J East Asian Soc Diet Life 26(6): 498 506 (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.17495/easdl.2016.12.26.6.498 498 Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities of Kimchi-added Croquette Taejoon Kim and Jeonghee Surh Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Kangwon National University ABSTRACT A croquette added with heat-treated kimchi at 20% showing higher sensory preferences was analyzed for its physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity using a croquette without kimchi as a control. Compared with the control, kimchi-added croquette had 3.3-fold higher organic acids content (p<0.001), resulting in a significant reduction of ph (p<0.001) and higher metal chelating activity (p<0.001). Upon addition of kimchi, total reducing capacity increased from 109.4 to 139.4 μg/g gallic acid equivalents (p<0.01), and DPPH radical scavenging activity also increased 2-fold, which corresponded to 54% of the electron-donating ability of 0.35 mm gallic acid. In addition, contents of free amino acids and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appreciably increased by 1.6-fold (p<0.01) and 10-fold (p<0.001), respectively. This could be attributed to the ingredients of kimchi and/or enzymatic transformation of precursors by microorganisms during kimchi fermentation. Kimchi-added croquette was determined to be a good source of dietary fiber relative to its calorie content. Texture profile analysis showed no significant differences in hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness between the two croquettes with or without kimchi. Taken together, this study shows that utilization of heat-treated kimchi as a filling for croquette could be a good strategy to improve both the nutritional quality and antioxidant activity of croquette. Key words : Croquette, kimchi, dietary fiber, GABA, antioxidant activity Corresponding author : Jeonghee Surh, Tel: +82-33-540-3314, Fax: +82-33-540-3319, E-mail: jsurh@kangwon.ac.kr (croquette) (Wikipedia 2016),,, (Kim S 2013). (deep-fried), (Chang YS & Yang JH 2001),. (well-being) (needs), (Chae YC 2005; Chang YS & Yang JH 2001; Choi IS 2011)., (filling).,.,,,,, (Park KY 1996).,,, (phytoalexin), (Brecht JK 2008)., (phytochemicals),,, (Kim HY 2008; Kong YH 2007; Lee IH 2008)., γ-aminon-butyric acid(gaba), (3-(4 -hydroxyl-3,5 -dime-
26(6): 498 506 (2016) 499 thoxyphenyl) propionic acid), (Kim HY 2008; Lee HH & Kim GH 2013; Park SY 2013;Yu MH 2009). (prebiotics) (probiotics)., (Han KH 2006; Lee JJ 2011; Lee MA 2008), (Roh HJ & Kim GE 2009; Choi H 2013).,, (Ko YT & Baik IH 2002; Kim S 2013)., (Kim S 2013), (Ko YT & Baik IH 2002)...,,.. 1. (Sokcho, Korea)., ( 8.3%, 27.6%, 27.6%,,,,,,,,,, ), 20%. 55 g. (FDU-1200, Eyela, Tokyo Rikakikai Co., LTD, Tokyo, Japan) 20., 20. Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, gallic acid, 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-dihpenyl-1,2,4-triazine-p,p - disulfonic acid monosodium salt hydrate(ferrozine TM iron reagent), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(edta), 2,2 -diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl(dpph) Sigma-Aldrich(St. Louis, MO, USA), sodium hydroxide(naoh), sodium carbonate(na 2 CO 3 ), methanol, ethanol Showa Chemical Industry Co.(Tokyo, Japan).. 2..,, 20 30 5 ( 5 ) 2 (overall acceptability). (Sokcho, Korea)., ( 0.29%), ( 0.52%), ( 0.86%) 3. 10 (Heat-treated) (Untreated) 6. 6 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% 30.,. (1.8 L soybean oil/ 2 L capacity) 175 (DF 520, Huiyang Allan Plastic & Electric Industries Co. Huizhou, China) 5 30. 3.., AOAC (AOAC
500 1990). (Digestion unit K-424, Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland), (Kjelflex K-360, Buchi), (702 SMTirino Metrohm, Buchi) micro-kjeldahl, 6.25. 600 (MF31G, Jeio Tech, Gimpo, Korea). diethyl ether Soxhlet (E-816, Buchi). 100 ( + + + ). (amylase, protease, amyloglucosidase) (digestion) ethanol, (filtration) (Fibertec System E 1023 Filtration Module, Foss, Switzerland). 4. (Na)., 0.2 g H 2 O 2 2 ml, HNO 3 7 ml (Microwave Digestion System, Ethos Touch Control, Milestone Inc, Sorisole, Italy). 3 85, 9 145 4 180 15. 20 ICP-AES(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer, Vista-Pro, Varian, Belrose, Australia) reflected power 1.2 kw, flow gas argon, plasma flow 15 L/min, auxiliary gas flow rate 1.5 L/min, nebulizer gas flow rate 0.7 L/min 588.995 589.592 nm multi-channel detector(simultaneous polychromators, Echelle polychromator). Na 0 10 ppm 3., 0.5 g 25 ml homogenizer(wise Mix Hg-15, Daihan Scientific, Seoul, Korea) 1, (5810R, Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) 3,061 g 10. Mohr 10% K 2 CrO 4 1 ml, 0.01 N AgNO 3. 5. ph,, ph (ph meter 725P, Istek, Seoul, Korea), (soluble solid), (titratable acidity). (refractometer, N-1α, Atago, Tokyo, Japan) (Degrees Brix, Bx),. 0.005 N NaOH NaOH (lactic acid, 90.08 g/mol). 6. Hitachi (Instruction manual, Hitachi, 2001)., 400 500 mg 6 N HCl 10 ml 110 22. HCl, 100 ml 0.45 μm Syringe filter(ad. 13CP045AS, Advantec, Houston, TX, USA) (Hitach L-8800 Amino acid, Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). 50 ml 5 g 70% 30 ml 1 10 min. 15,000 rpm 15 min,, 70% 25 ml 2., 150 ml, 0.45 μm Syringe filter(ad. 13- CP045AS, Advantec) (Hitach L- 8800 Amino acid, Hitachi). (Ion Exchange column, lithium form, 4.6 mm 60 mm) ph buffer. reaction coil ninhydrin. 570 nm 440 nm. 30 70, 135, 0.35 ml/min, 20 μl. 1. 7. (Texture), (CR400, Konica Minolta Sensing, Osaka, Japan)
26(6): 498 506 (2016) 501 (L, lightness), (a, redness), (b, yellowness). calibration, L 0( ) 100( ), a ( ) 80( ) 100( ), b ( ) 70( ) 70( ), 6 ±. Texture Analyzer(Instron 5542, Instron, Norwood, USA) 50 mm probe 2 (two-bite compression test). Pre-test speed 50.0 mm/ min, test speed 3.3 mm/sec, post-test speed 50.0 mm/min, force-time curve. 8. 3 g 70%(v/v) 30 ml 25 shaking water bath(bs-21, Jeio Tech) 150 rpm 12. 3,061 g 10 (5810R, Eppendorf) (Whatman qualitative filter paper No.2, Whatman, Marlborough, USA). 70%. Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent (Singleton VL 1999). 1 ml 10% NaCO 3 Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent 1 ml, vortexing 1. 3,061 g 10 (5810R, Eppendorf) spectrophotometer(uv-1650, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) 700 nm. (gallic acid) (gallic acid equivalents, GAE)., Fe 2+ ferrozine complex (Chew YL 2009). 100 μl 1 mm FeCl 2 40 μl 5 1.2 mm Ferrozine 2 ml vortexing. 10 562 nm (UV-1650, Shimadzu) (A 1 ). Blank (A 0 ). blank (Metal chelating activity(%) = 100 (A 0 A 1 )/A 0 ). 2.0 mm EDTA. 9. DPPH (Brand-Williams W 1995). 70% 500 μ L 0.2 mm DPPH(in ethanol) 1 ml 5. 15 5 525 nm (Eon, BioTek, Vermont, USA). DPPH,. 0.35 mm gallic acid DPPH. 10. 3,. t-test (Microsoft Office Excel, Redmond, WA, USA). 1.. 1, 5, 10, 15, 20%. (Fig. 1), 0.52%. 5., 0.52% 20%. 2. (Table 1),,,, (p<0.01) (p<0.01). 1.6, 1 (55 g) (19 64 ) 1 4.1 5.9% 1
김태준 서정희 502 東아시아 食生活學會誌 Fig. 1. Overall acceptability of kimchi-added croquette depending on the titratable acidity and heat treatment of kimchi. Table 1. Proximate compositions of croquette added with kimchi Table 2. Taste-related chemical compositions of croquette added with kimchi Composition (%) Control Kimchi-added Significance1) Composition Control Kimchi-added Significance1) Moisture 60.38±1.55 59.15±0.11 Na (%)2) 0.21±0.01 0.27±0.02 Protein 5.33±0.01 5.44±0.03 ** Salinity (%)3) 0.67±0.02 0.76±0.00 ** Ash 0.77±0.04 0.93±0.13 1.44±0.00 4.76±0.11 *** Fat 6.51±0.72 6.92±0.40 Titratable acidity (% as lactic acid) Carbohydrate 27.01 27.56-2) ph 6.62±0.08 6.06±0.04 *** Dietary fiber 4.09±0.04 6.35±0.08 *** Soluble solid ( Brix) 0.89±0.00 0.89±0.00 1) 1) 2) ** and *** represent significant difference between values within a same row at p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively. means not significant. Carbohydrate content was calculated by a following equation; 100(moisture+protein+ash+fat), here moisture, protein, ash, and fat are the average contents of triplicate analysis. Therefore, statistical significance is not applicable. 이섬유소 충분섭취량 의 14.0 17.5%를 공급해주는 칼로리 대비 식이섬유소의 기여도 가 높은 식품으로 평가되었다. 한편, 김치 첨가로 인한 Na와 염 함량의 변화를 확인한 결 과(Table 2), 김치 크로켓의 Na 함량은 유의적이지는 않았으 나, 김치 무첨가군인 대조군보다 높은 경향을 나타내었으며, 이에 따라 Mohr 법으로 측정한 염 함량 역시 대조군과 김치 첨가군 각각에서 0.67%와 0.76%로 나타나, 김치 첨가군에서 상대적으로 높았다(p<0.01). 또한, 대조군에서 측정된 유기산 ** and *** represent significant difference between values within a same row at p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively. means not significant. 2), 3) Na and salinity were determined by ICP-MS and chloride Mohr titration, respectively. 함량은 젖산 기준으로 1.44%이었으나, 김치 첨가 후 유기산 함량이 4.76%로 대조군 대비 3.3배 증가하였다(p<0.001, Table 2). 이로 인해 김치 첨가군(pH 6.06)은 대조군(pH 6.62)보다 유의적으로 낮은 ph를 나타내었다(p<0.001, Table 2). 그러나 당, 염, 산 등 수용성 물질들이 유발하는 굴절률로 측정된 수 용성 고형분 함량은 김치 첨가에 의해 유의적으로 변화하지 않았다(Table 2). 김치 크로켓은 총 질소(total nitrogen)로 측정된 조단백질 함량이 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 높았으나(p<0.01, Table 1), 총 아미노산 함량은 4,216.9 mg%로 대조군(4,258.5 mg%)과
26(6): 498 506 (2016) 503 (Table 3), 77.5% 79.9%. (non-protein nitrogen; NPN). urea(p<0.01), ethanolamine(p<0.001), pho- sphoethanolamine(p<0.001)., (Table 3), (p<0.01) GABA(γ-amino- n-butyric acid, p<0.001). GABA 100 g 1.2 mg, 12.5 mg 10.,, Table 3. Amino acids (AA) composition and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) compounds of croquette added with kimchi AA NPN 1) Composition (mg%) Control Total AA 4,258.5±112.0 4,216.9±75.8 (100) 1) (100) Bound AA 4,178.1±112.9 (98.1±0.1) Free AA Essential AA Kimchiadded Nonessential AA γ-amino-nbutyric acid (GABA) Urea Ammonia Ethanolamine Phosphoethanolamine 80.4±0.9 (1.9±0.1) 1,152.7±24.9 (27.1±0.1) 3,105.8±87.1 (72.9±0.1) 1.2±0.0 (0.03±0.00) 19.1±0.0 (0.45±0.01) 157.1±3.7 (3.69±0.01) 1.1±0.0 (0.02±0.00) 0.0±0.0 (0.00±0.00) 4,090.9±77.8 (97.0±0.1) 125.9±2.1 (3.0±0.1) 1,159.1±41.0 (27.5±1.5) 3,057.8±116.8 (72.5±1.5) 12.5±0.2 (0.30±0.01) 30.5±1.3 (0.72±0.02) 158.3±12.2 (3.75±0.22) 1.6±0.0 (0.04±0.00) 5.7±0.2 (0.14±0.01) Significance 2) (**) ** (**) () () *** (***) ** (**) () *** (***) *** (**) Value in parenthesis is a relative percentage to the content of total amino acids. 2) ** and *** represent significant difference between values within a same row at p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively. means not significant.. glutamic acid decarboxylase GABA (Lee HH & Kim KH 2013; Park SY 2013). 3.. (L) (b), (a) (p<0.05) (Table 4). (Ku KH 2003; Lee MA 2008)., TPA (Fig. 2)., Fig. 2 force-time curve (hardness), (springiness), (cohesiveness) (hardness cohe- siveness) (hardness cohesiveness springiness),. 4. (Table 5), 139.4 GAE μg/g (109.4 GAE μg/g) (p<0.01).,, (bioavailability) (Park JM 2011; Park SY 2013). 41.3% 63.0% (p<0.001). Table 4. Color properties of kimchi-added croquette after cooking Color property Control Kimchi-added Significance 1) L (lightness) 49.35±1.28 48.73±2.02 a (redness) 9.62±0.43 11.11±0.46 * b (yellowness) 35.82±0.96 36.23±1.18 1) * represents significant difference between values within a same row at p<0.05. means not significant.
김태준 서정희 504 Fig. 2. Texture profile analysis of croquette added with kimchi. Measurement by two-bite compression test was made three times, and most representative graph was taken for each sample. Table 5. Antioxidant activities of croquette added with kimchi Antioxidant activity Control Total reducing capacity 109.4±2.7 (μg gallic acid/ g dry wt.) Metal-chelating activity2) 1) 2) 41.3±1.3 Kimchiadded Significance1) 139.4±7.0 ** 63.0±3.5 *** ** and *** represent significant difference between values within a same row at p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively. Metal-chelating activity of 2.0 mm EDTA used for comparison was 98.0±1.3%. 등 양이온의 전이금속을 소거할 수 있는 물질들은 이들 과 강한 정전기적 인력으로 결합할 수 있는 음전하의 유기산 들이다. 실제로 김치 첨가로 크로켓의 유기산 함량은 3.3배 나 유의적으로 증가하였다(Table 2). 김치 속 o-coumaric acid 와 ferulic acid 등 페놀산(phenolic acids) 형태의 유기산들이 (Park JM 등 2011) 금속 소거능뿐 아니라, 수소공여능 등 우 수한 환원력을 지닌다는 점을 고려하면 이 결과는 김치 크로 켓의 증가된 총 환원력 결과와도 연관될 수 있다. 한편, 금속 소거능을 대표적 금속 킬레이터로 알려진 EDTA와 비교한 결과, 김치 크로켓의 금속 소거능은 2.0 mm EDTA가 지닌 금 속 소거능(98.0%)의 64%에 상응하는 활성으로 확인되었다. 라디칼 소거활성 측정을 위해 크로켓 메탄올 추출물과 DPPH 라디칼을 반응시켰을 때(Fig. 3), 15분 경과 후 대조군 과 김치 첨가군 각각은 첨가된 라디칼의 14.1%와 27.4%를 소거함으로써 김치 첨가에 의해 크로켓의 라디칼 소거활성 이 2배가량 증가하였음을 보여주었다. 특히 김치 첨가군은 모니터링 시간 전반에 걸쳐 대조군에 비해 현저하게 높은 라 Fe2+ 東아시아 食生活學會誌 Fig. 3. Kinetics of the DPPH radical scavenging activity of Kimchi-added croquette as a function of time. 0.35 mm gallic acid and a control croquette without kimchi were used for comparison. 디칼 소거활성을 나타내었다. 이는 김치 첨가로 크로켓 내부 에서 DPPH 라디칼에 수소를 공여해줄 수 있는 물질들이 증 가하였음을 시사해준다. 페놀성 물질들의 공명구조 형성능력 과 아르코르브산의 탁월한 수소 공여능을 고려하면, 김치 첨 가로 크로켓에 부가된 이러한 환원성 물질들이(Table 5) 크로 켓의 라디칼 소거활성을 증가시킨 것으로 해석된다. 한편, 김 치 크로켓의 라디칼 소거활성은 동일한 조건에서 측정된 0.35 mm gallic acid 전자공여능의 54%에 상응하는 활성으로 확 인되었다. 요약 및 결론 김치의 숙성 정도, 열처리 유무, 첨가량을 달리하여 제조 된 크로켓들 중 관능적 기호도가 가장 높았던 김치 크로켓은 산도 0.52%의 김치를 열처리하여 20% 첨가한 크로켓이었다. 종합적 기호도가 높았던 이 김치 크로켓의 품질 특성을 김치 무첨가 크로켓을 대조군으로 하여 이화학적 특성과 항산화 활성 측면에서 평가하였다. 김치 크로켓은 대조군에 비해 단 백질(p<0.01)과 식이섬유(p<0.001)가 유의적으로 높았으며, 특히 영양 평가 결과, 칼로리 대비 식이섬유 기여도 가 높은 식품으로 확인되었다. 김치 첨가로 크로켓의 염도는 대조군 의 1.1배 수준에 불과하였으나, 유기산 함량은 대조군의 3.3 배로 유의적 증가를 나타내었다(p<0.001). 김치 크로켓에서 관찰된 높은 유리 아미노산(p<0.01)과 GABA(p<0.001) 함량 은 미생물의 효소 작용이 관여하는 발효식품 고유의 특성에 서 기인한 것으로 김치 첨가가 주 요인으로 해석되었다. 크로 켓 메탄올 추출물의 항산화 활성을 평가한 결과, 김치 첨가
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