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1 *,.,., 70 (,, )., - 1(n=17), - 2(n=28), - 3(n=25).,.,, 2, 1.,. * 2014 ( ) (NRF-2014S1A3A ), :,, 52 Tel : , Ahn12@ewha.ac.kr

2 ,.,., Taylor Frazer(1982)., (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ), (4 ), (5 ) (, 2016 ).,,, (Adams, Figley, & Boscarino, 2008; Creamer & Liddle, 2005; Fullerton, McCarroll, Ursano, & Wright, 1992). (nonprofessional worker) (volunteer).,,., (, 2014),,,,,. (2015) % 0.9%, 128.,., , (,,,, 2008).,.,.

3 ,., (,, 2009;,,,, 2005; 2015 ). (Meichenbaum, 1997).,, (Dyregrov, Kristoffersen, & Gjestad, 1996; Thormar, Gersons, Juen, Marschang, Djakababa, & Olff, 2010).,, (, 2014).,.,., (Brewin, Andrews, & Valentine, 2000; Cook & Bickman, 1990). (Cetin, Kose, Ebrinc, Yigit, Elhai, & Basoglu, 2005; Hagh-Shenas, Goodarzi, Dehbozorgi, & Farashbandi, 2005; Paton, 1994), (Armagan, Engindeniz, Devay, Erdur, & Ozcakir, 2006), 911 (Long, Meyer, & Jacobs, 2007), (Mitchell, Griffin, Stewart, & Loba, 2004), (Ursano, Fullerton, Vance, & Kao, 1999), (Dyregrov, Kristoffersen, & Gjestad, 1996) (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD). Thormar (2010) PTSD 24% 46%. PTSD,,,,,,,, (Thormar, Gersons, Juen, Djakababa, Karlsson, & Olff, 2014; Thormar et al., 2010)., 1, 13

4 (Dyregrov, Kristoffersen, & Gjestad, 1996). (rescue personnel) 5.5% 2.78% PTSD, 34% (Hagh- Shenas et al., 2005).,.,. (,, 2009;,, 2008), (, 2009;, 2008). (2015),. 223, 50%,,, 34.6% PTSD. PTSD. PTSD,. (,, 2014),.,. Freudenberger(1974),, (burnout) (,, 2011 ). Maslach Jackson (1981), (human service) (helping professional), 3., (emotional exhaustion)., (depersonalization),., (diminished personal accomplishment)

5 ,.,,.,,,,,,,.,, (Maslach, Schaufeli, & Leiter, 2001;,, 2011 ). (Secondary Traumatic Stress, STS) (Vicarious Traumatization). Figley(1995), (trauma workers) STS. STS,,, PTSD (Figley. 1995).,, (McCann & Pearlman, 1990;,, 2014 ). (traumatic material),,,,, (Pearlman & Saakvitne, 1995; Saakvitne, Pearlman, & Abrahamson, 1996). Janoff-Bulman(1989) (Basic World Assumption)., (benevolence of the world), (meaningfulness of the world), (worthiness of self) (Schwartzberg & Janoff-Bulman. 1991). STS, (,, 2014; Baird & Jenkins, 2003),. STS,. STS,

6 . Pickett(1998) 94,, STS (Canfield, 2005 )., (Pinsley, 2000). (Canfield, 2005; Kadambi & Truscott, 2003; Schauben & Frazier, 1995).,,, (Iliffe & Steed, 2000), STS,.,.,. 8,, STS.. (Maslach, Jackson, & Leiter, 1996).,,. STS, ,,.

7 . 1156, 70.,,,. (IRB) (SD=12.99), (35.7%), (28.6%), (21.4%), (14.3%), 47 (67.1%) 23 (32.9%). 40 (57.1%), 30 (42.9%), (42.9%), (24.3%), (20.0%), (8.6%), (4.3%). 45 (64.3%), 19 (27.1%), 6 (8.6%) 33 (47.2%), 15 (21.4%), 11 (15.7%), 11 (15.7%).. (, ) 17 (24.3%), 15 (21.4%), (,, ) 13 (18.6%), 13 (18.6%), 6 (8.6%), 6 (8.6%) (30%), (17.1%), (14.3%), (5.7%), (4.3%), 20 (28.6%). Maslach Maslach (Maslach Burnout Inventory, MBI) Maslach Jackson(1981) 22,. (2002). MBI (., 9 ), (., 8 ), (., 5 ). 7 Likert (0=, 6= ),,. 8

8 . (Cronbach s ).90,.71,.79 (Maslach & Jackson, 1981),.76,.88,.92,.86. (Impact Event Scale, IES) Horowitz Wilner, Alvarez(1979). (1999). IES 15 (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD) (intrusion) (avoidance) : (., 7 ), (., 8 ). 4 Likert (0=, 3= ), ( 0, 1, 3, 5) IES 0-75 (Elwood, Mott, Lohr, & Galovski, 2011). (Cronbach s ).86,.90 (Fischer & Corcoran, 1994),.92,.83,.89. (World Assumptions Scale, WAS) Janoff-Bulman(1989) 32,. WAS (forward-adaptation), 2., 1 WAS 1. WAS (benevolence of the world), (meaningfulness of the world), (worthiness of the self) (Elklit, Shevlin, Solomon & Dekel, 2007; Schwartzberg & Janoff-Bulman, 1991) (. ) (. ), (. ), (. ), (. ), (. ), (. ), (. ). WAS 6 Likert (1=, 6= ), 9

9 . (Cronbach s ).87,.76,.80 (Schwartzberg & Janoff-Bulman, 1991),.81,.74,.51,.77. (Cluster analysis). (cluster) (, 2012).,.,,,,. Hair Black(2000) 2 (two-step procedure). Wards k-means. Z.,., STS (Multivariate Analysis of Variance; MANOVA) (one-way Analysis of Variance; ANOVA). SPSS 19.0., 1., STS, STS.,,..,

10 *** ***.38 ** *** *** ** * *** *** *** N=70. ** p <.01. *** p < STS.. 2 (Hair & Black, 2000)., Wards, 3. k-means, 3, (24.3%), 2 28 (40%), 3 25 (35.7) ( 2). Z (M=0, SD=±1). 1, 1 (n=17) 2 (n=28) 3 (n=25) F LSD 1.60 (-.25) 3.08 (.94).81 (-.88) ***.65 2 > 1 > (.97) 3.38 (.36) 1.29 (-1.07) ***.70 1 > 2 > 3.54 (-.68) 2.99 (1.08).45 (-.75) ***.79 2 > 1, 3. N=70. *** p < , ±1.

11 . 1(n=17), -. 2(n=28) -. 3(n=25) -. Z 2., (Wilks Lambda =.06, F(6, 130) = 68.32, p <.001).,, 2 (, F(2, 67)= 62.78, p <.001;, F(2, 67)= 77.28, p <.001,, F(2, 67)= , p <.001). Fisher s LSD(Least Significant Difference) (post-hoc comparison), - ( 2), - ( 3). - ( 1) - ( 3), - ( 2), - ( 3) 2. 1) 1) 1 3, 1 2. /,.

12 .,,,,,, ( = 21.51, p <.05) ( = 16.14, p <.05)., - ( 1), (47.1% vs 17.9%, 16.0%) - ( 2), (42.9% vs 5.9%, 8.0%). - ( 3), (32.0% vs 11.8%, 10.7%)., - ( 2) 1 (38.9% vs 14.3%, 16.7%), - ( 3) 1 (72.2% vs 42.9%, 11.1%)., STS ( 3)., STS Cohen (1992) (F(2, 67)= 6.98, p <.01, =.17). Fisher s LSD, - ( 2) STS., (Wilks Lambda =.72, F(6, 130) = 3.94, p <.01)., (F(2, 67)= 8.10, p <.01, =.20). Fisher s LSD, - ( 1) 1 (n=17) 2 (n=28) 3 (n=25) F LSD (14.03) (12.51) (13.42) 6.98 **.17 2 > 1, (.69) 3.70 (.57) 3.56 (.90) (.70) 3.52 (.44) 3.34 (.42) (.69) 3.76 (.44) 3.64 (.56) 8.10 **.20 1 > 2, 3. N=70. ** p <.01.

13 ., STS.,,,., 1 3, 2 1 2, 3.,.. 1, 24.3% 17, (40%) 2, (35.7%), -. Golemviewski(1989) 8, 1 1, 2 6, 3 3 (,, 2011)., 1, 3, 2.,, % ( >27), 2 (Ehring, Razik, & Emmelkamp, 2011)., (Kadambi & Truscott, 2003) 12%, 2 (40%).,, 2.

14 ,,,,,,., - ( 1), - ( 2), - ( 3). ( 3),,...., - ( 2) 1, - ( 3) ( 1, 3, 2, 4 ),., STS., STS - ( 2). (Elwood et al., 2011), 1 3 STS (moderate), 2 (high). 2 STS., - ( 1). 1..,.,

15 ,.,,.,. (Kadambi & Ennis, 2004) (Baird & Jenkins, 2003),.,., 8,.., 1,. 1, 1., 2,,, STS. 2,. (Olff, Langeland, & Gersons, 2005; Young & Cooper, 1999; Sabin- Farrel & Turpin, 2003 )., (self-care).,,,,,,,,, (Canfield, 2005; Harrison & Westwood, 2009; Maslach & Goldberg, 1999).,

16 (Iliffe & Steed, 2000; Pierce, 2000),,.,,., (,,, 2016) (, 2005). 2, STS.,.,.. PTSD (self-management) PTSD (Engel et al., 2015).,,,,, (Herman, 1997).,, (,,,, 2015; Ehlers & Clark, 2000), (prolonged exposure)., 3, 3. 3,.,,. (meaning-making). (Cherniss, 1980).,.

17 (, 2015).,. (2011),.,.,,..,,,,.., 70.,., (WAS). (,, 2013),. WAS, 8, 3-8, 3 (Elklit et al., 2007; Schwartzberg & Janoff-Bulman, 1991), WAS., Maslach. (Kadambi & Truscott, 2003), (Mitani, Fujita, Nakata, & Shirakawa, 2006).,.,.

18 ,, 3..,,.,, STS,.. (Dyregrov, Kristoffersen, & Gjestad, 1996; Ursano et al., 1999),,..,.,, (2016). -. (1), (2015).. (4), (2012). 21., & (2009).. (1), , (2008).. (5), , & (2002).,. (2), , & (2011).. (2), (2016)..,,, & (2008). -. (3), , (2014).. (1), , (1999) (2015).

19 ., (2013). :. (3), (2009).. (2015). :. (1), 5-38.,,, (2015). : (TAQ). (3), (2008).. (1), (2014). :., (2011). :. (3), Adams, R. E., Figley, C. R., & Boscarino, J. A. (2008). The compassion fatigue scale: Its use with social workers following urban disaster. Research on social work practice, 18(3), Armagan, E., Engindeniz, Z., Devay, A. O., Erdur, B., & Ozcakir, A. (2006). Frequency of post-traumatic stress disorder among relief force workers after the tsunami in Asia: do rescuers become victims?. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 21(03), Baird, S., & Jenkins, S. R. (2003). Vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress, and burnout in sexual assault and domestic violence agency staff. Violence and victims, 18(1), Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 68(5), 748. Canfield, J. (2005). Secondary traumatization, burnout, and vicarious traumatization: A review of the literature as it relates to therapists who treat trauma. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 75(2), Cetin, M., Kose, S., Ebrinc, S., Yigit, S., Elhai, J. D., & Basoglu, C. (2005). Identification and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in rescue workers in the Marmara, Turkey, earthquake. Journal of traumatic stress, 18(5), Cherniss, C. (1980). Staff burnout: Job stress in the human services. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological bulletin, 112(1), 155. Cook, J. D., & Bickman, L. (1990). Social support and psychological symptomatology following a natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(4), Creamer, T. L., & Liddle, B. J. (2005). Secondary traumatic stress among disaster mental health workers responding to the September 11 attacks. Journal of traumatic stress, 18(1), Dyregrov, A., Kristoffersen, J. I., & Gjestad, R.

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21 Kadambi, M. A., & Ennis, L. (2004). Reconsidering vicarious trauma: A review of the literature and its' limitations. Journal of Trauma Practice, 3(2), Kadambi, M. A., & Truscott, D. (2003). Vicarious traumatization and burnout among therapists working with sex offenders. Traumatology, 9(4), 216. Long, M. E., Meyer, D. L., & Jacobs, G. A. (2007). Psychological distress among American Red Cross disaster workers responding to the terrorist attacks of September 11, Psychiatry research, 149(1), Maslach, C., & Goldberg, J. (1999). Prevention of burnout: New perspectives. Applied and preventive psychology, 7(1), Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of organizational behavior, 2(2), Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory manual. Consulting Psychologists Press. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), McCann, I. L., & Pearlman, L. A. (1990). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of traumatic stress, 3(1), Meichenbaum, D. (1997). Treating post-traumatic stress disorder: A handbook and practice manual for therapy. Wiley. Mitani, S., & Fujita, M., & Nakata, K., & Shirakawa, T. (2006). Impact of post-traumatic stress disorder and job-related stress on burout: A study of fire service workers. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 31(1), Mitchell, T. L., Griffin, K., Stewart, S. H., & Loba, P. (2004). We Will Never Ever Forget... : The Swissair Flight 111 Disaster and its Impact on Volunteers and Communities. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(2), Olff, M., Langeland, W., & Gersons, B. P. (2005). The psychobiology of PTSD: coping with trauma. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), Paton, D. (1994). Disaster relief work: An assessment of training effectiveness. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7(2), Pearlman, L. A., & Saakvitne, K. W. (1995). Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. WW Norton & Co. Pickett, G. Y. (1998). Therapists in distress: An integrative look at burnout, secondary traumatic stress and vicarious traumatization. Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, (7-B), p (University Microfilm No. AAM ). Pierce, R. C. (2000). Secondary trauma from working with Vietnam veterans. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61, (2-B), p (University Microfilms No. AAI ). Pinsley, O. S. (2000). Bearing witness: An investigation of vicarious traumatization in therapists who treat adult survivors of rape

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23 Understanding Voluntary Disaster Workers with Their Burnout Pattern and the Group Differences in Secondary Traumatic Stress and World Assumptions Jiwon Min Hyesun Joo Hyunnie Ahn Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University As the role of volunteers in disaster settings has been growing overtime, the present study was aimed to understand voluntary disaster workers with their burnout pattern and examine group differences in their secondary traumatic stress and world assumptions. Total of 70 voluntary workers who served for recovery from Sewol ferry disaster participated in this study. Using cluster analysis, we identified three distinct cluster groups on the basis of three burnout subscale scores(emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment, depersonalization): Group 1 was characterized by the highest score on personal accomplishment and low levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Group 2 scored the highest on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and relatively high on personal accomplishment. Group 3 was characterized by the lowest scores on three subscales. Results from tests showed that groups differed significantly on types and the period of support activities. Analysis of variance was conducted to identify further group differences. The results indicated that Group 2 scored the highest on secondary traumatic stress, while Group 1 scored the highest on worthiness of the self. Finally, the clinical implications and limitations of these results as well as suggestions for further research were discussed. Key words : Sewol ferry, disaster, volunteer, burnout, secondary traumatic stress, world assumptions, cluster analysis

.. (Figley, 2002).,,,,,,, (,, 2015; Stamm, 2010). (,, ; )..,.,. DSM-5(American Psychiatry Association, 2013) ( A4) , (secondary traumatic stress

.. (Figley, 2002).,,,,,,, (,, 2015; Stamm, 2010). (,, ; )..,.,. DSM-5(American Psychiatry Association, 2013) ( A4) , (secondary traumatic stress (K-ProQOL 5) * (Professional Quality of Life Scale, ProQOL 5; Stamm, 2010). ProQOL 5 489, 1 299. K-ProQOL 5,, -.,,, 3.,. 79 4 - -.,,. K-ProQOL 5. * 2014 ( ) (NRF-2014S1A3A2038236). (Corresponding Author)