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1 ,,.,., 117,.,,.,.,,... (Corresponding Author): /, ( ) / Tel : / hsumi@hanmail.net

2 (, trauma). (PTSD; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) (DSM-III).. 5 (DSM-5),,,, (American Psychiatric Association, 2013)..,. Allen(2005),,,. (impersonal trauma),,,,. (interpersonal trauma).,,,,,. (attachment trauma) (, 2014 ).., (Terr, 1991; Wolfe & Jaffe, 1991).,, (, 2008;,, 2012; Cloitre et al., 2005; Lopez & Heffer, 1998; Wind & Silvern, 1992).,,,, (, 2005;,, 2015;,, 2013; Malinosky-Rummell & Hansen, 1993). (ADHD), (PTSD), (Sugaya et al., 2012)., 13 (Maercker et al., 2004), (Santa Ana et al., 2006)... van der Kolk(2005)

3 ,,. van der Kolk(2005) (Developmental trauma disorder; DTD), (van der Kolk, 2005; van der Kolk & Courtois, 2005).. Harter(1999) (deleterious effects on self-system)., (I-self), (Me-self), (self-conscious emotion), (self-punitive behavior), (false-self) (, 2011 ). (2011),,,. Courtois Ford(2009)., (I-self)?., (self-awareness) (self-reflection), (self-continuity), (self-integration), (self-agency). (Me-self), (Allen, 2001). Allen(2001),,,,. (self-regulation),. (2011) (under-regulation), (over-regulation), (self-destructive behavior). (relational self).,. (onset age),.,...,.

4 .,. Hagenaars, Fisch van Minnen(2011).,.,. (2011) 2. Roberts(2013).,,.,,,.,..?,. (moderating variable).. (Hagenaars, Fisch, & van Minnen, 2011; Roberts, 2013),.,,. Baron Kenny(1986), (moderating variable)., (mediating variable).,, () ().,,.,. :,

5 ,,.,.,, 237.,, (22.2%), 91 (77.8%), (SD=9.38). 19, Foa, Cashman, Jaycox Perry(1997) (Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale: PDS) (2005).,. (2011) PDS (12) 17 (Trauma Checklist).,,,,,,..,,,, (%)

6 ,.,,. (Impact Event Scale- Revised: IES-R). Horowitz, Wilner Alverez(1979) (intrusion), (avoidance), (hyperarousal) (IES), Weiss Marmar(1997) ( ) 4 ( ) 5 Likert. (1999) (2011) (Traumatized Self-System Scale: TSSS). (2011) Harter(1999). (,,,, ), (, -, - ), (,, ) , 15, 15, 4, Likert..,.685,.813,.668,.868,.874,.896,.808,.775,.709,.899,.845,.787.., ,, 117.,,,.,. Baron Kenny(1986) (hierarchical regression analysis). SPSS 20.0., 1

7 , 2 3,., (General linear model). 2(Trauma Checklist).,,, () (3.79) (3.01) (5.44) () (9.00) (,, ) (5.89) ( :, ) (7.19) ( :, ) ( :, ) (4.81) (4.82) 18 5 ( :, ) (3.12),,, (4.00),, (4.76) (2.91) (),,, (9.06)

8 . 3 21, (15.4%). 54 2, (Trauma Checklist) (),,, 1.,,. ( 1) ( 18%). 7~12 48 ( 41%). 13~18 30 (25.6%) , 7 12, 13 18, 19,

9 6 (N=21) 7~12 (N=48) 13~18 (N=30) 19 (N=18) (IES) (26.75) (22.56) (17.42) (19.35) (5.31) (3.29) 8.73 (2.45) 7.44 (2.20) 7.57 (3.19) 7.35 (3.09) 8.67 (3.61) 5.56 (2.20) 9.48 (4.21) (5.46) 9.63 (3.96) (4.96) 9.10 (4.19) 8.97 (4.06) 7.28 (2.32) 8.50 (3.50) 9.71 (5.99) 9.23 (4.43) 8.40 (3.37) 7.22 (3.06) (22.00) (16.35) (14.02) (10.04) (6.54) (4.63) 8.93 (3.47) 7.11 (2.45) (6.02) (6.38) (4.18) (5.79) (4.53) 9.27 (4.15) 9.50 (3.60) 7.89 (1.71) (18.24) (12.11) (10.44) (6.05) 9.86 (4.95) 9.79 (5.42) 9.50 (3.77) 7.28 (3.39) (4.61) (4.94) (5.17) (3.44) (4.87) (3.69) 9.44 (4.49) (3.00) (13.36) (11.55) (8.61) (8.96) (4.09) (4.03) 9.27 (4.57) 8.61 (3.07) (54.55) (39.58) (33.76) (24.17)

10 -.204 * ** ** ** ** **.517 **.508 **.461 **..508 **.551 **.848 **.652 **.805 **.953 **.681 **.783 **.937 **.648 **.752 **.906 ** * p<.05 ** p<.01 4.,.. Baron Kenny(1986), 5. 3,.,. 2. ( 3-12 ) ( ), β t R 2 R 2 F 1 (A) *** *** 2 3 ** p<.01 *** p<.001 (A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) *** * *** *** *** **

11 .,,.,.., (131.60) (96.56), F=50.600, p<.001., (126.55) (108.30) (F=5.933, p=.016).,,,, ( 6, 7, 8, 9).,,.,. 6,., (49.72) (36.06), F=46.013, p<.001., (47.48) (40.92) ( F=4.616, p=.034).., (34.13) (24.44), F=37.325, p<.001., (33.65) (26.98)

12 β t R 2 R 2 F 1 (A) *** *** 2 3 (A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) * p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p< *** * *** *** *** * β t R 2 R 2 F 1 (A) *** *** 2 3 (A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) * p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p< *** * *** *** *** * β t R 2 R 2 F 1 (A) *** *** 2 (A) *** (B) * *** 3 (A) (B) (A) (B) *** *** * p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p<.001

13 β t R 2 R 2 F 1 (A) *** *** 2 3 (A) (B) (A) (B) (A) (B) * p<.05 ** p<.01 *** p< *** * *** *** *** * (F=8.277, p=.005). 8. 9,., (36.59) (27.80) (F=42.381, p<.001)., (34.55) (30.68) (F=3.517, p=.063).,,. (,, 2012;,, 2014; Terr, 1991; van der Kolk et al., 2005; Wolfe & Jaffe, 1991)....,, 117,..,,..,.

14 ,.. (Hagenaars et al., 2011; Roberts, 2013).,..,. (self)... Herman(1992)...,.,.,,.., , ,.,. (Complex trauma). (Herman, 1992), Terr(1991)

15 Type II.,....,,.,. 2, 3, 17.,....,. 8,. (2011),,,. (,, 2014; Cole & Putnam, 1992; Salo, Punamaki, & Quota, 2004),. Williams(2006),,.,.,..,..

16 ,.,..,. (2005)..,. (2008)..,. (2014). :., (2015). :. (1), (2011).., (2013).. (6), (2005). :. (1), , (1999).. (3) , (2012).. (2), , (2011).. (2), , (2012).,,,. (3), , (2014).. (1), Allen, J. (2001). Traumatic relationships and serious mental disorders. Chichester, England: Jonh Wiley & Sons Ltd. Allen, J. (2005). Coping with trauma: Hope through understanding. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder(5th ed). Arlington: American Psychiatric Association. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical consideration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), Cloitre, M., Miranda, R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., & Han, H. (2005). Beyond PTSD: Emotion regulation and interpersonal problems as predictors of functional impairment in survivors of childhood

17 abuse. Behavior Therapy, 36, Cole, P. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1992). Effect of Incest on Self and Social functioning: A Development Psychotherapy Perspective. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(2), Courtois, C. A., & Ford, J. D. (2009). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-base guide. New York: Guilford Press. Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measures of posttraumatic stress disorder: The posttraumatic diagnostic scale. Psychological Assessment, 9(4), Hagenaars, M. A., Fisch, I., & van Minnen, A. (2011). The effect of trauma onset and frequency on PTSD-associated symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132(1-2), Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New Work: The Guilford Press. Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of polonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, Horowitz, M. J., Wilner, M., & Alverez, W. (1979). Impact of events scale: A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41(3), Lopez, M. A., & Heffer, R. W. (1998). Self-concept and social competence of university student victims of childhood physical abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, Maercker, A., Michael, T., Fehm, L., Becker, E. S., & Margraf, J. (2004). Age of traumatization as predictor of PTSD or major depression in young women. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, Malinosky-Rummell, R., & Hansen, D. J. (1993). Long-term consequences of childhood physical abuse. Psychological Bulletin, 114, Roberts, L. (2013). The Effect of Age at First Trauma and Multiple Traumatization on Symptoms of Complex PTSD. Doctoral thesis, University College London. Salo, J., Punamaki, R., & Quota, S. (2004). Association between self and other representations and posttraumatic adjustment among political prisoners. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 17(4), Santa Ana, E. J., Saladin, M. E., Back, S. E., Waldrop, A. E., Spratt, E. G., McRae, A. L., LaRowe, S. D., Timmerman, M. A., Upadhyaya, H., & Brady, K. T. (2006). PTSD and the HPA axis: Differences in response to the cold pressor task among individuals with child vs. adult trauma. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, Sugaya, L., Hasin, D. S., Olfson, M., Lin, K. H., Grant, B. F., & Blanco, C. (2012). Child physcial abuse and adult mental health: A national study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 225, Terr, L. C. (1991). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, van der Kolk, B. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: Towards a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), van der Kolk, B., & Courtois, C. A. (2005). Editorial comments: Complex developmental trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(5), van der Kolk, B., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Mandel, F. S., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Disorders of extreme stress: the empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress,

18 18(5), Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1997). The impact of event scale-revised. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: A practitioner s handbook (pp ). New York: Guilford Press. Williams, W. I. (2006). Complex trauma: approaches to theory and treatment. Journal of loss and trauma, 11(4), Wind, T. W., & Silvern, L. (1992). Type and extent of child abuse as predictors of adult functioning. Journal of Family Violence, 7, Wolfe, D. A., & Jaffe, P. (1991). Child abuse and family violence as determinants of child psychopathology. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 23, : : :

19 Moderating Effect of Onset-age on the relationship between Interpersonal Trauma Impact and Traumatized Self-System Seoul Cyber University Traumatic event has a malicious effect on human mind. Especially, interpersonal trauma experiences such as physical abuse, emotional abuse and sexual violence could have a critically negative effect on self-system development. This study investigated the moderating effect of trauma onset-age and tried to test the hypothesis that early onset of traumatic experience would have more serious effect on traumatized self-system. For this purpose, data were gathered from 117 voluntary college students, all of whom reported their early traumatic experience including physical abuse, emotional abuse and sexual violence. Correlational analysis and regression analysis showed that not only trauma impact but also trauma onset-age have a significant effect on traumatized self-system. And the moderating effect was confirmed by the method of hierarchical regression analysis, which means that there were significant interacting effect between trauma impact and trauma onset-age. Analysis of interaction showed that only when the trauma impact was strong, the onset-age of traumatic experience had negative effect of self-system damage. The result of this study is suggestive of differential psychological intervention along with the trauma onset-age. Lastly, the limitations of this study and suggestions for future study were discussed. Key words : Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Trauma Impact, Traumatized Self System, Onset age, Moderating Effect

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<31392EC0CCC1F6B9CE2CC8ABC3A2C8F12E687770> 한국심리학회지 : 상담 및 심리치료 The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2008, Vol. 20 No. 2, 553-580 성매매 여성들의 복합 외상 후 스트레스 장애 * 이 지 민 홍 창 희 부산대학교 본 연구에서는 자료수집이 힘든 성매매집결지의 여성들을 대상으로 장기간 반복적인 외상이 주는 정신병리적인