농약과학회지 (Korean J. Pestic. Sci.) Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 418-423 (2015) Open Access http://dx.doi.org/10.7585/kjps.2015.19.4.418 Online ISSN 2287-2051 Print ISSN 1226-6183 ORIGINAL ARTICLES / CONTROL 사막이리응애의살응애제에대한감수성 이성민 김상수 * 순천대학교식물의학과 Susceptibility of the Predatory Mite, Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Sung Min Lee and Sang Soo Kim* Dept. of Plant Medicine, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 540-742, Korea (Received on September 17, 2015. Revised on November 5, 2015. Accepted on November 6, 2015) Abstract Effects of 9 acaricides to the predatory mite, Neoseiulus californicus were evaluated. Seven of the acaricides tested, cyenopyrafen. spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, bifenazate, flufenoxuron and cyflumetofen exhibited low toxicity to adult females and nymphs of N. californicus and had little effect on the reproduction and eclosion of eggs deposited by treated predators. Moreover, hatch percentage of N. californicus eggs was unaffected by exposure to these seven acaricides. Etoxazole did not significantly affect the survival and reproduction of adult female predators but caused very low eclosion in eggs laid by treated females and high egg mortality. Pyraclofos was extremely toxic to adult female predators and caused 100% mortality. Adult female predators survived on a diet of spider mites treated with cyenopyrafen. spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, bifenazate, flufenoxuron and cyflumetofen and their fecundity was not substantially affected. Based on the results, cyenopyrafen. spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, bifenazate, flufenoxuron and cyflumetofen are appeared to be promising candidates for use in integrated mite management program where N. californicus is the major natural enemy. Key words Neoseiulus californicus, acaricides, low toxicity, integrated mite management 서 론 점박이응애 (Tetranychus urticae) (Acari: Tetranychidae) 와차응애 (T. kanzawai) 는사과, 배또는녹차의주요해충이며, 일부채소, 화훼재배에도경제적으로큰피해를주고있다 (Kim et al., 1993; Lee et al., 2004; Ahn et al., 2004). 식식성응애류는연중발생세대수가많고번식력이강하여단시일내에밀도가증가하는데, 이들에대한약제사용을중심으로한방제대책은약제저항성발달과같은부작용을초래했다 (Kim et al., 1998; Ahn et al., 2004; Yu et al., 2005; Cheon et al., 2008). 이러한문제점에대한대책의일환으로식식성응애류에대해가장효과적인천적으로알려진이리응애류의활용에대한연구가이루어져왔다 (Kim et al., *Corresponding author E-mail: kimss@sunchon.ac.kr 1996; Lee et al., 1997; Kim et al., 1999, Kim et al., 2003). 사막이리응애 (Neoseiulus californicus) 는국내에서분포하지않는종으로알려져왔으나국내제주도의감귤원에서채집되어국내자생종으로확인되었는데, 이포식성응애는먹이종의다양성과활동성이높고, 고온과저습조건에대한적응력이높아국내에서과수원이나차재배지에서생물적방제인자로서이용이제시된바있으며 (Jung et al., 2006), 국외에서도다양한재배작물에서활용이시도되고있다 (McMurtry and Croft, 1997; Toyoshima and Hinomoto, 2004). 그러나유용한천적이존재한다해도약제사용을완전히배제한상태에서이리응애만으로는식식성응애류의개체군밀도를경제적피해수준이하로유지하기어렵다고보고된바있다 (Lee, 1990; Sato et al., 2007). 또한생물적방제인자로서이용되고있는포식성및기생성천적들은일반적으로약제에매우민감하다는문제점이있다 (Kim et al., 2006; Choi et al., 2007). 따라서근래에는국내외에서 418
사막이리응애의살응애제에대한감수성 419 식식성응애류의방제체계에이들의유력한천적인이리응애류를투입하고, 천적에독성이낮은선택성약제를이용하여천적과해충의밀도를적정수준으로조정함으로서보다장기적인방제효과를유지하고자많은연구가이루어지고있다 (Ahn et al., 2004; Amano et al., 2004; Cote et al., 2004; Park et al., 2011; Cuthbertson et al., 2012). 이와같이선택성약제는식식성응애류의종합관리체계에서매우귀중한도구로사용할수있기때문에재배작물에서사용하고있는약제에대한선택성평가는필히이루어져야할것이다 (Kim and Yoo. 2002; Ahn et al., 2004). 따라서본실험은몇가지살응애제의사막이리응애의발육단계별생존율과산란수및부화율등에미치는영향을조사하여저독성약제를선발함으로서, 점박이응애또는차응애의종합관리체계에서이들약제와사막이리응애의동시활용가능성을검토하고자수행하였다. 재료및방법 사막이리응애의사육본실험에사용한사막이리응애는제주도의난지농업연구소에서분양받은개체군을 25 ± 2 o C의사육실에서강낭콩 (Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis Alefeld) 잎에점박이응애를먹이로공급하면서누대사육하였다. 점박이응애는순천의배재배지에서 2012년에채집하고강낭콩에사육 증식하여확보하였다. 실험도구로물을채운플라스틱밀폐용기 (14 5cm) 의덮개중앙에 1cm의구멍을뚫은다음, 하부중앙에같은크기로구멍을뚫어탈지면을깐플라스틱페트리디쉬 ( 직경 9cm) 를그위에놓고탈지면으로서로연결해계속하여수분이공급될수있도록하였다. 이페트리디쉬에사막이리응애를접종할강낭콩잎절편 ( 직경 3 cm) 의뒷면이위를향하도록놓은다음잎절편주위에는물에적신탈지면을배치해사막이리응애의이탈을방지하였다. 약제처리후에는 25 ± 1 o C (16L:8D, RH 50-60%) 의조건에보관하면서수행하였다. 약제처리실험에사용한살응애제는 cyenopyrafen 25% 액상수화제. spirodiclofen 36% 수화제, spiromesifen 20% 액상수화제, acequinocyl 15% 액상수화제, bifenazate 23.5% 액상수화제, pyraclofos 35% 수화제, flufenoxuron 5% 분산성액제, etoxazole 10% 액상수화제와 cyflumetofen 20% 액상수화제등이었으며, 시판제품을사용하였다. 실험약제를추천농도로희석하고전술한페트리디쉬내에배치한사막이리응애의성충, 약충또는난이접종되어있는잎절편을대상으로 25 cm 정도의거리에서 hand sprayer (Komax co., Korea) 를이용하여잎절편이충분히적실정도로살포하는엽면살포 방법 (Hoy et al., 1988) 으로실시한후 1시간동안음건하였다. 사망여부의판단으로난은부화여부를, 약충과성충의경우는가는붓으로충체를접촉하여반응이없거나몸길이정도를이동하지못하는개체를죽은것으로간주하였다. 사막이리응애각발육단계에대한약제들의영향사막이리응애암컷성충의생존율과산란수에미치는약제들의영향을실험하기위해각약제별 50개체 ( 반복당 10개체 ) 로수행하였다. 전술한페트리디쉬내의물에적신탈지면위에뒷면이위를향하도록놓은강남콩잎절편 ( 직경 3cm) 에유사한연령의암컷성충을미세한붓으로잎절편으로옮긴후, 각약제를소정농도로희석하여살포한후음건하였다. 사막이리응애의먹이로는점박이응애를제공하였고매일보충하여충분한먹이조건을유지하였다. 암컷성충들의생존율과잎절편의전체산란수는약제처리 1, 3, 5, 7일후에현미경하에서조사하였으며, 산란된난은별개의무처리잎절편에옮기고부화율을조사하였다. 암컷성충에대한실험결과는국제생물적방제기구 (IOBC) 에서설정한약제의유용생물에대한부작용등급의기준 (Hassan, 1994) 에따라치사율이 <30% 는영향이없음, 30-79% 는약간영향이있음, 80-99% 는상당한영향이있음, >99% 는악영향이있음으로분류하였다. 사막이리응애의난에대한약제들의영향을실험하기위하여강남콩잎절편 ( 직경 4cm) 에사막이리응애암컷성충 50개체를접종하고 1일동안산란시켜필요한난을확보한후, 각약제별 50개의난 ( 반복당 10개의난 ) 으로시험하였다. 페트리디쉬내의강남콩잎절편 ( 직경 3cm) 에난을미세한붓으로옮긴후, 각약제의희석액을살포한후음건하였다. 이후난의부화여부를매일조사하였다. 사막이리응애의약충에대한영향을실험하기위하여강남콩잎절편 ( 직경 3cm) 에사막이리응애약충 10개체를미세한붓으로옮긴후, 각약제의희석액을살포한후음건하였다. 이후점박이응애를매일제공하면서약충의생존여부를무처리의개체들이성충태에도달할때까지매일조사하였으며, 각약제별 50개체 ( 반복당 10개체 ) 로실험하였다. 사막이리응애암컷성충에대한이차독성 ( 약제가처리된먹이를포식함에따른독성 ) 의영향은암컷성충생존율과난부화율에영향이큰약제는제외하고실시하였다. 무처리잎절편 ( 직경 3cm) 의사막이리응애에실험약제를처리한먹이 ( 점박이응애의난과유 약충 ) 또는약제를처리하지않은개체들을제공하여실험하였다. 약제가처리된먹이는실험약제를점박이응애에처리하고음건시켜확보하였다. 각약제별로 5개의무처리잎절편에 10개체의암컷성충을옮긴후각각의경우에해당하는먹이를제공하고, 이후매일먹이를보충하여충분한먹이조건을유지하였다. 사막이리응애암컷성충의개체별생존과산란수는 7일동안조사
420 이성민 김상수 Table 1. Survival of N. californicus female adults on bean leaf discs treated with acaricides Treatment rate % Survival fter a IOBC category b 24 h 72 h 120 h 168 h Cyenopyrafen 0.5 ml/l 100.0 ± 0a 5 88.0 ± 2.0b 88.0 ± 2.0ab 86.0 ± 2.5ab 1 Spirodiclofen 0.5 mg/l 5 96.0 ± 2.5ab 5 92.0 ± 2.0ab 78.0 ± 3.7b 78.0 ± 3.7b 1 Spiromesifen 0.5 ml/l 5 96.0 ± 2.5ab 5 90.0 ± 4.5ab 86.0 ± 2.5ab 82.0 ± 3.7ab 1 Acequinocyl 1 ml/l 5 98.0 ± 2.0a 5 92.0 ± 3.7ab 90.0 ± 3.2ab 84.0 ± 4.0ab 1 Bifenazate 0.5 ml/l 5 98.0 ± 2.0a 5 98.0 ± 2.0ab 92.0 ± 3.7ab 88.0 ± 2.0ab 1 Pyraclofos 1 mg/l 55 0.0 ± 0c 55 0.0 ± 0c 5 0.0 ± 0c 5 0.0 ± 0c 4 Flufenoxuron 1 ml/l 5 90.0 ± 0b 5 88.0 ± 2.0b 82.0 ± 5.8ab 76.0 ± 5.1b 1 Etoxazole 0.25 ml/l 5 98.0 ± 2.0a 5 90.0 ± 5.5ab 88.0 ± 4.9ab 88.0 ± 4.9ab 1 Cyflumetofen 0.5 ml/l 100.0 ± 0a 5 94.0 ± 4.0ab 80.0 ± 3.2b 76.0 ± 2.5b 1 Control 100.0 ± 0a 100.0 ± 0a 96.0 ± 2.5a 94.0 ± 2.5a 1 a Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p=0.05, Tukey test). b 1=harmless (<30%); 2=slightly harmful (30-79%); 3=moderately harmful (80-99%); 4=harmful (>99%) (Hassan, 1994.) 하였으며, 처음 1일의결과는실험시작이전섭식의영향을배제하기위해결과분석에서제외하였다. 자료분석각경우의실험에서생존율, 부화율과산란수에대한결과는분산분석 (ANOVA) 과 Tukey test(sas Institute, 2002) 로비교하였으며, 생존율과부화율에대한결과는 arcsine 값으로변환한후분석에이용하였다. 결과및고찰 사막이리응애의암컷성충에대해실험약제들의영향은 Table 1 과같다. Pyraclofos 는처리 24 시간후생존율이 0% 이었다. 다른살비제들의경우는처리 24시간후의생존율이 90-100% 로매우높았으나, 일수경과에따라다소감소하는경향이었다. 처리 168시간후의사막이리응애생존율은 cyenopyrafen, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, bifenazate와 etoxazole 처리에서 82-88% 로무처리의생존율과통계적유의차가없었다. Spirodiclofen, flufenoxuron과 cyflumetofen 처리에서는무처리의생존율과통계적유의차는있으나 76-78% 의생존율을나타내었다. 이와같은결과를국제생물적방제기구 (IOBC) 에서설정한기준 (Hassan, 1994) 에따르면, pyraclofos를제외한모든약제처리에서 30% 이내의치사율로영향이없음 (1등급) 으로나타났다. 사막이리응애의암컷성충에대해실험약제들을처리하였을때산란수와부화율을조사한결과는 Table 2와같다. 사막이리응애의산란수는전혀산란되지않은 pyraclofos 처리를제외하면산란수가 74.2-100.2개로서무처리와통계적차이가없었다. 또한산란된난들은 cyenopyrafen, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, bifenazate, flufenoxuron 과 cyflumetofen 처리에서는 99.4-100% 의부화율을보였다. Table 2. Reproduction of N. californicus female adults on bean leaf discs treated with acaricides and eclosion of the eggs Number of eggs per leaf disc % Eclosion Cyenopyrafen 5 74.2 ± 7.0a 5 99.5 ± 0.3a Spirodiclofen 5 84.8 ± 8.5a 100.0 ± 0a Spiromesifen 5 77.4 ± 3.8a 100.0 ± 0a Acequinocyl 5 97.2 ± 6.2a 100.0 ± 0a Bifenazate 100.2 ± 4.6a 5 99.4 ± 0.4a Pyraclofos 55 0.0 ± 0b - Flufenoxuron 5 77.2 ± 2.8a 100.0 ± 0a Etoxazole 5 81.4 ± 9.7a 55 5.2 ± 0.9b Cyflumetofen 5 76.8 ± 5.0a 100.0 ± 0a Control 101.0 ± 5.6a 100.0 ± 0a a Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p=0.05, Tukey test). 그러나 etoxazole 처리의경우는부화율이 5.2% 에불과하였는데, 이살비제를처리한점박이응애와오이이리응애 (N. cucumeris) 가산란한난에대한부화억제효과가있다고보고된바있다 (Sumitomo Chemical, 1995; Kim et al., 2005). 암컷성충에고독성을나타낸 pyraclofos를제외하고, 사막이리응애의난과약충에대해실험약제들을처리하여부화율과생존율에미치는영향을조사한결과는 Table 3과같다. Cyenopyrafen, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, bifenazate, flufenoxuron과 cyflumetofen 처리에서는 92-100% 가부화하였다. 그러나 etoxazole 처리에서는 38% 의낮은부화율을나타내었는데, Seo and Kim (2000) 은긴털이리응애의난에 etoxazole을처리하여 58% 의부화율을보고하였다. Ahn et al. (2004) 도칠레이리응애 (Phytoseiulus persimilis) 난에대한이약제의부화억제율은 97.1% 로매
사막이리응애의살응애제에대한감수성 421 Table 3. Effects of acaricides on eggs and nymphs of N. californicus % Hatchability 우높아, 성충과약충에높은생존율을보여도칠레이리응애에대한선택성이없다고보고하였는데, 본실험에서이약제의사막이리응애에대한결과도같은경향을나타내었다. 사막이리응애약충의생존율은 cyenopyrafen, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, bifenazate, flufenoxuron 과 cyflumetofen 처리에서는 74-86% 로높았으나, etoxazole 의경우는 64% 의낮은생존율을나타내었다. % Survival of nymphs Cyenopyrafen 5 92.0 ± 3.7a 80.0 ± 4.5abc Spirodiclofen 5 92.0 ± 3.7a 74.0 ± 2.5bc Spiromesifen 5 94.0 ± 4.0a 78.0 ± 3.74bc Acequinocyl 5 98.0 ± 2.0a 80.0 ± 0abc Bifenazate 100.0 ± 0a 80.0 ± 4.5abc Flufenoxuron 5 92.0 ± 2.0a 84.0 ± 2.5ab Etoxazole 5 38.0 ± 4.9b 64.0 ± 2.5c Cyflumetofen 5 94.0 ± 4.0a 86.0 ± 2.5ab Control 100.0 ± 0a 92.0 ± 2.0a a Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p=0.05, Tukey test). 사막이리응애암컷성충의생존율과난부화율에영향이적은 cyenopyrafen, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, bifenazate, flufenoxuron과 cyflumetofen 등을처리한먹이를섭식한사막이리응애암컷성충은 168시간후의생존율이 82-94% 로정상먹이를섭취한암컷성충이 96% 생존한결과와비교하여큰차이가나지않았다 (Table 4). 또한산란수도이들살비제의모든처리에서무처리와비교하여 73.3-95.2% 로실질적인감소정도가크지않았다. 따라서이들약제를처리한먹이는사막이리응애암컷성충의생존율과산란수에큰영향을주지않는것으로나타났다. 이들 7종약제들의포식성응애류에대한영향을연구한결과들을살펴보면, bifenazate는사막이리응애와칠레이리응애의모든발육태에안전한약제이며이약제를처리한점박이응애난을섭식한이들포식성응애의암컷성충은생존율에큰영향이없었다고보고된바있다 (Ochiai et al., 2007). Acequinocyl, bifenazate, flufenoxuron, spiromesifen과 cyflumetofen 등은긴털이리응애 (N. womersleyi) 의암컷성충과난에대한저독성이보고되었다 (Kim and Seo, 2001; Cheon et al., 2008). 또한 Kim et al. (2006) 은 bifenazate와 spirodiclofen이팔라시스이리응애 (N. fallacis) 의성충과난에대해안전하다고했으며, Kim et al. (2005) 도 acequinocyl, bifenazate와 spirodiclofen 등의오이이리응애의성충과난에대한저독성을보고한바있다. 한편 Ahn et al. (2004) 은 acequinocyl과 bifenazate는칠레이리응애의난, 약충및성충에대해영향이없었으며, flufenoxuron과 spirodiclofen은 Table 4. Survival and reproduction of N. californicus female adults fed T. urticae treated with acaricides 난과성충에는큰영향이없었으나약충에는각각 70.2 와 46.6% 의살비율을나타내었다고하여본실험에서이들두약제의사막이리응애약충에대한결과와다소차이가있었다. 이는실험대상포식성응애종의차이에기인한결과로생각되며, Ahn et al. (2004) 도천적응애의종류에따라살비제독성에차이가있을수있으므로약제와함께처리할때에는충분한검토후에사용해야한다고언급한바있다. 따라서본실험결과들을종합해보면실험약제중 cyenopyrafen, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, bifenazate, flufenoxuron과 cyflumetofen 등은사막이리응애암컷성충과약충의생존율, 및난의부화율에대한큰영향이없어, 이들살응애제는사막이리응애가먹이로하는식식성응애류의종합관리체계에서사막이리응애와함께상호보완적으로활용할수있을것으로기대된다. Literature Cited % Survival Number of eggs per leaf disc Cyenopyrafen 94.0 ± 4.0a 64.4 ± 6.9b Spirodiclofen 92.0 ± 3.7ab 68.0 ± 4.6ab Spiromesifen 86.0 ± 4.0ab 71.0 ± 5.3ab Acequinocyl 82.0 ± 3.7b 83.6 ± 5.0ab Bifenazate 86.0 ± 2.5ab 74.6 ± 5.1 ab Flufenoxuron 86.0 ± 2.5ab 70.6 ± 2.1ab Cyflumetofen 84.0 ± 2.5b 64.6 ± 1.4b Control 94.0 ± 2.5a 87.8 ± 5.0a a Means in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p=0.05, Tukey test). Ahn, K. S., S. Y. Lee, K. Y. Lee, Y. S. Lee and G. H. Kim (2004) Selective toxicity of pesticides to the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis and control effects of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae by predatory mite and pesticide mixture. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 43:71-79. Amano, H., Y. Ishii and Y. Kobori (2004) Pesticide susceptibility of two dominant phytoseiid mites, Neoseiulus californicus and N. womersleyi, in conventional Japanese fruit orchards (Gamasina: Phytoseiidae). J. Acarol. Soc. Jpn. 13:65-70. Cheon, G. S., C. H. Paik and S. S. Kim (2008) Selective toxicity of three acaricides to the predatory mite, Neoseiulus womersleyi and its prey, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae). Korean J. Pestic. Sci. 12:249-255. Choi, B. R., H. M. Park, J. H. Kim and S. W. Lee (2007) Evaluation of low toxic and residual toxicity of pesticides registered on sweet pepper greenhouse to Orius strigicollis. Korean J. Appl. Entomol. 46:415-423.
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사막이리응애의살응애제에대한감수성 423 사막이리응애의살응애제에대한감수성 이성민 김상수 * 순천대학교식물의학과 요약포식성천적사막이리응애에대하여 9 종살응애제의영향을평가하였다. 실험살응애제중 cyenopyrafen. spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, bifenazate, flufenoxuron 과 cyflumetofen 등은사막이리응애의암컷성충에저독성을나타내었으며, 암컷성충의산란수와산란된난의부화에큰영향이없었다. 또한이들살응애제의난에대한처리에서도부화율에영향이없었다. Etoxazole 은암컷성충의생존율에는큰영향이없었으나이들이산란한난의부화율이매우낮았으며, 난에대한처리에서높은치사율을나타내었다. Pyraclofos 는암컷성충에대해고독성으로 100% 의치사율을나타내었다. Cyenopyrafen. spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, bifenazate, flufenoxuron 과 cyflumetofen 등을처리한먹이를섭식한암컷성충은생존율과산란수에실질적인영향을받지않았다. 이상의결과로보아 cyenopyrafen. spirodiclofen, spiromesifen, acequinocyl, bifenazate, flufenoxuron 과 cyflumetofen 등은식식성응애류의종합관리체계에서사막이리응애와함께이용될수있을것으로생각된다. 색인어 사막이리응애, 살응애제, 저독성, 종합관리