Anxiety and Mood Vol 14, No 2 / pissn / eissn ORIGINAL ARTICLE 북한이탈주민의외상후스트레스장애의임상적특성

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Anxiety and Mood Vol 14, No 2 / pissn / eissn ORIGINAL ARTICLE 북한이탈주민의외상후스트레스장애의임상적특성"

Transcription

1 Anxiety and Mood Vol 14, No 2 / pissn / eissn ORIGINAL ARTICLE 북한이탈주민의외상후스트레스장애의임상적특성 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원정신건강의학교실 이경은. 안지현. 김다은. 문승연. 홍진표 Clinical Characteristics of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among North Korean Defectors Kyoung Eun Lee, MD, Ji Hyun An, MD, Da Eun Kim, MA, Carloyn Seungyoun Moon, MD and Jin Pyo Hong, MD, PhD Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea ABSTRACT Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate prevalence and clinical characteristics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in North Korean defectors (NKD). Methods : The study population consisted of 300 NKDs registered in the multi-regional adaptation center (Hana Center), within three years of settling in South Korea. We conducted in-person interviews and a survey with each subject, based on the North Korean version of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (NK-CIDI) and various clinical scales. Results : Lifetime prevalence of PTSD in NKDs was 15.3%, approximately nine times higher than South Koreans (1.7%). Although experiencing broader type of traumas with higher rate than South Koreans, NKDs revealed lower odds of PTSD in most type of trauma (p<0.05). Conclusion : NKDs are at higher risk of experiencing different types of trauma than the general population in South Korea, and it is further validated that prevalence of PTSD is also higher. Careful evaluation for comorbid psychiatric symptoms and type of traumas prior to PTSD treatment for NKDs is necessary to facilitate more appropriate intervention for each subject, according to personal experience. (Anxiety and Mood 2018;14(2):80-87) KEY WORDS : North Korean defectors Prevalence Post-traumatic stress disorder. 서 론 북한이탈주민의수는 2005 년이후지속적으로증가추세 를유지, 통일부에서발표한자료에따르면 2018 년 6 월말기 준으로 31,827 명이다. 1 북한이탈주민의수가늘어나면서이들 의성공적인남한정착및적응에대한관심은점차높아지 고있다. 2 그동안외국난민들의예에서나타난가장중요한 문제중하나는난민들의적응과정신건강적인측면의문제 Received : October 1, 2018 / Accepted : October 17, 2018 Address for correspondence Jin Pyo Hong, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea Tel : , Fax : suhurhong@gmail.com 이연구는보건복지부정신건강기술개발사업단의지원을받아수행된연구임 (HM15C1072). 였다. 3 난민들은이주과정에서여러외상을경험하기도하고낯선환경에적응하면서여러가지정신건강문제를경험하기쉽다. 4 그리고난민들의정신건강은과거경험한사건들과깊은연관이있는것으로알려져있어외상후스트레스장애 (post-traumatic stress disorder, 이하 PTSD) 는난민들의정신건강을반영하는중요한요인이다. 5 북한이탈주민은탈북과정에서경험하는여러외상및심리적스트레스로인해정신질환의유병률이높은것으로알려져있다. 6 평가시기, 진단방법등에따라유병율에차이가있지만북한이탈주민에서 PTSD 유병률은높게는 56%, 6 낮게는 5.2% 7 로나타났다. 각연구마다결과는상당한차이가있는데그이유로는표준화된진단도구가아닌증상평가척도를이용한한계때문이다. 남한에입국한북한이탈주민에서외상경험은강제송환유무, 제3국에서장기체류기간등과함께우울및 PTSD 등 80 Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October, 2018

2 이경은등 의정신질환의발병의위험요인으로알려져있다. 8 북한이탈주민에서 PTSD 발병과관련된외상으로는 가족이나친척중굶어죽은것을목격하거나소식을들음 과같은가족과관련된외상이육체적외상, 정치사상적외상, 체포및발각과관련된외상보다관련이높은것으로나타났다. 9 하지만이외에경험한외상사건의빈도및유형에따른 PTSD 발병및정신건강관련특성 ( 우울, 알코올사용, 회복탄력성등 ), 공존질환등과관련된종합적인연구는미비하다. 기존연구들은같은도구를활용하여남한주민과직접정신건강수준을비교하지못하였다. 본연구에서는전세계적으로표준적으로사용되는진단도구인 Composite International Diagnostic Interview( 이하 CIDI) 를이용하여북한이탈주민에서도정신건강실태를평가하고, 같은연도에이루어진 2016 년정신질환실태역학조사결과와직접비교하였다. 북한이탈주민의 PTSD 유병률을산출하여남한일반인구와비교해보고, 경험한외상사건의빈도및유형에따른외상후스트레스장애발병과의관계, 정신건강관련특성및, 공존질환위험도를확인하고자한다. 북한에서정신적외상, 탈북과정과정착이라는정신사회적스트레스에노출된북한이탈주민의정신건강의특징을이해하고, 남한의성공적인정착을위한정책개발에도도움이될것으로기대한다. 방법 연구대상자및자료수집본연구는보건복지부의지원을받아북한이탈주민정신건강실태조사의일환으로 2016 년 6월 1일부터 10월 31일까지진행되었다. 전국하나센터에등록한북한이탈주민중최근 3년이내에남한으로입국한 18세이상의북한이탈주민 300명을대상으로실시되었다. 연구대상자들은연구자들로부터연구목적과취지에대한설명을듣고, 동의를받은사람들이었다. 연구대상자들은주요정신질환을평가하기위해서 North Korean version of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview( 이하 NK-CIDI), 사회인구학특성에관한설문및여러임상척도를시행하였다. 본연구는삼성서울병원임상연구위원회의승인 (IRB No. SMC ) 을받았다. 연구도구북한어판 Composite International Diagnostic Interview (NK-CIDI) 본연구는 North Korean version of the WHO-Composite International Diagnostic Interview(NK-CIDI) 를이용하여주요정신질환유무를평가하였다. CIDI는국제적인진단역학연구에적합한역학조사용면담도구 10 로서국내에서는 2015 년북한어정신건강평가도구개발의일환으로 NK-CIDI 가개발 11 되었다. NK-CIDI 는북한이탈주민및북한주민의정신질환에대한역학조사를위해 K-CIDI 를북한의사회문화적배경에적합하게번역개발하고그타당도와신뢰도가검증되었다. 본연구에서는 NK-CIDI 를통해진단되는정신질환중북한이탈주민에서높은유병률을보이는주요우울장애, 기분부전장애, 범불안장애, PTSD, 광장공포증, 공황장애, 특정공포증, 사회공포증, 니코틴의존, 니코틴금단, 알코올의존, 알코올남용을중심으로결과를분석하였다. 정신상태평가임상척도우울척도 : 북한어판 CES-D-NK(North Korean version of Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale) North Korean version of Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale( 이하 CES-D-NK) 를이용하여우울증상을평가하였다. CES-D는 1977년 Radloff 12 에의해개발된우울증의일차선별용척도로총 20문항으로구성되어있으며, 국내에서 Cho와 Kim 13 이한국어로번안하여표준화한것을북한어로번안하여사용하였다. 14 각문항은 0~3점척도로, 총점수의범위는 0~60점이다. 임상적우울증상점수의기준점은 21점을절단점으로하였으며, 점수가높을수록우울증상이심한것으로평가된다. 알코올사용장애척도 : 북한어판 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-North Korea(AUDIT-NK) 원판 Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-North Korea( 이하 AUDIT-NK) 는 WHO가 International Classification of Diseases-10 의진단기준에기초해위험음주를선별하기위해개발한자기보고식검사이며이를북한어판으로개발된것을사용하였다. 15 AUDIT 는알코올과관련된핵심질문 (core questionnaire) 과보조적인이학적검사 (complementary physical examination) 등 10문항으로구성돼있고구체적으로알코올의존에관한 3문항, 해로운음주에관한 3문항, 그리고위험한음주에대한 4문항으로이루어져있으며, 음주로인한해악과의존증상의유무보다는빈도에따라점수를매기도록되어있다. 국내에서도 Kim 등 16 은한글판 AUDIT 를사용하여일반인구를대상으로한연구를통해 15점이상일때를 알코올사용장애, 26점이상일때를 알코올의존 으로제안한바있다. Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October,

3 북한이탈주민의외상후스트레스장애 사건충격척도 : 북한어판 Impact of Event Scale Revised- North Korea (IES-R-NK) Impact of Event Scale Revised-North Korea( 이하 IES- R-NK) 를이용하여사건충격척도를평가하였다. 개정판사건충격척도 (Impact of Event Scale-Revised, 이하 IES-R) 17 는 Horowitz 등 18 이외상관련증상을자기보고식으로작성하는사건충격척도 (the Impact of Event Scale, IES) 를개발한이후 DSM-IV 의 PTSD진단기준을반영하기위해추가보완된것이다. 북한이탈주민으로이루어진번역팀과연구진은 IES-R 를북한어로번역및역번역하여 IES-R-NK 19 를만들었고신뢰도및타당도를검증하였다. 과각성 6문항, 회피 6문항, 침습 5문항, 수면장애및정서적마비 5문항으로구성되어총 22문항이며, IES-R-NK 에서는절단점을확인하지못했으나, 국내에서 Eun 등 20 은임상가용외상후스트레스장애척도 (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, 이하 CAPS) 21 를이용해한국어판 IES-R 의절단점으로 24/25점을제안하였다. 사회적고립 : 한국어판 University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale 외로움의정도는 1978년 Russell 등 22 에의해고안된 UCLA 외로움척도 를개정한 Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale 한글판을이용하여측정하였다. 이는신뢰도와타당도가인정된검사로서, 총 20항목의설문으로구성되어있고, 각설문마다 4지선답형으로답하게되어있다. 20항목의점수를모두합산하면 20 80점이며, 점수가높을수록외로움의정도가큰것으로판정하는상대비교의개념이다. 본연구에서는 10항목의축약판으로사용하였다. 회복탄력성 : 한국어판 Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) 회복탄력성을측정하기위해서 Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale( 이하 CD-RISC) 를사용하였다. 본연구에서는 Conner와 Davidson(2003) 23 이개발하여한국어로번안 24 한것을북한어전문가가북한어로번안하여사용하였다. CD- RISC는 5개의하위요인 ( 강인성, 인내, 낙관성, 지지, 영성 ), 총 25문항으로구성되어있고, 리커트식 5점척도로 전혀그렇지않다 (0) 에서 거의대부분그렇다 (4) 로평정한다. 총점수의범위는최저 0점에서최고 100점으로점수가높을수록회복탄력성이높다는것을의미한다. 2016년정신질환실태역학조사북한이탈주민과남한주민에서 PTSD 유병률및종류별외상경험을비교하기위해 2016년보건복지부국민정신질환 실태조사 (National Mental Health Epidemiological Survey) 25 에서일반인 5,102 명의데이터를수집했다 Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area( 이하 KECA) 는 K-CIDI 를이용하여남한주민들의주요정신질환유병률을산출한국가적대표역학조사로서 2016 년 4월 17일부터 2016 년 11월 30 일까지실시되었다. 연구대상자는지역사회에거주하고있는만 18세이상일반성인인구이며, 모집단인구조사에기반한다단계지역표본추출법을사용하여선별되었다. WHO가추천한 CIDI 교육을받은조사원들이대면인터뷰를진행하였고, 사회인구학특성에관한설문및여러임상척도를작성하도록했다. 자료분석북한이탈주민중 PTSD군과비PTSD군에서사회인구학적특성및주요정신질환공존여부를비교하기카이제곱검정을시행하였다. 북한이탈주민과남한주민에서전체대상자에서종류별외상경험비율에차이가있는지카이제곱검정을시행하였다. 또한북한및남한응답자중 PTSD 진단이내려진대상자중에서외상종류에따라 PTSD유병에차이가있는지보기위해서 PTSD 유무를종속변수로하고, 경험한외상의종류별유무, 지역과외상사건유무의교호작용효과 (Interaction Effect) 를독립변수로하는로지스틱회귀분석을수행하였고, 교호작용효과에대한 OR과 OR의 95% 신뢰구간산출하였다. PTSD군과비PTSD 군의정신상태정도를알아보기위해여러임상척도의평균값을 T-test 를시행하여검정하였다. 통계분석은 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences( 이하 SPSS) version 23.0 for window 를이용하였으며, 통계적유의수준은 0.05미만의 p값을기준으로판정하였다. 결과 연구대상자의사회인구학적특징북한이탈주민 300명을 PTSD 유무에따라사회인구학적임상적특성을 Table 1에비교하였다. 여성에서 PTSD가유의하게높았고 (93.5% ; χ 2 =7.342, p<0.01), PTSD군에서이혼 / 사별 / 별거의비율이 41.3% 로비PTSD군의 26.8% 보다높았으나통계적으로유의한수준은아니었다 (p=0.08). PTSD군에서가장낮은소득수준 ( 월 100만원이하 ) 집단이 74.4% 로비PTSD군에서 63.6% 에비해서높은경향이있었고특히고소득군이 ( 월 20만원이상 ) PTSD 군에서 0명인데비해비 PTSD군에서는 16% 정도를차지했다 (χ 2 =8.004, p<0.05). 연령이나교육수준면에서는유의한차이가없었다. 82 Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October, 2018

4 이경은등 외상종류에따른 PTSD 유병률및위험성분석 : 북한이탈주민과남한주민비교동일한 CIDI로평가한결과북한이탈주민에서 PTSD 평생유병률은 15.3% 로나왔고, 남한주민의경우 1.7% 로북한이탈주민에서약 9배높았다. 북한이탈주민들이남한주민에비하여대부분의심각한외상의경험률에서유의하게높았다 (Table 2). 북한이탈주민의경우 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 한경우 (36.7%) 가가장많은반면에남한주민의경우 목숨을잃을뻔한사고 (10.1%) 가가장흔하였다. 외상별로북한이탈주민과남한주민을비교해보면 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 한경우 36.7% 와 6.6% 로차이가매우컸고, 목숨을잃을뻔한사고 가각각 Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of North Korean defectors(%) Statistics Demographic PTSD No PTSD t or χ 2 p Sex Male Female Age (mean, SD) 39.9 (11.3) 38.5 (12.0) Education years (mean, SD) 10.4 (3.0) 11.1 (2.2) Employment status Employed Unemployed Housewife/student Marital status Married Widowed/separated/divorced Never married Monthly income (KR a thousand won) * , ,010-2, , * : Statistically significant at p value <0.05, : Statistically significant at p value <0.01 Table 2. The prevalence of trauma experience and the conditional risk of developing PTSD among North Korean and South Korean who experienced trauma (n,%) North Korean South Korean North Korean South Korean Trauma (n=300) (n=5102) Adjusted p PTSD PTSD OR (95% CI) p All respondent Positive (N=46) Negative (N=254) Positive (N=89) Negative (N=5013) Life-threatening accident 81 (27.0) 513 (10.1) (43.5) 61 (24.0) 28 (31.5) 485 (9.7) 0.56 ( ) Natural disaster 50 (16.7) 161 (3.2) (21.7) 40 (15.7) 10 (11.2) 151 (3.0) 0.38 ( ) Witness someone being killed seriously injured 110 (36.7) 338 (6.6) (52.2) 86 (33.9) 28 (31.5) 310 (6.2) 0.28 ( ) Raped 10 (3.3) 19 (0.4) (13.0) 4 (1.6) 7 (7.9) 12 (0.2) 0.26 ( ) Sexually assaulted 10 (3.3) 128 (2.5) (13.0) 4 (1.6) 12 (13.5) 116 (2.3) 1.32 ( ) Badly beaten up 54 (18.0) 120 (2.4) (32.6) 39 (15.4) 27 (30.3) 93 (1.9) 0.11 ( ) Threatened with a weapon, held 26 (8.7) 56 (1.1) (17.4) 18 (7.1) 13 (14.6) 43 (0.9) 0.17 ( ) captive, or kidnapped Tortured, or terrorized 45 (15.0) 8 (0.2) (21.7) 35 (13.8) 2 (2.2) 6 (0.1) 0.08 ( ) Learning about traumas to others 34 (11.3) 121 (2.4) (23.9) 23 (9.1) 21 (23.6) 100 (2.0) 0.21 ( ) Military combat 1 (0.3) 157 (3.1) (0.0) 1 (0.4) 4 (4.5) 153 (3.1) - - ORs were adjusted for sex and age. ORs for the prevalence of PTSD according to interaction between location (North Korea or South Korea) and trauma experience Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October,

5 북한이탈주민의외상후스트레스장애 27.0%, 10.1%, 신체적으로심하게폭행을당함 이각각 18.0%, 2.4%, 자연재해 가 16.7%, 3.2% 로나타났고, 고문이나폭행을당함 이 15.0%, 0.2% 로차이가있었다. 북한이탈주민과남한주민중 PTSD 진단군에서외상경험률을비교해보면북한이탈주민의경우 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 한경우 (52.2%) 로가장많았고남한주민의경우 누군가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격한것 과 목숨을잃을뻔한사고 가 31.5% 로가장흔하였다. 북한이탈주민에서는그외에 목숨을잃을뻔한사고 (43.5%), 신체적으로심하게폭행을당함 (32.6%) 의순이었다., 경험한외상종류별로북한이탈주민과남한주민의 PTSD 유병율이따른차이가있는지알아보기위해지역 ( 북한또는남한 ) 과외상종류별 PTSD에대한교호작용효과를검정했다. 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 하는종류의외상을경험한경우에북한이탈주민이외상에보다많이노출되지만, 남한주민에비해 PTSD로발병할위험성 (OR=0.28, 95% CI=0.13~0.61, p=0.001) 이더낮았다. 마찬가지로, 신체적으로심하게폭행을당함 (OR=0.11, 95% CI= 0.05~0.27, p=0.000), 흉기로위협을받거나, 포로가되거나, 납치를당함 (OR=0.17, 95% CI=0.06~0.53, p=0.002), 고문이나폭행을당함 (OR=0.08, 95% CI=0.01~0.49, p=0.006) 등으로나타나서남한주민의경우외상에노출된빈도는낮지만 경험한많은수에서 PTSD가되고, 북한이탈주민의경우외상에노출되는빈도는매우높은반면그중일부만 full PTSD 로발병하는것으로나타났다. PTSD군과비PTSD군의정신상태비교북한이탈주민중 PTSD군과비PTSD군의정신상태를비교하기위해서여러임상척도의평균값을 Table 3에기술하였다. CES-D-NK 로측정한 PTSD군의우울증상점수의평균은 43.7(SD=15.3) 으로비PTSD군의 32.1(SD=11.4) 에비하여통계적으로유의하게높았다 (t=-4.806, p=0.000). 하지만두군의평균우울점수는 CES-D 의유의한우울수준으로알려진절단점인 21점보다높았다. IES-R-NK 로측정한 PTSD 군의사건충격척도점수의평균은 44.3(SD=17.8) 으로비PTSD 군은 25.5(SD=19.3) 에비하여통계적으로유의하게높았다 (t= , p=0.000). PTSD군은 UCLA 외로움척도 (PTSD=20.4, 비PTSD=17.4) 로측정한외로움에서유의하게높았으며 CD- RISC로측정한회복탄력성 (PTSD=65.0, 비PTSD=74.6) 에서유의하게낮았다. PTSD군과비PTSD군의주요공존정신질환의차이북한이탈주민중 PTSD군과비PTSD군에서, 주요정신질환의공존률에차이가있는지를분석하였다 (Table 4). PTSD Table 3. Comparison of scales for psychological evaluations among North Korean defectors with/without PTSD (mean, SD) Statistics PTSD Non PTSD t p Depression (CES-D-NK) 43.7 (15.3) 32.1 (11.4) Alcohol dependence (AUDIT-NK) 5.5 (7.2) 3.8 (5.7) Posttraumatic stress (IES-R-NK) 44.3 (17.8) 25.5 (19.3) Social loneliness (UCLA) 20.4 (5.7) 17.4 (5.0) Resilience (CD-RISC) 65.0 (21.6) 74.6 (17.1) * : Statistically significant at p value <0.05, : Statistically significant at p value <0.01, : Statistically significant at p value <0.001 Table 4. Comorbidity with other DSM-IV disorders among North Korean defectors with and those without PTSD PTSD Non PTSD Statistics % (SE) % (SE) OR (95% CI) χ 2 p Major depressive disorder 41.3 (7.3) 21.3 (2.6) 2.61 ( ) Dysthymia 13.0 (5.0)* 4.3 (1.3) 3.31 ( ) Generalized anxiety disorder 19.6 (5.9) 10.6 (1.9) 2.05 ( ) Agoraphobia 17.4 (5.6) 2.4 (1.0) 8.70 ( ) Panic disorder 17.4 (5.6) 3.1 (1.1) 6.47 ( ) Specific phobia 39.1 (7.2) 18.9 (2.5) 2.76 ( ) Social phobia 23.9 (6.3) 4.3 (1.3) 6.94 ( ) Nicotine dependence 4.3 (3.0) 7.5 (1.7) 0.56 ( ) Nicotine withdrawal 4.3 (3.0) 2.8 (1.0) 1.60 ( ) Alcohol dependence 21.7 (6.1) 8.7 (1.8) 2.93 ( ) Alcohol abuse 15.2 (5.3) 10.2 (1.9) 1.57 ( ) Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October, 2018

6 이경은등 군에서광장공포증 (OR=8.70, 95% CI=2.86~26.46, p=0.000), 사회공포증 (OR=6.94, 95% CI=2.80~17.21, p=0.000), 공황장애 (OR=6.47, 95% CI=2.29~18.28, p=0.000) 순으로통계적으로유의하게공존질환을가질위험도가높았으며그외에주요우울장애, 기분부전장애, 알코올의존, 특정공포증에서도통계적으로공존질환위험도가높았다. 고찰 본연구는최근 3년이내에남한으로입국한 300명의북한이탈주민을대상으로외상후스트레스장애와관련된외상사건의특성및정신상태등을살펴보았다. 본연구결과북한이탈주민의평생유병률은 15.3% 로나타났고, 이는남한주민의 1.7% 에비하여약 9배정도높았다. 미국과유럽으로이주한 6,743 명의난민을대상으로한연구에서전체난민중 9% (99% CI 8~10%) 가 PTSD 진단을받았던결과 26 와비교하면북한이탈주민의유병률은상당히높은편이다. 선행된다른국내연구들을보면, 면담방식으로평가한연구에서는북한이탈주민의 PTSD는 5.2% 7 로진단되었고, 외상척도를이용하여 27.4% 로진단 27 되었다. 기존북한이탈주민을대상으로한많은연구들은각자다른진단도구를이용하여임상적유병률을산출하여결과마다차이가상당했다. 28,29 본본연구는표준화된진단도구 (NK-CIDI) 를이용하여북한이탈주민의 PTSD 유병률을산출한첫번째연구이며같은시기에실시된남한일반인구와비교하였다는점에서의의가있다. 본연구에서는북한이탈주민및남한주민에서외상사건의경험률을비교하였는데, 북한이탈주민이가장많이경험한외상사건은 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 한경우 (36.7%) 였고, 이는선행연구 30 결과에서북한이탈주민이가장많이경험한외상유형으로 타인의죽음 (36.2%) 과비슷한결과이다. 북한이탈주민은북한에서거주중에공개처형장면을의무적으로목격하게되는데바로이런공개처형목격이탈북민의외상후스트레스장애및정신질환발병과밀접한관련이있다고보인다. 북한이탈주민은목숨을잃을뻔한사고가 27.0%, 신체적으로심하게폭행을당함이 18.0%, 고문이나테러당하는경우가 15.0% 로생명의위협을당하는일이매우광범위하였음을알수있었다. 그에반면에남한주민의경우 목숨을잃을뻔한사고 (10.1%) 가가장흔한외상으로나타났으며, 그대부분이교통사고이다. 한국인이경험한외상사건의종류및발생률에대한연구 31 에서도우리나라사람들이가장많이보고한사건은 교통사고, 사랑하는사람의갑작스러운죽음 이었으며엘리베이터사고등으로타인에의한폭력보다는생활속의안전문제가주로흔하였다. 남한주민중 PTSD로진단된군에서외상사건경험률을비교해보면전체대상자의외상사건경험률의차이에비해많이줄어들지만북한이탈주민에서고문이나테러당하는경우 (9.9배 ), 자연재해 (1.9 배 ), 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 (1.7 배 ), 성폭행 (1.7 배 ) 의경우북한이탈주민 PTSD군에서남한 PTSD군에비해더많이경험하였다. 북한이탈주민에서각외상사건별로 PTSD군과비PTSD군의경험비율을살펴보면성폭력 (8.1배 ) 이가장높았고, 외상사건이가까운사람에게일어나서심한충격을받음 (2.6배), 흉기로위협을받거나, 포로가되거나, 납치를당함 (2.4배) 순으로높았다. 선행연구 30 에서북한이탈주민들은폭행및성폭행등의대인외상과질병외상을경험한집단이비경험집단에비해복합 PTSD 및 PTSD 증상, 우울수준이높았던것과일부유사한결과이다. 본연구결과북한이탈주민에서는성폭행, 신체적폭행, 포로가되거나납치를당하는등의본인이직접겪는외상사건뿐만이아니라외상이가까운사람에게일어나서심한충격을받는등의간접외상사건을경험하는경우에도 PTSD로이환될가능성이높은것으로나타났다. 북한이탈주민의경우남한주민에비해외상에노출된빈도는높지만외상에노출된비율에비하여 PTSD로발병한비율이남한주민에비하여낮았다. 그이유는다음과같이설명될수있다. 첫째, 북한이탈주민의경우어린시절부터북한내에서와탈북과정에서반복적으로외상사건에노출되면서탈감작화되어증상에대한충격이낮아져있어서외상후스트레스장애로덜발전할수있다 북한인권백서 는지난 2000년이후지난해까지공개처형당한북한주민이모두 1,382명으로추산된다고밝혔다. 이처럼어린시절부터공개처형을목격하거나, 탈북과정에서겪는기아, 가족구성원의상실, 가족 친지의죽음, 죽음의위기, 심리적또는신체적고문, 여성의성폭행, 강제송환등의여러외상사건에노출되면서탈감작화되어 PTSD까지이환되지않을수있다. Table 3결과를보면, 비PTSD군에서 IES-R-NK 로측정한점수가 25.5으로나타나한국어판 IES-R 의절단점이 24/25점 20 임을고려할때비PTSD군의상당수에서외상후스트레스장애증상이상당함을알수있었다. 이는북한이탈주민들에서외상사건에노출되면서 PTSD의진단기준을충족할정도가아니어도상당수가임상적관심이필요한준임상 (subclinical) PTSD 상태임을알수있다. 둘째, 북한이탈주민에서정신적외상의영향이교과서적인 PTSD 증상보다는신체화양상으로나타날수있다. 북한이탈주민의경우우울하거나불안한증상들도단순한신체증상으로인지하고정신건강의학과를방문하지않는경우가많다. 정서적표현보다는신체화증상을주로표현하는특징을고려한다면북한이탈주민스스로겪는증 Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October,

7 북한이탈주민의외상후스트레스장애 상들이정신적인문제일수있다는것을이해하고받아들이는데어려움 6 이있어진단적으로과소평가될가능성이있다. 북한이탈주민의 PTSD군의공존질환으로는주요우울장애 (41.3%) 가가장높았다. 외국난민연구에서도외상사건을지속적으로경험할가능성이많은경우 PTSD와함께주요우울장애로이환될위험성이높다 32 는결과와일치한다. 또한연구결과북한이탈주민의 PTSD군에서비PTSD군보다광장공포증, 사회공포증, 공황장애순으로공존할위험성이높은것으로나타났다. 이처럼북한이탈주민들만이특수하게경험하는외상경험과그로인한불안, 우울등의증상정도가높기때문에보다적극적인정신건강관리에대한필요성이요구되는바이다. 이연구의제한점으로는첫째, 최근 3년이내에입국한북한이탈주민에서무작위추출된표본이아니라서북한이탈주민을대표하지못한다는점이다. 둘째, 외상의종류가북한이탈주민들만이특수하게경험할수있는강제북송, 인신매매등의특수한외상으로구체화되지못했다. 그이유는 CIDI의외상항목을이용했다는점과남한인구와비교를위래서표준화된방법을사용할수밖에없었다는점이다. 그리고외상을받은시기를특정화하지못해서외상을받은국가나외상의호발시기를알수없었다. 결론 본연구는표준화된진단도구를통해북한이탈주민의 PTSD 유병률을산출하여남한일반인구와비교한첫번째연구이며, 경험한외상사건의빈도및유형에따른외상후스트레스장애발병과의관계를파악해보았다는점에서의의가있다. 북한이탈주민의 PTSD 유병률이 15.3% 으로남한주민의 1.7% 에비하여매우높았다. 북한이탈주민들은남한주민에비하여심각한외상항목에서높은경험률을보였는데 누군가가심하게다치거나처참하게죽는것을목격 한경우 가가장흔하였다. 북한이탈주민 PTSD군은비PTSD군에비하여주요우울장애, 공황장애, 광장공포증, 특정공포증등의흔한정신질환과공존율이높았다. 북한이탈주민은북한및탈북과정에서심각한정신적외상을경험한후높은외상후스트레스장애유병률을보이고있었다. 또한이들은다양한우울불안증상을경험하고있어서초기에이들을진단하고적절한치료를제공하는것은이들의한국사회에성공적인정착에필수적이다. 중심단어 : 북한이탈주민 유병률 외상후스트레스장애 정신건강. REFERENCES 1. Unification Ministry of Korea. North Korean Defectors Government Policy. Seoul: Unification Ministry of Korea, Department of Settlement Support; Jeon WT. Review of adaptation and mental health of refugees and perspectives and counterplots in Korean reunification process. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 1997;36: Ju JN, Young LW, Seok NM, Yip PSF. The impact of indiscriminate media coverage of a celebrity suicide on a society with a high suicide rate: Epidemiological findings on copycat suicides from South Korea. Journal of Affective Disorders;156: Hollifield M, Warner TD, Lian N, Krakow B, Jenkins JH, Kesler J, et al. Measuring trauma and health status in refugees: a critical review. JAMA 2002;288: Kinzie JD, Boehnlein JK, Leung PK, Moore LJ, Riley C, Smith D. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and its clinical significance among Southeast Asian refugees. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: Lee Y, Lee MK, Chun KH, Lee YK, Yoon SJ. Trauma experience of North Korean refugees in China. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001;20: Kim Y, Jeon W, Cho Y. A Study on the Prevalence and the Influencing Factors of the Mental Health Problems Among Recent Migrant North Koreans: A Focus on 2007 Entrants. Unification Policy Research 2010;19: Lee Y, Lee M, Park S. Mental health status of North Korean refugees in South Korea and risk and protective factors: a 10-year review of the literature. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2017;8: Hong CH, Jeon WT, Lee CH, Kim DK, Han M, Min SK. Relationship between Traumatic Events and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among North Korean Refugees. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2005; 44: Robins LN, Wing J, Wittchen HU, Helzer JE, Babor TF, Burke J, et al. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview. An epidemiologic Instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: Lee T, Ahn M-H, Jun JY, Han JM, Lee SH, Hahm B-J, et al. Development of North Korean Version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 2015;54: Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale. Applied Psychological Measurement 1977;1: Cho MJ, Kim KH. Diagnostic validity of the CES-D (Korean Version) in the assessment of DSM-III-R major depression. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 1993;32: Park SJ, Lee SH, Jun JY, Lee TY, Han JM, Ahn MH, et al. Reliability and Validity of the North Korean Version of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-NK) Anxiety and Mood 2015;11: Kim H, Lee SH, Jun JY, Lee TY, Han JM, Ahn MH, et al. Reliability and Validity of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test North Korean version (AUDIT-NK ). Journal of Korean Academy of Addiction Psychiatry 2016;20: Kim JS, Oh MK, Park BK, Lee MK, Kim GJ. Screening criteria of alcoholism by alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) in Korea. J Korean Acad Fam Med 1999;20: Weiss DS. The Impact of Event Scale: Reviseded). In: Wilson JP, Tang CS-k, editors. Cross-Cultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD. Boston, MA: Springer US;2007, p Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med 1979;41: Won S-D, Lee SH, Hong JP, Jun JY, Han JM, Shin MN, et al. A Study on Reliability and Validity of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised-North Korea (IES-R-NK). J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2015; 54: Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October, 2018

8 이경은등 20. Eun HJ, Kwon TW, Lee SM, Kim TH, Choi MR, Cho SJ. A Study on Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Korean Neuropsychiatric Association 2005;44: Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS, et al. The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress 1995;8: Kim OS. Korean Version of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Reliability and Validity Test. J Nurs Acad Soc 1997;27: Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety 2003;18: Baek HS, Lee KU, Joo EJ, Lee MY, Choi KS. Reliability and Validity of the Korean Versionof the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Psychiatry Investigation 2010;7: Department of Health and Welfare. The survey of mental disorders in Korea Department of Health and Welfare; Fazel M, Wheeler J, Danesh J. Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet 2005;365: Kim SR. Development of trauma scale for North Korean refugee. Seoul: Department of Psychology, the Graduate School Yonsei University Kim S, Kim H, Kim J, Cho S, Lee Y. Relationship between Physical Illness and Depression in North Korean Defectors. Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine 2011;19: Jeon B-H, Kim M-D, Hong S-C, Kim N-R, Lee C-I, Kwak Y-S, et al. Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among North Korean defectors living in South Korea for more than one year. Psychiatry Investigation 2009;6: Kim H. Difference on Complex PTSD and PTSD symptoms according to types of traumatic events in North Korean Refugees. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2012;31: Seo YS, Cho HC, Ahn HY, Lee JS. Traumatic Events Experienced by South Koreans: Types and Prevalence. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2012;24: Sack WH, Seeley JR, Clarke GN. Does PTSD Transcend Cultural Barriers? A Study From the Khmer Adolescent Refugee Project. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1997;36: Anxiety and Mood Volume 14, No 2 October,

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구

한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -

More information

012임수진

012임수진 Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar

More information

A Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran

More information

386-390.hwp

386-390.hwp 386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon

More information

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;

,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006; ,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).

More information

<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770>

<C7D1B1B9B1B3C0B0B0B3B9DFBFF85FC7D1B1B9B1B3C0B05F3430B1C733C8A35FC5EBC7D5BABB28C3D6C1BE292DC7A5C1F6C6F7C7D42E687770> 기혼 여성이 사이버대학에서 상담을 전공하면서 겪는 경험 방기연 (고려사이버대학교 상담심리학과 부교수) * 요 약 본 연구는 기혼 여성의 사이버대학 상담전공 학과 입학에서 졸업까지의 경험을 이해하는 것을 목적으로 한 다. 이를 위해 연구참여자 10명을 대상으로 심층면접을 하고, 합의적 질적 분석 방법으로 분석하였다. 입학 전 에 연구참여자들은 고등교육의 기회를

More information

Lumbar spine

Lumbar spine Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical

More information

- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α

More information

Study on the Improvement of Management System through Analysis of golf semi- market: Focus on Physical Education Facility Act Ji-Myung Jung 1, Ju-Ho Park 2 *, & Youngdae Lee 3 1 Korea Institute of Sport

More information

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( )

:,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α= ,.,,..,,,.,. :,, ( ) :,,.,. 456, 253 ( 89, 164 ), 203 ( 44, 159 ). Cronbach α=.83.91.,.,,..,,,.,. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ..,.,.,. Bandura(1997),.,,,,., (,,, 2009), (,,,, 2014).?.,,,.. Bandura (1995) (Resiliency

More information

歯14.양돈규.hwp

歯14.양돈규.hwp : The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2003. Vol. 15, No. 3, 615-631. 1 2 3 1,410.,, ( ),., ( 69%),.,, ( ), ( ).,,.., ( ).,. :,,. :, (390-711) 21-1, : 043-649-1362 E-mail : ydk9498@hanmail.net

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -

More information

A Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer

More information

Microsoft Word doc

Microsoft Word doc KISEP Original Article J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc Vol 45, No 1 북한이탈주민의외상후스트레스장애에대한 3 년추적연구 홍창형 1 유정자 2 조영아 3 엄진섭 4 구현지 1 서승원 1 안은미 5 민성길 1 전우택 6 A 3-Year Follow-Up Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

More information

서론 34 2

서론 34 2 34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: The Effect of Caree

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI:   The Effect of Caree Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.325-349 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.325 The Effect of Career Preparation Behavior Before and After Major Transitions

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although

More information

Microsoft Word - 통신원소식_미주_2010-Vol.7.doc

Microsoft Word - 통신원소식_미주_2010-Vol.7.doc 미주 2010년 11월 해외소식 미국 정착 난민들의 정신건강 검진 정책 및 현황 상당수의 난민은 제3국에 정착하기까지 전쟁, 고문, 가족의 죽음 등과 같은 정신적 외상(trauma)을 경험한다. 미국에 정착하는 난민들의 정신건강 실태에 대한 메타 분석 결과에 따르면, 성인은 물론이고 다수의 난민 아동 청소년에게서도 정신적 외상에 의한 외상후 스트레스

More information

Rheu-suppl hwp

Rheu-suppl hwp Objective: This paper reviews the existing Korean medical and public health, and nursing academy articles on disease-specific and domain-specific quality of life, and provides recommendations for the universally

More information

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의

Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 라이프스타일은 개인 생활에 있어 심리적 문화적 사회적 모든 측면의 생활방식과 차이 전체를 말한다. 이러한 라이프스 타일은 사람의 내재된 가치관이나 욕구, 행동 변화를 파악하여 소비행동과 심리를 추측할 수 있고, 개인의 RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 한국 중년 여성의 라이프스타일이 메이크업 추구이미지와 화장품 구매행동에 미치는 영향 주영주 1 *, 이순희 2 1 서경대학교대학원미용예술학과, 2 신성대학교 미용예술계열 The Effects of The Life Style for Korean Middle Aged Women on

More information

online ML Comm ORIGINAL ARTICLE J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2012;51:77-84 ISSN 한국판정신장애진단선별질문지의표준화연구 : 최적절단점 계명대학교의과대학동산의료원정

online ML Comm ORIGINAL ARTICLE J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2012;51:77-84 ISSN 한국판정신장애진단선별질문지의표준화연구 : 최적절단점 계명대학교의과대학동산의료원정 online ML Comm ORIGINAL ARTICLE J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 12;51:77-84 ISSN 115-4817 www.knpa.or.kr 한국판정신장애진단선별질문지의표준화연구 : 최적절단점 계명대학교의과대학동산의료원정신건강의학교실, 1 대구한마음병원, 2 CHA의과학대학교구미차병원정신건강의학교실, 3 동국대학교의과대학경주병원정신건강의학교실,

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT

More information

노인정신의학회보14-1호

노인정신의학회보14-1호 제14권 1호 통권 제23호 www.kagp.or.kr 발행인 : 정인과 / 편집인 : 이동우 / 발행처 : 정인과 (152-703) 서울특별시 구로구 구로동 80번지 고려대학교 구로병원 정신과 / TEL : 02-818-6608 / FAX : 02-852-1937 발행일 : 2008년 4월 30일 / 제 작 : (주)엠엘커뮤니케이션 140-846 서울특별시

More information

다문화 가정의 부모

다문화 가정의 부모 영유아아동정신건강연구 Korean Journal for Infant Mental Health 2013, Vol. 6, No. 1, 57-84 영유아기정서및행동문제에대한 부모와일반교사의인식및지원욕구조사 - 57 - 영유아아동정신건강연구 6 권 1 호 - 58 - 영유아기정서및행동문제에대한부모와일반교사의인식및지원욕구조사 - 59 - 영유아아동정신건강연구 6 권

More information

1..

1.. Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :

More information

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Study on the Pe

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI:   * A Study on the Pe Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.405-425 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.405 * A Study on the Perceptions and Factors of Immigrant Background Youth

More information

Abstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,

More information

A 617

A 617 Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R

More information

433대지05박창용

433대지05박창용 Recent Changes in Summer Precipitation Characteristics over South Korea Changyong Park* JaYeon Moon** Eun-Jeong Cha*** Won-Tae Yun**** Youngeun Choi***** 1958 2007 6 9 6 9 10 10 10 10 10 Abstract This

More information

untitled

untitled Original Article Experiences of Unwed Mothers Choi, Yang-Ja 1) Kim, Kwuy-Bun 2) 1) Professor, Redcross College of Nursing, 2) Professor, Kyung Hee University, College of Nursing Science 1) 2) 1) 2) Purpose:

More information

YI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w

YI Ggodme : The Lives and Diseases of Females during the Latter Half of the Joseon Dynasty as Reconstructed with Cases in Yeoksi Manpil (Stray Notes w 497 의사학 제24권 제2호(통권 제50호) 2015년 8월 Korean J Med Hist 24 ː497-532 Aug 2015 c대한의사학회 http://dx.doi.org/10.13081/kjmh.2015.24.497 pissn 1225-505X, eissn 2093-5609 역시만필( 歷 試 漫 筆 ) 의 사례로 재구성한 조선후기 여성의 삶과 질병

More information

서론

서론 - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - - 20 - - 21 - - 22 - - 23 - - 24 - -

More information

27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( :

27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( : 27 2, 1-16, 2009. * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: jjhkim@cau.ac.kr) 2 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009 Ⅰ.,. 2008 3,536, 10 99.9% (, 2008). PC,, (, 2007). (, 2008),.,

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing

More information

歯1.PDF

歯1.PDF 200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI:   * The Mediating Eff Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.159-177 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.159 * The Mediating Effects of Self-esteem on the Relationship between Social

More information

,......

,...... The Impact of Personal Traits, Family Characteristics, and Job Satisfaction on the Psychological Well-Being of Middle Aged Men from the Baby Boomer Generation Working in Large Corporations Department of

More information

03이경미(237~248)ok

03이경미(237~248)ok The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).

More information

278 경찰학연구제 12 권제 3 호 ( 통권제 31 호 )

278 경찰학연구제 12 권제 3 호 ( 통권제 31 호 ) 여성경찰관의직업윤리의식결정요인분석 * An Analysis of Determinantal Factors Influencing Professional Ethical Standards of South Korean Police Women 신문희 ** 이영민 *** Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅱ. 이론적배경 Ⅲ. 연구방법 Ⅳ. 연구결과 Ⅴ. 결론 Ⅰ. 서론 278 경찰학연구제 12

More information

., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, 23 3 (, ) () () 25, (),,,, (,,, 2015b). 1 5,

., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), () 65, 4 51, (,, ). 33, 4 30, 23 3 (, ) () () 25, (),,,, (,,, 2015b). 1 5, * 4.,, 3,,, 3,, -., 3, 12, 27, 20. 9,,,,,,,,. 6,,,,,. 5,,,,.. * (2016),. (Corresponding Author): / / 303 Tel: 063-225-4496 / E-mail: jnj1015@jj.ac.kr ., (, 2000;, 1993;,,, 1994), 2000. 2015 () 65, 4 51,

More information

online ML Comm ORIGINAL ARTICLE J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2014;53(6): Print ISSN On

online ML Comm   ORIGINAL ARTICLE J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2014;53(6): Print ISSN On online ML Comm http://dx.doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2014.53.6.410 ORIGINAL ARTICLE J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc 2014;53(6):410-417 Print ISSN 1015-4817 Online ISSN 2289-0963 www.jknpa.org 한국판외상후스트레스장애체크리스트

More information

Analysis of teacher s perception and organization on physical education elective courses Chang-Wan Yu* Korea Institute of curriculum and evaluation [Purpose] [Methods] [Results] [Conclusions] Key words:

More information

인문사회과학기술융합학회

인문사회과학기술융합학회 Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology Vol.5, No.4, August (2015), pp.631-648 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2015.08.77 보육의 위기적 현상과 재난안전관리의 문제점 조망

More information

Kbcs002.hwp

Kbcs002.hwp Does Real-time Compound Imaging Improve Evaluation of reast Cancer Compared to Conventional Sonography? o Kyoung Seo, M.D., Yu Whan Oh, M.D., Kyu Ran Cho, M.D., Young Hen Lee, M.D., Hyung Joon Noh, M.D.,

More information

untitled

untitled 대한마취과학회지 2008; 55: 190~6 Korean J Anesthesiol Vol. 55, No. 2, August, 2008 임상연구 대한민국의 마취통증의학 임상실습 현황 연세대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 및 마취통증의학연구소 장동진ㆍ안소운ㆍ안지원ㆍ김종훈 The current status of anesthesiology clerkship in Korea

More information

03-서연옥.hwp

03-서연옥.hwp 농업생명과학연구 49(4) pp.31-37 Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 49(4) pp.31-37 Print ISSN 1598-5504 Online ISSN 2383-8272 http://dx.doi.org/10.14397/jals.2015.49.4.31 국가산림자원조사 자료를 적용한 충남지역 사유림경영율 추정 서연옥

More information

Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ

Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in University & 2 Kang Won University [Purpose] [Methods]

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   3 * Effects of 9th Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster

More information

(

( 317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI: * Strenghening the Cap

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp DOI:   * Strenghening the Cap Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.27-43 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.3.201809.27 * Strenghening the Capacity of Cultural Arts Required in Special Education

More information

저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Study on Teache

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Study on Teache Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.149-171 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.4.201712.149 * A Study on Teachers and Parents Perceptions on the Introduction of Innovational

More information

Jkcs022(89-113).hwp

Jkcs022(89-113).hwp 대한배뇨장애 및 요실금 학회지 J. Korean Continence Society 2004;8:89-113 Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom 설문지의 한국어 번역 및 번역본의 언어 타당도 Seung-June Oh*, Hyung Geun Park*, Sung Hyun Paick, Won Hee Park and Myung-Soo

More information

. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( )

. 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, ( ) . 45 1,258 ( 601, 657; 1,111, 147). Cronbach α=.67.95, 95.1%, Kappa.95.,,,,,,.,...,.,,,,.,,,,,.. :,, (402-751) 253 E-mail : yspark@inha.ac.kr ,. (, 2011),, 1980 5 49.9%, 4 (20.3%). 1985, 5 (39.0%), 4 (25.3%).

More information

<30342E20B1E8C7F6BFEC2C20B1E8C8A3C1D82C20B9DABFB5C8B82E687770>

<30342E20B1E8C7F6BFEC2C20B1E8C8A3C1D82C20B9DABFB5C8B82E687770> 교통사고환자에서의외상후스트레스장애에대한문헌고찰 東醫寶鑑을중심으로 Review of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) Symptoms in Traffic Accident Patients. Hyun-Woo Kim, O.M.D., Ho-Jun Kim, O.M.D., Young-Hoi Park, O.M.D., Dong-Ho Keum,

More information

저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할

저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할 저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,

More information

04_이근원_21~27.hwp

04_이근원_21~27.hwp 1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일

More information

<35BFCFBCBA2E687770>

<35BFCFBCBA2E687770> 주요개념 : 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자, 성지식, 성태도 남자중학생의 컴퓨터음란물 접촉자와 비접촉자간의 성지식과 태도의 차이 김 영 혜* 이 화 자** 정 향 미*** 1. 연구의 필요성 한국은 I. 서 론 1960 년대 이후부터 시작된 돌진적 산업화 ( 한 상진, 1996) 로 인하여 경제적 부흥을 이루어 집집마다 TV 수상기를 가질 수 있게 되었고 최근에는 PC보급율

More information

<30392EB9DAB0A1B6F72CC1A4B3B2BFEE2E687770>

<30392EB9DAB0A1B6F72CC1A4B3B2BFEE2E687770> 한국심리학회지 : 상담 및 심리치료 The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy 2008, Vol. 20 No. 1, 161-182 성폭력 상담에서 내담자들이 지각한 도움경험(Helpful Experience): 질적 분석 * 박 가 람 정 남 운 가톨릭대학교 본 연구는 성폭력 상담에서 내담자들이 지각하는 도움경험과

More information

이용석 박환용 - 베이비부머의 특성에 따른 주택유형 선택 변화 연구.hwp

이용석 박환용 - 베이비부머의 특성에 따른 주택유형 선택 변화 연구.hwp 住居環境 韓國住居環境學會誌 第 11 卷 1 號 ( 通卷第 20 號 ) pp. 159~172 투고 ( 접수 ) 일 : 2013.02.28. 게재확정일자 : 2013.04.04. The change of housing choice by characteristics of the Baby Boomers Lee, Yong-Seok Park, Hwan-Yong Abstract

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Effect of Paren

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI:   * The Effect of Paren Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.95-116 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.95 * The Effect of Parent Education Program Using Action Learning on Family

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: 3 * The Effect of H

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   3 * The Effect of H Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.577-601 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.577 3 * The Effect of Home-based Activities Using Traditional Fairy Tales

More information

지난 2009년 11월 애플의 아이폰 출시로 대중화에 접어든 국내 스마트폰의 역사는 4년 만에 ‘1인 1스마트폰 시대’를 눈앞에 두면서 모바일 최강국의 꿈을 실현해 가고 있다

지난 2009년 11월 애플의 아이폰 출시로 대중화에 접어든 국내 스마트폰의 역사는 4년 만에 ‘1인 1스마트폰 시대’를 눈앞에 두면서 모바일 최강국의 꿈을 실현해 가고 있다 : * 30~40.,, 30~40 646.,..,.,.,,,.. * (2014) 30~40. :,, (120-728) 34 Tel : 02-300-0899, E-mail : hyhong@mju.ac.kr 2009 11 4 1 1, (2014) 2014 8 4,000. (, 2012).. (2013) 77.4%, 53.9%. 61.6%, 11.5%, 1% (,

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina

More information

605.fm

605.fm Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 19, No. 6, 2008 y k y p w sƒ Care-giver s Needs and Evaluation on the Actual Condition of the Playgrounds in Child Care Facilities y* Choi, Mock-Wha x **

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI:   * The Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and

More information

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ

139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ 2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,

More information

hwp

hwp 심사위원 심사위원 심사위원 인 인 인 - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - Ⅰ. 서 - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - 항목 건강하지못하다 주관적구강상태 보통이다

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI: IPA * Analysis of Perc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp DOI:   IPA * Analysis of Perc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.45-72 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.2.201806.45 IPA * Analysis of Perception and Needs on Teaching Competencies of Faculty

More information

Àå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö

Àå¾Ö¿Í°í¿ë ³»Áö Disability & Employment 55 Disability & Employment 56 57 Disability & Employment 58 59 Disability & Employment 60 61 Disability & Employment 62 63 Disability & Employment 64 65 Disability & Employment

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: * A Analysis of Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.99-117 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.99 2015 * A Analysis of the Characters and Issues about the 2015 Revised Social

More information

(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re

(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re EMF Health Effect 2003 10 20 21-29 2-10 - - ( ) area spot measurement - - 1 (Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern

More information

Effects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results]

More information

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie

Abstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung

More information

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF

歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI:   : Researc Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education

More information

12이문규

12이문규 Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental

More information

ePapyrus PDF Document

ePapyrus PDF Document Introduction 373 374 Definition of Child Abuse 375 376 Current Status of Child Abuse 377 378 Causes of Child Abuse 379 Signs and Sequelae of Child Abuse 380 A B C 381 382 383 384 385 Clinical Evaluation

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI:   * A Research Trend Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities

More information

232 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 I. 서 론 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 사회가 다원화될수록 다양성과 복합성의 요소는 증가하게 된다. 도시의 발달은 사회의 다원 화와 밀접하게 관련되어 있기 때문에 현대화된 도시는 경제, 사회, 정치 등이 복합적으로 연 계되어 있어 특

232 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 I. 서 론 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 사회가 다원화될수록 다양성과 복합성의 요소는 증가하게 된다. 도시의 발달은 사회의 다원 화와 밀접하게 관련되어 있기 때문에 현대화된 도시는 경제, 사회, 정치 등이 복합적으로 연 계되어 있어 특 한국도시행정학회 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 2012. 12 : pp.231~251 생활지향형 요소의 근린주거공간 분포특성 연구: 경기도 시 군을 중심으로* Spatial Distribution of Daily Life-Oriented Features in the Neighborhood: Focused on Municipalities of Gyeonggi Province

More information

???? 1

???? 1 The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial

More information

27 2, * ** 3, 3,. B ,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability

27 2, * ** 3, 3,. B ,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability 27 2, 71-90. 2009. 3 * ** 3, 3,. B 2003 4 2004 2.,.,,,. 3,.,,,,..,. :,, : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/21 : 2009/09/30 * ICAD (Institute for Children Ability Development) ** ( : heyjun@gmail.com) 72 한국교육문제연구제

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI: (NCS) Method of Con

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp DOI:   (NCS) Method of Con Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.181-212 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.3.201709.181 (NCS) Method of Constructing and Using the Differentiated National Competency

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI: A study on Characte

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp DOI:   A study on Characte Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.381-404 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.1.201803.381 A study on Characteristics of Action Learning by Analyzing Learners Experiences

More information

,......

,...... A Study of Children s Anger-Expression Styles: A Q-Methodological Approach Department of Child & Family Studies, Kyungpook National University Lecturer : Hye Ju Jang Department of Child & Family StudiesCBA(center

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 3~30 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2016. 01. 08 2016. 01. 09 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp.1-19 DOI: *,..,,,.,.,,,,.,,,,, ( )

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp.1-19 DOI:   *,..,,,.,.,,,,.,,,,, ( ) Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp.1-19 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.1.201604.1 *,..,,,.,.,,,,.,,,,, ( ).,,,. * 2014. 2015. ** 1, : (E-mail: cajoo@pusan.ac.kr)

More information

탈북청소년의 경계 경험과 정체성 재구성 인 쇄 발 행 2014년 12월 2014년 12월 발 행 처 통일연구원 발 행 인 최진욱 편 집 인 통일정책연구센터 등 록 제2-02361호 (97.4.23) 주 소 (142-728)서울시 강북구 4.19로 123(수유동)통일연구원 전 화 (대표)900-4300(직통)901-2523(팩시밀리)901-2544 홈페이지 htp:/www.kinu.or.kr

More information

<31372DB9CCB7A1C1F6C7E22E687770>

<31372DB9CCB7A1C1F6C7E22E687770> 미래지향 고령친화 주거디자인을 위한 예비노인층의 라이프스타일 특성 Characteristics of Lifestyle of the Pre-Elderly for Future Elderly-friendly Housing Design 류 혜 지 청운대학교 인테리어디자인학과 교수 Ryu hye-ji Dept. of Interior Design, Chungwoon University

More information

44-4대지.07이영희532~

44-4대지.07이영희532~ A Spatial Location Analysis of the First Shops of Foodservice Franchise in Seoul Metropolitan City Younghee Lee* 1 1 (R) 0 16 1 15 64 1 Abstract The foodservice franchise is preferred by the founders who

More information

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>

<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770> 대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실

More information

05_최운선_53~67,68.hwp

05_최운선_53~67,68.hwp Journal of Korean Home Management Association ISSN(print) 1229-1331 Vol.30 No.6 Serial No.120 2012.12 http://dx.doi.org/10.7466/jkhma.2012.30.6.053 국제결혼 한국인 남성의 결혼생활 대처전략에 관한 연구* The Coping Strategy of

More information

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

DBPIA-NURIMEDIA e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 3, June, 30, 2016:pp. 93~116 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2016. 06. 12 2016. 06. 20 2016. 06. 26 ABSTRACT e-

More information

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF

歯제7권1호(최종편집).PDF ********* (*, **, *** ).., 2002, 7, 1, 1-12. 2-5 80.,.,..,,... :,,. (naming).., (word finding), (lexical look- up), (lexical retrieval), (word recall) (Fried- Oken, 1987). (pause),,, (naming error) (Snyder

More information

大学4年生の正社員内定要因に関する実証分析

大学4年生の正社員内定要因に関する実証分析 190 2016 JEL Classification Number J24, I21, J20 Key Words JILPT 2011 1 190 Empirical Evidence on the Determinants of Success in Full-Time Job-Search for Japanese University Students By Hiroko ARAKI and

More information

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: NCS : G * The Analy

Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI:   NCS : G * The Analy Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.133-158 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.133 NCS : G * The Analysis of the Cognitive Level of Basic Job Skills of Specialized

More information

304.fm

304.fm Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 20, No. 3, 2009 yw s w - û - A Study on the Planning of Improved-Hanok - Focused on Jeon-Nam Province - y* ** z*** **** Kang, Man-Ho Lee, Woo-Won Jeong, Hun

More information

141(26) 20056 1930 19 () ( ( ) () () () ) 2) 1932 ()()3) 2 1) 1897519( ) ( ) () () () 4) ( ) 5) 6) 15-20 7) 191216 2) ( ) () 42 () 193111 12 1933 4 3)

141(26) 20056 1930 19 () ( ( ) () () () ) 2) 1932 ()()3) 2 1) 1897519( ) ( ) () () () 4) ( ) 5) 6) 15-20 7) 191216 2) ( ) () 42 () 193111 12 1933 4 3) 141(26) 20056 Korean J Med Hist 14131 Jun 2005 ISSN 1225505X ( 1897-1982) * ** 1 ( 1897-1982) ( ) 1) 3 1 ( ) 1930 1930 1930 * () ** 1) ( 2000 p 13-15) 1 141(26) 20056 1930 19 () ( ( ) () () () ) 2) 1932

More information

http://www.kbc.go.kr/pds/2.html Abstract Exploring the Relationship Between the Traditional Media Use and the Internet Use Mee-Eun Kang This study examines the relationship between

More information