ISSN(Print) 1229-0033 ISSN(Online) 2234-036X http://dx.doi.org/10.5764/tcf.2014.26.3.242 Textile Coloration and Finishing Vol.26,No.3 연구논문 ( 학술 ) 노니뿌리추출물의매염제및매염조건별실크염색성고찰 최중환 홍엄지 1 최란 1 홍선표 1 고준석 1, 특허청고분자섬유심사과, 1 건국대학교유기나노시스템공학과 Mordanting Effects on the Dyeing Properties of Noni Root Extracts on Silk Fabrics Joong Hwan Choi, Umji Hong 1, Ran Choi 1, Sunpyo Hong 1 and Joonseok Koh 1, Korean Intellectual Property Office, Daejeon, Korea 1 Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea (Received: August 27, 2014 / Revised: September 15, 2014 / Accepted: September 19, 2014) Abstract: Morinda citrifolia, commercially known as Noni, is a tree that grows widely throughout the Pacific, and is recognized as one of the most significant sources of traditional medicines among Pacific Island societies. All parts of the plant have traditional and/or modern uses, including roots and bark(dyes, medicine), trunks(firewood, tools), and leaves and fruits(food, medicine). The bark and the roots of the tree contain red and yellow pigments respectively, which are both used in the manufacture of dyes. Dyes from Noni are being used traditionally, to color clothing and fabrics. In this study, mordanting effects on the dyeing properties of Noni root extract on silk fabrics were investigated. Keywords: Noni, silk, ph, natural dye, mordanting 1. 서론 근래의전세계적으로친환경을중시하는기조속에서천연염료는지속가능형색소소재원으로다시한번주목받고있다. 이와관련하여, 생물체로부터색소성분을분리및정제방법에대한연구, 천연색소의구조및생합성연구, 항균소취기능성연구등의다양한연구들이진행되어왔다 1-10). 천연염료는 cotton, wool, silk와같은천연소재에대해서는어느정도의염착성을나타내고있지만견뢰도측면이나 build-up성에서다소미흡한단점이있어이를개선하기위한다양한매염재가함께사용되고있다. 이번연구에서는꼭두서니과식물인노니 (Noni) 뿌리추출물을이용한실크섬유의천연염색에관한연구를진행했다. 노니의학명은 morinda citrifolia L이며태평양지역일대에넓게분포하며특히태 Corresponding author: Joonseok Koh (ccdjko@konkuk.ac.kr) Tel.: +82-2-450-3527 Fax.: +82-2-457-8895 c2014 KSDF 1229-0033/2014-9/242-253 평양일대섬주민들에게는역사적으로전통적인약재로사용되어오는매우중요한식물중하나이다. 이식물은모든부분이매우유용하게사용되고있다. 특히염재로사용되는나무껍질과뿌리는 red pigment와 yellow pigment를각각함유하고있는것으로알려져있으며현재도섬유를염색하는데사용되고있다. 노니는 Great morinda, Indian mulberry, Tahitian Noni, Cheese fruit 등의이름으로도알려져있으며꼭두서니가속해있는 Rubiacease 과로분류된다 11-14). 노니의주성분은 morindone으로알려져있으며꼭두서니의주성분인 alizarin과구조가유사한 anthraquinone계화학구조를가지고있다 (Figure 1) 14,15). 노니의나무껍질과뿌리에서추출한성분을분석해본결과, 주성분인 morindone을포함하여꼭두서니의주성분인 Alizarin도함께포함되어있음이알려졌다 16). 노니의주성분인 morindone과화학구조적으로유사한 alizarin은꼭두서니의뿌리로부터추출한색소물질의주성분으로서염료산업에서역사적으 242
노니뿌리추출물의매염제및매염조건별실크염색성고찰 243 aluminium potassium sulfate(alk(so 4) 2 12H 2O) Iron(II) sulfate(feso 4 7H 2O), Tin(II) chloride(sncl 2) 를사용하였다. 2.2 염재추출 (a) Alizarin (b) Morindone Figure 1. Chemical structures of alizarin and morindone. 로상당히중요한의미를갖는염료다. 물에용해되지않으므로분류체계상 Pigment로분류되기도하고매염제처리에의한색상발현이가능하므로 mordant dye로도분류되기도한다. Alizarin의화학적구조를살펴보면 anthraquione 구조에 1,2번위치에 hydroxy기를갖는구조로서분자내수소결합및금속과의착화합물형성이가능하며, ph 조건에따라분자내전자밀도변화에의해용해도및색상이변화하는특성을지니고있다 (Figure 2) 17). 그러므로 alizarin과유사한구조를갖는 morindone의경우에도 ph 민감성과더불어매염제와의착화합물형성능을가질것으로예측할수있으며, ph 민감성은실제로선행연구에서확인한바있다 18). 이번연구에서는노니뿌리추출물을이용하여매염재의종류및적용방법에따른실크섬유의염색성과견뢰도를중심으로연구를진행하였다. 2. 실험. 2.1 시료및시약 염재로노니 ( 인도네시아산 ) 를구입하여사용하였으며피염물로는 KS K 0905 견표준포를사용하였다. ph별완충용액제조를위하여 formic acid, acetic acid, sodium acetate, monosidumphosphate, disodiumphosphate, trisodiumphosphate, sodium hydroxide를사용하였으며, 매염제로는 copper sulfate(cuso 4 5H 2O), calcium acetate(ca(ch 3 COO) 2 H 2 O), chromium acetate(cr(ch 3 COO) 2 ), 32g의노니를 800ml의메탄올을이용하여환류냉각하에서끓는점에서 4시간, 상온에서 18시간방치하여추출한후필터링을통해추출액을얻었다. 이렇게추출한메탄올추출액을진공회전농축기를이용하여메탄올을제거한후분말상태의색소추출물을얻었다. 염재 32g에대해평균 1.49g의분말색소추출물을얻을수있었다. 2.3 염색성시험염색성시험은 IR 염색기 ( 대림스타릿, Korea) 를사용하여시행하였다. 추출된염료를실크염색을위하여에탄올에용해하여 1% 용액을제조하여투입하였으며, 액비 100:1의조건으로 1g의실크를주어진온도에서 40분간염색하였다. 염색후흡진율은분광광도계를사용하여잔욕법으로측정하였으며염색된피염물의색상은측색기 (Coloreye 3100, Macbeth) 를사용하여 f k 값과 L*, a*, b* 값의변화를측정하였다. 겉보기색강도를측정하기위하여가시영역대의 K/S값에인간의시감각을반영한가중함수를곱하여합산한 f k 값을다음의식 (1) 에의해계산하였다 19). 700 f k = ( K / S) λ ( x10, λ + y10, λ + z10, λ = 400 λ ) (1) 2.3.1 빌드업성시험빌드업성시험을위하여같은염액준비조건에서염액농도를 0.5, 1.0, 4.0, 6.0% owf로증가시켜가면서염색성을비교하였다. 이때염색은 80 에서 40분간진행하되, ph 조건은산성, 중성, 염기성을각각대표하는 4, 7, 10의세가지조건에서진행함으로써각 ph별빌드업성및색상특성을함께 Figure 2. Hydrogen bonding and ph sensitivity of alizarin. Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. Korean Soc. Dye. and Finish.), Vol. 26, No. 3
244 최중환 홍엄지 최란 홍선표 고준석 관찰하였다. 2.3.2 매염시험매염제로는 Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Sn의여섯가지를사용하여서 40도에서 20분간선매염과후매염의방법으로각각진행하였다. 2.3.3 견뢰도시험염색된실크섬유의견뢰도시험을위하여 ISO 규격에따라세탁견뢰도 (ISO 105 C06 A2S) 와마찰견뢰도 (ISO 105X12) 를각각평가하였다. 3. 결과및고찰 3.1 ph 조건에따른실크염색성변화 ph 조건에따른실크의염색성변화를비교해본결과, ph가산성에가까울수록상대적으로우수한빌드업성을나타내었다 (Figure 3). ph 10의경우에는 6% owf 조건에서거의포화치에근접하는것으로보이는반면 ph 4의조건에서는 6% owf조건까지는거의직선적인증가세를나타냄으로써더진한농도조건에서도지속적인증가세를나타낼수있을것으로판단된다. 빌드업성시험을통해얻은염색물의색상특성을 Table 1과 Figure 4에나타내었다. 대체적으로 Orange 계열의색상을나타내고있으며 ph가증가 Figure 3. Build-up properties of Noni root extracts on silk fabrics at various ph. 함에따라다소 Reddish해지는경향을나타내었으며, 산성조건에서상대적으로높은채도의색상을얻을수있었다. 이러한색상특성을 CIELAB 색좌표상에도시한결과를보면, 산성조건일수록명도와채도가우수하고, 염색농도가증가할수록색농도가진해지면서명도값은감소하는것을확인할수있다. 3.2 매염제및매염조건에따른실크염색성변화 Table 2는매염시험중선매염효과를각 ph별로미처리시료와여섯가지매염처리시료들의염색 Table 1. Color properties of dyed silk fabric with Noni roots extracts at various ph Dyeing temperature ( ) ph4 ph7 ph10 0.5% 1.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% Color Purple Orange Yellow Light Yellowish Pink Moderate Yellowish Pink ISCC-NBS Color No. #73 # 29 # 29 CIE L*/a*/b* 86.7/4.3/29.5 82.8/11.0/20.8 79.6/10.2/13.5 Color Purple Orange Yellow Moderate Yellowish Pink Moderate Yellowish Pink ISCC-NBS Color No. #73 # 29 # 29 CIE L*/a*/b* 82.8/8.1/36.7 78.7/14.6/24.6 75.3/14.0/16.2 Color Moderate Orange Yellow Moderate Orange Moderate Yellowish Pink ISCC-NBS Color No. #71 #53 # 29 CIE L*/a*/b* 78.9/11.7/42.8 73.2/18.7/29.5 70.4/17.6/19.8 Color Moderate Orange Yellow Moderate Orange Grayish Reddish Orange ISCC-NBS Color No. #71 #53 #39 CIE L*/a*/b* 73.2/16.4/47.5 66.7/22.1/32.43 63.6/19.9/23.2 Color Moderate Orange Moderate Orange Grayish Reddish Orange ISCC-NBS Color No. #53 #53 #39 CIE L*/a*/b* 68.6/19.3/48.3 63.4/22.3/33.6 62.0/21.0/25.0 한국염색가공학회지제 26 권제 3 호
노니뿌리추출물의매염제및매염조건별실크염색성고찰 245 Figure 4. ph effects on the color properties of dyed silk fabric with Noni root extracts. 성결과로비교하여나타내었다. Ca, Cr, Sn 등은매염하지않은시료의경우와대체로유사한색상을나타낸반면, Cu, Fe의경우에는 Brown 계통의다소다른영역의색상을나타내었으며, ph별색상변화는미처리의경우와마찬가지로, 염기성조건 으로갈수록 reddish한결과를나타내었다. 선매염결과를 CIELab 색좌표계에도시한결과를 Figure 5에나타내었다. 명도를비교해보면선매염을할경우 Sn, Ca, Al을제외하고는대체적으로더어두워지는경향을나타내었으며색상변화에있 Table 2. Color properties of dyed silk fabric with Noni roots extracts at various ph using a pre-mordanting method Dyeing temperature ( ) ph4 ph7 ph10 None Ca Cu Cr Al Fe Sn Color Moderate Orange Yellow Moderate Orange Grayish Reddish Orange ISCC-NBS Color No. #71 #53 #39 CIE L*/a*/b* 71.9/15.8/47.5 64.9/20.6/31.0 63.0/20.2/22.8 Color Moderate Reddish Orange Moderate Orange Grayish Reddish Orange ISCC-NBS Color No. #37 #53 #39 CIE L*/a*/b* 62.3/52.1/35.3 65.0/19.8/27.0 65.4/23.2/20.7 Color Light Yellowish Brown Light Reddish Brown Light Reddish Brown ISCC-NBS Color No. #76 #42 #42 CIE L*/a*/b* 56.9/9.1/26.7 54.5/14.6/18.0 51.2/15.7/13.8 Color Moderate Orange Grayish Reddish Orange Grayish Reddish Orange ISCC-NBS Color No. #53 #39 #39 CIE L*/a*/b* 63.7/15.9/36.2 57.7/19.8/23.0 58.0/19.2/19.0 Color Moderate Orange Moderate Orange Moderate Reddish Orange ISCC-NBS Color No. #53 #53 #37 CIE L*/a*/b* 63.6/24.3/35.3 64.1/24.4/32.4 63.3/25.7/28.7 Color Light Brown Light Brown Light Brown ISCC-NBS Color No. #57 #57 #57 CIE L*/a*/b* 56.6/10.4/21.8 50.5/8.7/19.6 52.4/11.5/17.3 Color Moderate Orange Moderate Orange Moderate Orange ISCC-NBS Color No. #53 #53 #53 CIE L*/a*/b* 70.0/23.9/47.4 68.2/24.7/41.5 67.6/24.8/36.0 Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. Korean Soc. Dye. and Finish.), Vol. 26, No. 3
246 최중환 홍엄지 최란 홍선표 고준석 (a) ph 4 (b) ph 7 (c) ph 10 Figure 5. Pre-mordanting effects on the color properties of dyed silk fabric with Noni root extracts at various ph. 한국염색가공학회지제 26 권제 3 호
노니뿌리추출물의매염제및매염조건별실크염색성고찰 247 어서는대체적으로 reddish해지는경향을나타내었다. 채도를비교해보면, 각각의 ph 조건에서 Sn이가장높은채도를나타내었으며 Fe와 Cu의경우가가장낮은채도값을나타내었다. 이상의결과들로부터, 선매염의경우에는피염물의색상이 ph와매염제모두에의해영향을받는것을알수있었다. Figure 6는선매염조건에따른색강도를비교한결과로서, 염색 ph에상관없이 Fe 매염의경우매우우수한 color yield를얻을수있었으며 Cr, Cu 의경우에도대체로양호한결과를나타내었다. 후매염한경우도선매염한경우와마찬가지로, Ca, Cr, Sn 등은매염하지않은시료의경우와대체로유사한색상을나타낸반면, Cu, Fe의경우에는 Brown 계통의다소다른영역의색상을나타내었다 (Table 3). 또한 ph별색상변화도앞의결과와마찬가지로염기성조건으로갈수록 reddish한결과를나타내었다. 후매염결과를 CIELab 색좌표계에도시한결과를비교해보면, 명도를비교해보면선매염을할경우 Sn, Ca, Al을제외하고는대체적으 Figure 6. Pre-mordanting effects on the color strength of dyed silk fabric with Noni root extracts at various ph. 로더어두워지는경향을나타내었으며색상변화에있어서는앞의선매염의경우와는달리, ph 보다는매염제의종류에절대적으로영향을받는것을볼수있었다 (Figure 7). Table 3. Color properties of dyed silk fabric with Noni roots extracts at various ph using a after-mordanting method Dyeing temperature ( ) ph4 ph7 ph10 None Al Ca Cr Cu Fe Sn Color Moderate Orange Yellow Moderate Orange Grayish Reddish Orange ISCC-NBS Color No. #71 #53 #39 CIE L*/a*/b* 71.9/15.8/47.5 64.9/20.6/31.0 63.0/20.2/22.8 Color Moderate Orange Moderate Orange Moderate Orange ISCC-NBS Color No. #53 #53 #53 CIE L*/a*/b* 65.2/25.1/33.6 66.3/22.9/32.5 68.5/21.8/30.7 Color Moderate Yellowish Pink Grayish Reddish Orange Grayish Reddish Orange ISCC-NBS Color No. #29 #39 #39 CIE L*/a*/b* 66.9/21.2/22.2 66.6/23.0/18.4 63.2/24.0/19.1 Color Moderate Orange Moderate Orange Grayish Reddish Orange ISCC-NBS Color No. #53 #53 #39 CIE L*/a*/b* 65.8/16.4/33.9 64.7/17.4/31.3 68.0/16.6/29.4 Color Light Brown Grayish Reddish Orange Light Brown ISCC-NBS Color No. #57 #39 #57 CIE L*/a*/b* 57.8/13.0/21.7 58.4/17.7/22.4 60.4/12.0/21.7 Color Light Brown Light Brown Light Brown ISCC-NBS Color No. #57 #57 #57 CIE L*/a*/b* 52.4/12.7/19.5 53.7/15.7/22.9 55.6/12.4/22.3 Color Moderate Orange Moderate Orange Moderate Orange ISCC-NBS Color No. #53 #53 #53 CIE L*/a*/b* 68.8/21.3/35.5 70.3/19.4/33.3 71.5/18.3/29.9 Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. Korean Soc. Dye. and Finish.), Vol. 26, No. 3
248 최중환 홍엄지 최란 홍선표 고준석 (a) ph 4 (b) ph 7 (c) ph 10 Figure 7. After-mordanting effects on the color properties of dyed silk fabric with Noni root extracts at various ph. 한국염색가공학회지제 26 권제 3 호
노니뿌리추출물의매염제및매염조건별실크염색성고찰 249 Figure 8. After-mordanting effects on the color strength of dyed silk fabric with Noni root extracts at various ph. (a) ph 4 즉, 미매염시료의경우에는 ph가염기성으로변화함에따라대체적으로 reddish해지는경향을나타내는반면, 후매염시료들의경우에는 ph에상관없이매염제에의해색상이결정되는것을볼수있다. 또한, 채도의경우도마찬가지로 ph 보다는매염제에의해결정되며, 선매염의경우와마찬가지로 Sn이가장높은채도를나타내었으며 Fe와 Cu의경우가가장낮은채도값을나타내었다. 후매염조건에따른색강도를비교한결과 (Figure 8), 앞의선매염의결과와유사하게염색 ph에상관없이 Fe 매염의경우매우우수한 color yield를얻을수있었으며 Cu의경우에도대체로양호한결과를나타내었다. 또한, 선매염과후매염의염색성을 ph와매염제별로각각의색강도를비교한결과 (Figure 9), 매염제종류에상관없이대체적으로선매염의경우가후매염의경우에비해높은색강도를나타내고있음을알수있었다. (b) ph 7 3.3 매염제및매염조건에따른견뢰도평가 매염제및 ph 조건에따른세탁견뢰도시험결과를 Table 4와 5에나타내었다. 선매염또는후매염을한경우모두매염제처리에의한오염견뢰도증진효과는거의없는것으로나타났다. Figure 10은선매염과후매염에대해세탁전 후의색상강도변화를비교한그래프이다. 대체적으로선매염의경우가세탁전후의변색정도가심하였으며 Fe 매염을한경우의변색정도가가장큰것으로나타났다. (c) ph 10 Figure 9. Comparison of mordant effects on the color strength of dyed silk fabric with Noni root extracts at various ph between pre-mordanting and after-mordanting methods. Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. Korean Soc. Dye. and Finish.), Vol. 26, No. 3
250 최중환 홍엄지 최란 홍선표 고준석 (a) ph 4 (b) ph 7 (c) ph 10 Figure 10. Comparison of mordant effects on the wash fastness test(color change) of dyed silk fabric with Noni root extracts at various ph between pre-mordanting and after-mordanting methods. 마찰견뢰도시험결과를 Table 6과 7에나타내었다. 건마찰의경우에는대체로 4 내지 5등급정도로우수한결과를나타내었으며습마찰의경우는건마찰의경우보다평균 0.5등급정도낮은견뢰도결과를나타내었다. 특히 Fe 매염을한경우에있어서견뢰도가상대적으로더불량함을알수있었다. 4. 결론 노니뿌리추출물의매염제및매염조건별실크염색성고찰을통하여다음과같은결론을얻을수있었다. ph 영향측면에서살펴보면, ph 4의약산성조건에서명도와채도가상대적으로우수하고높은빌드업성을나타내었다. 매염효과를살펴보면, 매염처리에의해실크염색물의색강도대체로증가하였으며특히 Fe과 Cu의경우가가장높은색강도결과를나타내었고, 대체적으로선매염이후매염보다더높은색강도값을얻을수있었다. 또한, 선매염의경우에는피염물의색상이 ph와매염제모두에의해영향을받는반면, 후매염시료들의경우에는 ph에상관없이매염제에의해색상이주로결정되는것을확인할수있었다. 한국염색가공학회지제 26 권제 3 호
노니뿌리추출물의매염제및매염조건별실크염색성고찰 251 Table 4. Wash fastness(color staining) of dyed silk fabric with Noni root extracts at various ph using a pre-mordanting method Al Ca Cr Cu Fe Sn Multifabric ph4 ph7 ph10 ph4 ph7 ph10 ph4 ph7 ph10 ph4 ph7 ph10 ph4 ph7 ph10 ph4 ph7 ph10 Wool 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 Acryl 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 PET 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Nylon 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Cotton 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Acetate 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Table 5. Wash fastness(color staining) of dyed silk fabric with Noni root extracts at various ph using a after-mordanting method Multifabric Al Ca Cr Cu Fe Sn ph4 ph7 ph10 ph4 ph7 ph10 ph4 ph7 ph10 ph4 ph7 ph10 ph4 ph7 ph10 ph4 ph7 ph10 Wool 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 Acryl 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 PET 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Nylon 2 2 2 2 2 2 2-3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2-3 2 Cotton 2 2 2 2 2 2 2-3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Acetate 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Table 6. Rubbing fastness(dry staining) of dyed silk fabric with Noni root extracts at various ph Mordants Pre-mordanting After-mordanting ph4 ph7 ph10 ph4 ph7 ph10 Cr 4-5 5 5 4-5 4-5 4-5 Sn 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 Cu 4-5 4-5 5 5 4-5 4-5 Al 4-5 4-5 4-5 5 5 5 Fe 5 4-5 5 4-5 4-5 3-4 Ca 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4 Table 7. Rubbing fastness(wet staining) of dyed silk fabric with Noni root extracts at various ph Mordants Pre-mordanting After-mordanting ph4 ph7 ph10 ph4 ph7 ph10 Cr 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 Sn 4 4-5 4-5 4 4-5 4-5 Cu 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 Al 4 4.5 4.5 4-5 4-5 4.5 Fe 4 3-4 4-5 3-4 4 3-4 Ca 4 4 4 4 4-5 4-5 Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. Korean Soc. Dye. and Finish.), Vol. 26, No. 3
252 최중환 홍엄지 최란 홍선표 고준석 견뢰도측면에서는, 세탁견뢰도의경우오염등급은 ph 및매염조건별로유의차를보이지않으나, 변퇴색의경우에는매염한경우견뢰도가다소개선되었으며그중에서도후매염이선매염보다더우수한결과를나타내었다. 매염제별로는 Cu가가장우수한결과를보였다. 마찰견뢰도의경우에는습마찰견뢰도가더낮았으며, 선매염후매염모두유사한수준의견뢰도를나타내었고, 매염제의경우 Fe이가장낮은견뢰도를나타내었다. References 1. S. R. Lee, Y. H. Lee, I. H. Kim, and S. W. Nam, A Study on the Antibacterial and Deodorization of Silk Fabrics Dyed with Natural Dye(II) -Sappan Wood-, Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. of Korea Soc. Dyers and Finishers), 7, 74(1995). 2. K. R. Cho, J. D. Jang, and J. B. Park, Studies on the Natural Dyes(V) -Depression of Silk Yellowing and Destruction by the Treatment with Color of Camellia Leaf-, Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. of Korea Soc. Dyers and Finishers), 5, 1(1993). 3. I. M. Chung, I. H. Kim, and S. W. Nam, Structural Analysis of Natural Indigo Colorants Extracted from Polygonum Tintorium, Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. of Korea Soc. Dyers and Finishers), 10, 20(1998). 4. B. H. Kim and H. S. Song, The Study of Natural Dyes on the Flowers(II) -the Dyeability and Antimicrobial Deodorization Activity of Chrysanthemum Boreale-, Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. of Korea Soc. Dyers and Finishers), 12, 199(2000). 5. S. H. Choi and Y. S. Cho, Dyeing of Natural Fibers with Extract of Ginkgo Biloba Bark(2) -Fastness and Functional Characteristics of Eyed Fabrics-, Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. of Korea Soc. Dyers and Finishers), 13, 1(2001). 6. S. H. Choi and Y. S. Cho, Dyeing of Natural Fibers with Extract of Ginkgo Biloba Bark(1) -Pigments Analysis and Dyeability-, Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. of Korea Soc. Dyers and Finishers), 13, 18(2001). 7. H. I. Kim and S. M. Park, A Study on Natural Dyeing(6) -Extract, Purification and Characters of Berberine-, Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. of Korea Soc. Dyers and Finishers), 14, 44(2002). 8. H. Choi, Y. S. Shin, S. H. Hong, C. N. Choi, and S. R. Kim, Preparation of Yarns by Natural Dyeing and Antimicrobial Deodorization Activity, Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. of Korea Soc. Dyers and Finishers), 16, 25(2004). 9. J. S. Lee and E. J. Go, A Study on Natural Dye Having the Effects on the Atopic Dermatitis(PartⅠ) -Bamboo Extract-, Textile Coloration and Finishing (J. of Korea Soc. Dyers and Finishers), 24, 189(2012). 10. J. S. Lee and H. J. Woo, A Study on Natural Dye Having the Effects on the Atopic Dermatitis (Part Ⅱ) -Pine Needles Extract-, Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. of Korea Soc. Dyers and Finishers), 24, 196(2012). 11. J. Morton, The Ocean-Going Noni, or Indian Mulberry(Morinda Citrifolia, Rubiaceae) and Some of Its Colorful Relatives, Econ. Bot., 46, 241(1992). 12. Y. Deng, Y. W. Chin, H. Chai, W. J. Keller, and A. D. Kinghorn, Anthraquinones with Quinone Reductase-inducing Activity and Benzophenones from Morinda Citrifolia(Noni) Roots, J. Nat. Prod., 70, 2049(2007). 13. W. McClatchey, From Polynesian Healers to Health Food Stores: Changing Perspectives of Morinda Citrifolia(Rubiaceae), Integrative Cancer Therapies, 1, 110(2002). 14. M. Y. Wang, B. J. West, J. Jensen, D. Nowicki, S. Chen, A. K. Palu, and G. Anderson, Morinda Citrifolia(Noni): A Literature Review and Recent Advances in Noni Research, J. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 23, 1127(2002). 15. S. Deng, B. J. West, C. J. Jensen, S. Basar, and J. Westendorf, Development and Validation of an RP-HPLC Method for the Analysis of Anthraquinones in Noni Fruits and Leaves, Food Chemistry, 116, 505(2009). 16. P. Swetal, A Brief Review on Noni(Morinda Citrofolia L.) -A Herbal Remedy for Better Health-, Global J. Res. Med. Plants and Indigen. Med., 2, 337(2013). 한국염색가공학회지제 26 권제 3 호
노니뿌리추출물의매염제및매염조건별실크염색성고찰 253 17. S. Pirillo, M. L. Ferreira, and E. H. Rueda, The Effect of ph in the Adsorption of Alizarin and Eriochrome Blue Black Red Ontoiron Oxides, J. of Hazardous Materials, 168, 168(2009). 18. J. H. Choi, U. Hong, R. Choi, S. Hong, and J. Koh, Dyeing Properties of Noni Root Extracts on Silk Fabrics at Various ph Conditions, Korean Fiber Society, 51, 180(2014). 19. W. Baumann, B. T. Groebel, M. Krayer, H. P. Oesch, R. Brossman, N. Kleinemeier, and A. T. Leaver, Determination of Relative Colour Strength and Residual Colour Difference by Means of Reflectance Measurements, J. Soc. Dyers Colorist., 103, 100(1987). Textile Coloration and Finishing(J. Korean Soc. Dye. and Finish.), Vol. 26, No. 3