m ns] 13. [lít réri] [k ntækt] [áutsét] [intèns] [ ríd, nâl] 14. [spaus] [disgáiz] [pritènd] [o bèi] [g sip] 91

15. 16. O Hare 17. 2010 18. 19. 10 212920 44 20 25 40 15. [l<\] [k nfidâns] 16. [ail] [ náuns] [v l ntí ] [lænd] [índ kéit] [prizènt] [æksèpt] 17. [ vârid,] [háushòuld] [tr nsp tèi Ân] [pr p ; Ân] [in ù(;)âr ns] [pèn n] [k mbáind] 18. [spri\] [s litδú;d] [inèvit bl] [inkáunt ] [ivènt u li] [ bst kl] [h lou] 19. [ we nis] [ nsét] [h rèditéri] [d, nètik] [risk] [m nit ] [ nju l] [ditèk Ân] [trí;tm nt] 92

Unit 77 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. study 2. visited 3. cleaned 4. attending 5. running 6. winning 1. I hope / to go to that university / and study under Dr. Liu. 2. While we were / in New York, / we attended an opera, / ate at marvelous restaurant, / and visited some old friends. 3. I should have finished my homework / and cleaned up my room. 4. Playing basketball / and attending concerts / are two things / [I like]. 5. Mary saw her boyfriend waving his hand, / calling her name / and running toward her. 6. The professor rewarded his students / for working hard and winning the prize. 1. Liu 2. [ tènd] [m ; vâl s] 3. 4. 5. Mary 6. [riw ; d] B 1. cautious cautiously 2. and enough enough 3. to work working 4. I missed missed 5. finding find 6. adding to add 7. neatly neat 1. Slowly and cautiously, / the fire-fighter climbed up / the ladder. 1. [k ; sli] 93

2. All plants need / light, / a suitable climate, / enough supply of water, / and minerals from the soil. 3. In my spare time, / I enjoy / taking care of my aquarium / and working on my stamp collection. 4. On my vacation, / I lost a suitcase, / broke my glasses, / and missed my flight home. 5. When Anna moved, she had to / rent an apartment, / make new friends, / and find a job. 6. It is much easier / to use a calculator / than to add up a long list of numbers yourself. 7. Mr. White keeps his store / clean, neat, and trendy. 2. [sjù;t bl] [s plái] 3. [ kw (;)Âri m] 4. [sjù;tkéis] 5. Anna [rent] 6. [k lkjuléit ] 7. White [trèndi] C 1. surprised at how calm and decent 2. correct spelling errors and edit paragraphs 3. to appreciate poems and (to) write one 1. I was surprised / at how calm and decent he was. 2. By using a computer, / you can easily correct spelling errors and edit paragraphs. 3. In literature class, / Midori learned / to appreciate poems and write one. 1. [k ;m] [dí;sânt] 2. [k rèkt] [èdit] [p r gr f] 3. [ prí; iéit] 94

Unit 78 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. Down the street 2. Enclosed in the envelop 3. Not a trace 4. Attached 5. In the barn Away / flew the bird. 1. Down the street / lived Mr. and Mrs. Traynor. 2. Enclosed in the envelop / is his original letter. 3. Not a trace / did he leave / on the scene. 4. Attached / are the copies of our contract. 5. In the barn / live four pigs and five chickens. 1. Traynor 2. [enklóuzd] [invèl p] [ ríd, nâl] 3. [treis] 4. [ t t t] [k pi] [k ntrækt] 5. [b ; n] B 1. The car did not start / until the light turned green. Not until the light turned green / did the car start. 2. Mike had no sooner gotten / on the subway / than the door shut. 1. 2. Mike 95

No sooner had Mike gotten / on the subway / than the door shut. 3. The boy s amusement was so great / that we all laughed / with him. So great / was the boy s amusement /that we all laughed / with him. 4. He gives advice / only after understanding the situation. Only after understanding the situation / does he give advice. 5. I will forgive all your wrong-doings / only then. Only then / will I forgive all your wrong-doings. 3. [ mjù;zm nt] 4. [>nd st ndi\] 5. [f gív] -[r (;)\dú;i\] C 1. Not until this morning / did I hear the news. I did not hear the news / until this morning. 2. Little did I dream / that you would be my wife. I little dreamed / that you would be my wife. 3. Never do I stay / at home / after finishing my homework. I never stay / at home / after finishing my homework. 1. 2. 3. Unit 79 Grammar Points 96

Exercise A 1. she loves 2. she will, agree 3. good at dancing 4. keep it 5. I was 6. that was 7. go there 8. he was 1. My mother loves me / more than (she loves) my brother. 2. A: Do you think / she will agree? B: I m afraid / (she will) not (agree). 3. Pat thinks / she is good at dancing, / but I am (good at dancing), / too. 4. You may keep the ring / if you want to (keep it). 5. While (I was) playing soccer, / I hurt my ankle. 6. This is a movie / (that was) made / by an Italian producer. 7. She went there herself / because she wanted to (go there). 8. Roy looked / as if (he was) / in a great hurry. 1. 2. A: B: 3. Pat 4. 5. [ \kl] 6. 7. 8. Roy B 1. if ever 2. so to speak 3. I think 4. I am sure 5. if you like 1. He seldom, / if ever, / gets angry / at other people. 2. Teachers also need to learn / from their students, / so to speak. 3. It is very important, / I think, / to keep a balanced diet. 4. Edward was, / I am sure, / destined to become a doctor. 1. 2. 3. 4. Edward 97

5. You can just call me / by my first name, / if you like. 5. C 1. Kevin s father 2. Eva 3. the question 4. Sandra 5. The well-known designer 1. Mr. Park, Kevin s father, helped me / at the airport. 2. Can you please get Eva / on the phone, / the travel agent? 3. Somebody raised the question / of where to submit the documents. 4. Sandra, / our youngest daughter, / is leaving for Seattle / with Jenny / tomorrow. 5. The well-known designer, / a man of great reputation, / is visiting Seoul / next month. 1. Kevin Park 2. Eva 3. [s bmít] 4. Sandra Jenny 5. Unit 80 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. did 2. the very 3. on earth 4. at all 5. myself 1. The doctors did try hard / to save the patient s life. 2. She was caught / in the very act / of stealing. 3. What on earth / are you trying to say? 1. [pèi Ânt] 2. [stí;li\] 3. 98

4. I don t think / the suit goes well with the tie / at all. 5. Because I myself / had a similar experience, / I understand / what you re going through. 4. 5. [sím l ] B 1. herself myself 2. for all at all 3. How could he break the law on earth? How on earth could he break the law? 4. When it was When was it 5. do goes does go 1. I myself / cleaned the house. 2. I couldn t understand anything / at all. 3. How on earth / could he break the law? 4. When was it / that you first met him? 5. When she does go / to the cinema, / she always watches comedies. 1. 2. 3. [breik] 4. 5. C 1. Beverly picked up her car / from the repair shop. It was her car / that Beverly picked up / from the repair shop. 2. They finally bought their computers / at another store. It was at another store / that they finally bought their computers. 3. I read this amazing story / in the newspaper. It was this amazing story / that I read in the newspaper. 4. The woman started to speak again / after several months. It was after several months / that the woman started to speak again. 1. Beverly 2. 3. [ mèizi\] 4. 99

5. He shocked me / with the news that he was joining the army. It was the news that he was joining the army / that he shocked me with. 5. Unit 81 Grammar Points Exercise A 1. all 2. Both 3. neither 4. No 1. I don t work all day. I work / either in the morning / or in the afternoon. 2. Both of my parents weren t born / in Korea. My mother was born / in Japan. 3. I think / David was angry with me. He neither spoke / nor looked at me yesterday. 4. No country is / without a culture. 1. 2. 3. David 4. [k=lt ] B 1. There is no rule / but has exceptions. 2. Not a few people / are vegetarians. 1. [iksèp Ân] 2. [véd,it (;)Âri n] 100

3. She never goes out / without wearing make-up. 4. She was too frightened / to speak. 3. - 4. [fráitând] C 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. I neither borrow / nor lend money. 1. [b rou] [lend] 2. She could hardly believe / her eyes! 3. The night offered us / nothing but silence. 4. The economic crisis is far from being over. - 3. [ (;)f ] [sáil ns] 4. Unit 77-81 Review Test 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. you are 07. Having been 08. Mary is not only smart but also generous. 09. This medicine helps the circulation and lowers cholesterol levels. 10. She is thinking of either moving to the city or staying here. 11. Only for six months did George work as a French teacher at a high school. 12. Never do I forget the good memories. 13. Hardly had she done public speaking before. 14. So messy is her desk that she doesn t even know where to find her things. 15. landscaping 16. (to) raise 17. 18. it was not until the 1720s that mustard appeared on English tables 19. Apick Bdissatisfying 20. 21. 01. 01. [f ; t n] [g mbli\] [l (;)s] 101

02. Carter 03. Amy Jamie Martin - 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. Mary 09. 10. 02. [ br ;d] [æmbí Ân] [kru;z] 03. [igz ;stid] 04. [inf ; m] 05. [ mèizi\] 06. 07. [pèi Ânt] 08. [d,én r s ti] 09. [së; kj lèi Ân] [lóu ] [k lèst ròul] [lèvâl] 102

11. George 6 12. 12. [mèmâri] 13. 13. 14. 14. [mèsi] 15. 15. [riw ; di\] [l ndskéip] [wáildlàif] [ tr kt] [rèfju;d,] [ eid] [váibr nt] [fl=t ] [grèisf l] 16. 17. 16. [sélfk nfid ns] [òuv k=m] [sélf stí;m] [imóu Ân li] [k ; ] [sélfímid,] [ bvi s] [spisífik] [ sòusièi Ân] [l d,ik] [ìnsikjù(;) r ti] 17. [d,èl s] [fens] [imprù;v] 18. 42 1720 DurhamClement Durham Mustard 18. [m=st d] [rès pì;] [graind] [k ; s] 103

19. 20. Horowitz Horowitz 21. [mil] [siv] [rimù;v] 19. [váitâl] [ bzá; v] [ próut ] [bláindli] [áutk>m] [ìnk mplí;t] [ p tδù;n ti] 20. [krí;t ] [<nrí;zând] [bén fí Âl] [m mâl] [t \gl] [trein bl] 21. [kwout] [fri;] [brein] [pá; fikt] 104