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1 성인간호학회지제25권제1호, 2013년 2월 Korean J Adult Nurs Vol. 25 No. 1, 24-32, February 2013 ISSN 김성렬 1 유성희 2 신용순 3 전지윤 4 김준우 4 강수정 4 최혜숙 4 이혜림 4 안영희 4 전북대학교간호대학 1, 전남대학교간호대학 2, 창원대학교간호학과 3, 서울아산병원간호부 4 Comparison of the Reliability and Validity of Fall Risk Assessment Tools in Patients with Acute Neurological Disorders Kim, Sung Reul 1 Yoo, Sung-Hee 2 Shin, Young Sun 3 Jeon, Ji Yoon 4 Kim, Jun Yoo 4 Kang, Su Jung 4 Choi, Hea Sook 4 Lee, Hea Lim 4 An, Young Hee 4 1 College of Nursing, Chonbuk National University, Cheonju 2 College of Nursing, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 3 Department of Nursing, Changwon National University, Changwon 4 Department of Nursing, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea Purpose: The aim of the study was to identify the most appropriate fall-risk assessment tool for neurological patients in an acute care setting. Methods: This descriptive study compared the reliability and validity of three fall-risk assessment tools (Morse Fall Scale, MFS; St Thomas s Risk Assessment Tool in Falling Elderly Inpatients, STRATIFY; Hendrich II Fall Risk Model, HFRM II). We assessed patients who were admitted to the Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Rehabilitation at Asan Medical Center between July 1 and October 31, 2011, using a constructive questionnaire including general and clinical characteristics, and each item from the three tools. We analyzed inter-rater reliability with the kappa value, and the sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the three tools. Results: The analysis included 1,026 patients, and 32 falls occurred during this study. Inter-rater reliability was above 80% in all three tools. and the sensitivity was 50.0% (MFS), 84.4% (STRATIFY), and 59.4% (HFRM II). The AUC of the STRATIFY was However, when the cutoff point was regulated as not 50 but 40 points, the AUC of the MFS was higher at Conclusion: These results suggest that the STRATIFY may be the best tool for predicting falls for acute neurological patients. Key Words: Falls, Reliability, Validity, Neurology 서론 1. 연구의필요성낙상은급성기치료를담당하는병원에서흔히발생하는유해사건의하나로 (Australian Council for Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2005), 일재원환자수 1,000명당 7.84~8.02 건정도발생하는것으로보고되고있다 (Petitpierre, Trombetti, Carroll, Michel, & Herrmann, 2010; Ryu, Roche, & Brunton, 2009). 특히, 65세이상의노인환자인경우약 30% 에서, 80세이상에서는약 50% 로노인에서낙상발생이급증함을볼수있다 (Friedman, Munoz, West, Rubin, & Fried, 주요어 : 낙상, 신뢰도, 타당도, 신경계 Corresponding author: Yoo, Sung-Hee College of Nursing, Chonnam National University, Hak 1-dong, Dong-gu, Gwangju , Korea Tel: , Fax: , shyoo@chonnam.ac.kr 투고일 : 2012년 10월 9일 / 수정일 : 2013년 2월 5일 / 게재확정일 : 2013년 2월 17일 c 2013 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

2 2002). 낙상은환자의질병회복을지연시킬뿐아니라두개골골절이나, 혈종, 출혈등의심각한합병증을일으킬수있으며, 특히, 노인환자의경우신체적손상뿐아니라우울, 불안, 자존감저하, 무기력과같은부정적인정서적영향을초래할수있다 (Jang & Kim, 2002). 또한, 낙상과치료회복을위해서재원일수증가, 낙상과관련된검사비용지원등은병원측에도경제적손실을초래할수있다 (Kim, Mordiffi, Bee, Devi, & Evans, 2007). 따라서의료진은낙상을우연히일어나는불의의사고로간주하기보다예방할수있는건강문제로인식하는것이필요하며 (Hur & Kim, 2009), 낙상발생의위험요인을확인하여야한다. 낙상위험요인은크게부적절한조명, 깔개, 미끄러운바닥등과같은외재적요인과연령, 만성질환유무, 신체장애유무등환자자신이지닌내재적요인으로나눌수있다 (Jang & Kim, 2002). 따라서병원에서의낙상예방활동은외재적요인을줄이기위한활동, 즉, 병실바닥이나복도를미끄럽지않게하거나환자침상의조명을밝게유지하는것등병원차원에서수행할수있는것과내재적요인의존재여부, 즉, 환자의연령이나질병, 신체장애유무, 약물복용여부등을평가하여적절한낙상예방활동을수행하는것등이포함될수있다. 후자의경우중요한간호행위의하나이며, 특히, 타당성이있는도구를이용하여낙상고위험환자를제대로예측하는것은낙상예방활동의핵심이라할수있다 (Kim et al., 2007; O Connell & Myers, 2002). 현재임상현장에서는다양한낙상위험평가도구가개발되어사용되고있다. 기존문헌에서가장많이사용되고있는도구로는 Morse 낙상사정도구, St Thomas 낙상위험사정도구, Hendrich Ⅱ 낙상위험사정도구등이있으며, 각각의임상현장과대상자에서그타당성이검증된바있으나여전히연구마다이견을보이고있다. 이중가장널리사용되고있는도구는 Morse 낙상사정도구로서많은연구에서이용되고있으나 (Morse, Morse, & Tylko, 1989), 최근급성기입원환자에서는낙상예측에대한낮은민감도를보여 (Eagle et al., 1999; O Connell & Myers, 2002) 임상현장에따라민감도와특이도의차이가큰것으로나타났다. St Thomas 낙상위험사정도구 (St Thomas's Risk Assessment Tool in Falling Elderly Inpatients: STRATIFY) 는영국에서개발되어유럽이나호주, 캐나다등의급성기치료를필요로하는병원에서타당도가높은도구로사용되고있고호주에서는최상의실무가이드라인을위해사용이권고되는도구이나 (Australian Council for Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2005), STRATIFY 이사용된연구의메타분석에서는민감도와특이도가높지않은것으로보고되어 (Oliver et al., 2008) 더많은임상현장에서도구검증이필요한실정이다. Hendrich Ⅱ 낙상위험사정도구 (Hendrich Ⅱ Fall Risk Model: HFRMⅡ) 는급성기치료를필요로하는교육병원에서다양한환자를대상으로개발되었고, Kim 등 (2007) 의연구에서도급성기치료를요하는입원환자에서는다른도구에비해낙상을사정하는데에가장효과적인도구임을보여주었다. 그러나앞의두도구보다늦게개발되어도구의타당성을입증하는연구가많지않아이또한더많은대상자에서검증이필요한상태이다. 이와같이임상현장혹은대상자에따라각각의도구를적용하였을때낙상에대한민감도및특이도는차이를보일수있어 (Heinze, Halfens, Roll, & Dassen, 2006; Myers & Nikoletti, 2003; O Connell & Myers, 2002), 각임상현장과대상자의특성을고려하여가장적절한도구를찾아적용하는것이중요하다 (Perell et al., 2001). 신경계환자의경우 60세이상의노인환자가많고인지장애, 보행장애등의문제를가진환자가많으며, 오랜만성질환과그로인한약물복용등낙상위험요인을많이가지고있다 (Evans, Hodgkinson, Lambert, Wood, & Kowanko, 1998). Ryu 등 (2009) 은신경계환자는일재원환자 1,000명당 8.02건으로다른질환환자에비해낙상이빈번히발생함을보고하였고, Harlein, Halfens, Dassen와 Lahmann (2011) 은독일에서 3년간 37개병원의자료를 2차분석한결과인지장애가있는 65세이상의노인이인지장애가없는노인에비해 4.2% 에서 12.9% 로낙상이증가함을보고하여신경계환자에서낙상위험이높음을보여주었다. 그러나일부낙상위험사정도구에서는인지장애혹은보행장애등의신경학적문제가평가항목으로분류되어있지않아낙상의고위험군이아닌것으로분류될수있어낙상예방활동을소홀하게할수있다. 따라서급성기병원에입원한신경계환자의낙상위험을적절히평가할수있는도구를선정하는것은낙상예방활동의기본이자필수적인사항이라할수있다 (Eagle et al., 1999; Myers, 2003). 그러나기존연구에서는전체급성기환자를대상으로한낙상위험사정도구비교에관한연구가일부있을뿐 (Chapman, Bachand, & Hyrkas, 2011; Kim et al., 2007) 신경계환자를대상으로한연구는미비한실정이며, 국내의경우주로낙상의발생률이나낙상에영향을주는요인규명등의조사연구 (Hur & Kim, 2009; Jang & Kim, Vol. 25 No. 1,

3 김성렬 유성희 신용순등 2002) 와낙상예방을위한운동프로그램의효과에대한중재연구 (Gu, Jeon, & Eun, 2006; Shin, Shin, Kim, & Kim, 2005) 가있었을뿐도구의적절성에대한연구는거의미흡한실정이다. 따라서본연구는낙상의위험이높은급성기신경계환자에서여러낙상위험사정도구를비교함으로써급성기신경계환자에게적절한도구를모색하고자하며, 이는신경계환자의낙상예방활동을위한기본초석을제시하고자한다. 2. 연구목적본연구는급성기신경계환자에서적절한낙상위험사정도구를알아보기위하여 3개의낙상위험사정도구를비교하고자하였으며구체적인목적은다음과같다. Morse 낙상사정도구, St Thomas 낙상위험사정도구및 Hendrich Ⅱ 낙상위험사정도구의측정자간신뢰도를비교한다. Morse 낙상사정도구, St Thomas 낙상위험사정도구및 Hendrich Ⅱ 낙상위험사정도구의민감도 (sensitivity), 특이도 (specificity) 및예측도 (predictable values) 를비교한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계본연구는일개상급종합병원에입원한신경계환자를대상으로 3개의낙상위험사정도구로평가한고위험군유무에대한측정자간신뢰도와실제낙상가능성여부를얼마나잘예측할수있는지에대한정확성을각도구별로비교하고자하는비교조사연구이다. 2. 연구대상및대상자수산정본연구의대상자는 2011년 7월 1일부터 10월 31일까지서울시내일개상급종합병원신경과, 신경외과, 재활의학과병동에입원한신경계질환자중, 만 20세이상으로본연구에동의한대상자전수를조사하였다. 이는 2010년하반기 6개월동안낙상발생건수및입원환자수를감안하여 4개월동안의자료를비교분석하였다. 또한, 각도구의측정자간신뢰도산출을위한연구대상자의표본수산정은상대에러 (relative error) 및측정자간의일치확률의차이 (probability difference) 를이용한표를통해산출하였고, 본연구에서는상대에러 20%, 측정자간의전반적인일치도 80%, 우연히일치할확률을 10% 로정하였으며이에요구되는표본수는 51명이었다 (Advanced Analytics, 2010). 3. 연구도구 1) Morse 낙상사정도구 (Morse Fall Scale: MFS) MFS은환자에게위험요인의존재유무를평가하는도구로낙상력, 이차적진단, 보행보조기구의사용여부, 정맥주사나헤파린캡 (heparin cap), 보행장애, 보행장애에대한인지능력의 6항목이포함되어있다. 낙상력이없으면 0점, 있는경우 25점, 이차적진단이없는경우 0점, 완치되지않은이차진단이있는경우 15점으로측정한다. 보행보조기구의사용여부는사용하지않는경우나휠체어사용, 침상안정, 부동 (bed ridden) 은 0점, 목발, 지팡이, 보행기를사용하는경우 15점, 보행보조기구외기구를사용하는경우 30점으로측정한다. 정맥주사나헤파린캡 (heparin cap) 은없으면 0점, 있으면 20점으로측정하고, 보행장애는정상보행이거나절대안정, 부동의경우 0점, 보폭이좁고허약하게걷는경우 10 점, 균형을잡기어렵고, 사람이나기구의도움없이걸을수없는경우 20점으로측정한다. 보행장애에대한인지능력은장애가있는경우 15점으로측정한다. MFS의점수는최저 0 점에서최고 125점으로구성되어있으며, 25점미만은저위험군 (Low risk), 25~50점은중위험군 (Medium risk), 50점이초과하는경우는고위험군 (High risk) 으로분류한다. 과거연구에서 MFS의민감도는 55~83%, 특이도는 29~91%, 양성예측도와음성예측도는각각 6~38%, 81~99% 로다양하게보고되고있으며, 고위험군유무에대한측정자간신뢰도는 80~96% 로보고되었다 (Eagle et al., 1999; Kim et al., 2007; O Connell & Myers, 2002). 2) St Thomas 낙상위험사정도구 (St Thomas's Risk Assessment Tool in Falling Elderly Inpatients, STRATIFY) STRATIFY 는현재의문제로인한낙상의과거력, 혼돈, 초조및흥분 (agitation), 지남력장애를포함한정신상태, 시각장애, 도움을필요로하는빈번한화장실출입, 기동성장애의 5항목으로구성되어있다. 각위험요인의존재유무로측정되어위험이없으면 0점, 있으면 1점으로측정되며, 총점이 2 점이상혹은 3점이상일때낙상의고위험군으로분류된다. 26 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

4 2점이상을고위험군으로하였을때 STRATIFY의민감도는 93%, 특이도는 87.7%, 양성예측도는 62.3%, 음성예측도는 98.3% 로보고되었고 (Oliver, Britton, Seed, Martin, & Hopper, 1997), 측정자간신뢰도는 78~87% 보고되었다 (Kim et al., 2007; Papaioannou et al., 2004). 3) Hendrich Ⅱ 낙상위험사정도구 (Hendrich Ⅱ Fall Risk Model, HFRMⅡ) Hendrich II는 7개의낙상의위험요인을평가하며, 혼돈 / 지남력장애 / 충동 (confusion/disorientation/impulsivity), 증상적인우울증 (symptomatic depression), 배설장애 (altered elimination), 어지러움증이나현훈 (dizziness or vertigo), 성별 (sex), 항경련제나벤조다이아제핀제제복용여부 (anti-epileptics or benzodiazepines), 일어나걷기검사 (get up and go test) 가이에포함된다. 혼돈 / 지남력장애 / 충동이있는경우 4점, 증상적인우울증이있는경우 2점, 배설장애가있는경우 1점, 어지러움증이나현훈이있으면 1점, 성별이남자인경우 1점이며, 항경련제를복용하면 2점, 벤조다이아제핀제제를복용하면 1점으로측정한다. 일어나걷기검사는의자에서일어날수있는능력을보는검사로혼자일어설수있으면 0점, 손으로짚고일어나면 1점, 여러번시도해야일어날수있는경우 3점, 도움을주어도일어설수없는경우 4점으로측정하며, 총점 5점이상이면낙상의위험이있는것으로판단한다. 기존연구에서 HFRM II의민감도는 70~ 74.9%, 특이도는 61.5~73.9%, 양성예측도는 2%, 음성예측도는 99.5% 로보고되었으며, 측정자간신뢰도는 87% 로보고되었다 (Hendrich, Bender, & Nyhuis, 2003; Kim et al., 2007). 4. 자료수집본연구는 2011년 7월 1일부터 10월 31일까지신경과, 신경외과, 재활의학과의 3개분야에신경계질환으로입원한환자를대상으로입원후 48시간이내구조적인설문지를이용하여 1회조사하였다. 구조적인설문지에는환자의일반적및임상적특성과 3개의낙상사정도구의내용을포함하였다. 환자의일반적특성으로는연령, 성별, 입원진료과를조사하였고, 임상적특성으로는입원시진단명을조사하였다. 3개의낙상사정도구는각도구에포함되어있는세부항목을비슷한내용별로재배열하였다. 이는조사자가각각의항목이어떤도구의항목인지를미리알지못하도록하여특정 도구에대한민감성을높이지못하도록함으로써각도구가최대한객관적으로평가될수있도록하였다. 1명의환자를대상으로 3개의낙상사정도구측정에는약 2~5분의시간이소요되었다. 본연구의조사자는총 8명으로, 5병동 ( 신경과 2병동, 신경외과 2병동, 재활의학과 1병동 ) 에 1명의일차조사자와측정자간신뢰도검증을위한 3명의이차조사자를두었다. 일차조사자는 3년이상의임상경험이있는해당병동의연구담당간호사로환자에게연구의목적을충분히설명하고이에서면동의한경우 3개의낙상사정도구에해당하는설문지를조사하도록하였다. 이차조사자는 3명의신경계임상전문간호사로측정자간신뢰도측정을위해일차조사자가 3개의낙상사정도구측정시일차조사자와동시에환자의상태를측정하되독립적으로측정하여측정자간맹검상태를유지하도록하였다. 이차조사자는연구기간동안각각 17명씩총 51명에대하여임의추출하여측정하였다. 자료수집에앞서낙상유무의정확한판단을위하여해당병동의모든간호사에게낙상에대한정의및원인등에대한공통교육을 2회실시하였고, 각자료를병동에배부하여모든간호사들이내용을숙지할수있도록하였다. 또한, 일차조사자와이차조사자를대상으로 3개의낙상위험사정도구항목에대한교육을실시하고, 연구에앞서입원환자 5명에대해각각낙상위험사정도구를측정하도록하여평가에오류를줄수있거나이견이있는항목에대해미리토론하였다. 이후다시 5명의환자를임의추출로평가하여측정자간신뢰도가 kappa 값.9 이상이될때까지반복측정해본후본연구의자료수집을시작하였다. 연구기간도중낙상이발생하면환자의담당간호사가각병동의일차조사자와수간호사에게낙상의발생을알리고각병동의일차조사자와수간호사가본연구자에게메일로알림으로써낙상발생을이중으로확인하여누락된낙상이없도록하였다. 또한, 같은환자에게낙상이반복적으로발생하는경우는 1건으로간주하였다. 5. 윤리적고려본연구는해당병원내연구심의위원회 (IRB, Institute Review Board) 의심의를거친후진행되었다 ( 심의번호 : ). 연구대상자는연구참여전간호사로부터연구의목적과내용에관한충분한설명을듣고서면동의한환자만을대상으로하였다. 또한, 연구도중참여를원치않는경우언제 Vol. 25 No. 1,

5 김성렬 유성희 신용순등 라도연구참여중단의사를밝힐수있도록하였다. 6. 자료분석본연구의자료는 SPSS/WIN 18.0을이용하여분석하였다. 환자의일반적및질병관련특성은자료의특성에따라빈도, 백분율, 평균및표준편차를이용하여기술하였다. 각도구의측정자간신뢰도는각도구에서제시한점수기준에따라낙상고위험군유무로분류하여 kappa 값으로산출하였다. 타당도는실제낙상유무에따른각도구의민감도, 특이도, 및양성, 음성예측도를도출하여비교하였다. 또한, 각도구의 ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curve를통한곡선하면적 (Area Under Curve, AUC) 및최적절단점 (optimal cutoff point) 을산출하였다. 연구결과본연구기간중 1051명의환자를대상으로 3개의낙상위험사정도구가측정되었다. 이중낙상위험사정도구의측정이완벽하지않은 25명을제외한총 1,026명을분석하였다. 연구기간중총 35건의낙상이발생하였다. 이중 1건은연구시작일이전에입원해있던환자에서낙상이발생하였으며, 1건은본연구에동의하지않은환자에서발생한낙상이었다. 1명의환자에서 2건의낙상이발생하여 1건을제외하여총 3건의낙상을분석에서제외시켰다. 따라서총 32건의낙상을분석하였다. 1. 대상자의일반적및임상적특성연구대상자의일반적및임상적특성은다음과같다 (Table 1). 1,026명중여자환자는 542명 (52.8%) 이었고전체평균연령은 56.4±14.9 세로나타났다. 연령대별로는 50~59세가 249명 (24.3%) 으로가장많았고, 그다음으로는 60~69세가 241명 (23.5%), 70세이상이 220명 (21.4%), 40~49세가 167 명 (16.3%), 39세이하 149명 (14.5%) 순이었다. 연구대상자의진료과는신경과 433명 (42.2%), 신경외과 506명 (49.3%), 재활의학과 87명 (8.5%) 으로나타났다. 연구대상자의진단명은뇌혈관질환이 469명 (45.8%) 으로가장많았으며, 뇌종양 182명 (17.7%), 척추질환 101명 (9.8%), 신경계퇴행성질환 100명 (9.7%), 감염성질환 35명 (3.4%), 신경근질환 (neuromuscular disease) 23명 (2.2%), 뇌전증 19명 (1.9%), 기타질환 97명 (9.5%) 순으로나타났다. Table 1. General and Clinical Characteristics Characteristics Age (year) Gender Admission department Diagnosis Categories 39 40~49 50~59 60~69 70 Female Male Neurology Neurosurgery Rehabilitation CNS=central nervous system. Cerebrovascular disease Tumor Spine disease Neuro-degenerative disease CNS Infection Neuromuscular disease Epilepsy Others 2. 낙상위험사정도구의측정자간신뢰도 (N=1,026) n(%) or M±SD 56.4± (14.5) 167 (16.3) 249 (24.3) 241 (23.5) 220 (21.4) 542 (52.8) 484 (47.2) 433 (42.2) 506 (49.3) 87 (8.5) 469 (45.8) 182 (17.7) 101 (9.8) 100 (9.7) 35 (3.4) 23 (2.2) 19 (1.9) 97 (9.5) 본연구결과급성기신경계환자를대상으로실시한 3가지낙상위험사정도구의측정자간신뢰도는다음과같다 (Table 2). Morse 낙상사정도구 (MFS) 의측정자간신뢰도는 kappa 값.819였고, St Thomas 낙상위험사정도구 (STRATIFY) 의경우 2점과 3점을기준으로고위험군유무로나눠분석하였을때각각 kappa값.820과.868로나타났다. Hendrich II 낙상위험사정도구 (HFRM II) 의고위험군여부에따른측정자간신뢰도는.895로나타나, 3개의낙상사정도구모두에서측정자간신뢰도는.8 이상으로높게나타났다. Table 2. Inter-rater Reliability of the Fall Risk Assessment Tool Tools Cutoff points at risk of fall κ-value MFS STRATIFY HFRM II MFS=morse fall scale; STRATIFY=St Thomas's risk assessment tool in falling elderly inpatients; HFRM II=Hendrich II fall risk model. 28 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

6 3. 낙상위험사정도구의타당도 논 의 급성기신경계환자를대상으로실시한 3가지낙상위험사정도구의타당도는다음과같다 (Table 3). MFS의민감도는 50%, 특이도는 90.1%, 양성예측도는 14.0%, 그리고음성예측도는 98.2% 로나타났다. STRATIFY 는 2점이상을낙상고위험으로분석하였을때민감도는 84.4 % 로여러도구중가장높게나타났으나, 3점이상을고위험군으로하였을때에는 40.6% 로가장낮게나타났다. 특이도의경우 2점기준시 73.5%, 3점기준시 90.0% 였고, 음성예측도는각각 99.3%, 97.9% 로낙상이아닌환자를예측하는능력은전반적으로높게측정되었다. HFRM II의민감도는 59.4% 로낮았으며, 특이도는 78.5% 로나타났다. 각도구의 ROC curve는 Figure 1과같다. 각도구의곡선하면적 (AUC) 은 MFS는.837, STRATIFY 는.828, 그리고 HFRMⅡ는.745로 3가지도구모두.7 이상으로판별력이있는것으로나타났다. ROC curve에따른최적절단점은 MFS 는 40점, STRATIFY 는 2점, HFRMⅡ는 3점이상을고위험군으로평가하는것이가장예측력이높음을보여주었고, 이에따른각도구의민감도와특이도는 Table 4와같다. MFS=morse fall scale; STRATIFY=St Thomas's risk assessment tool in falling elderly inpatients; HFRM II=Hendrich II fall risk model. Figure 1. Receiver operating characteristic curve for the fall risk assessment tool. 본연구는급성기신경계환자를대상으로 MFS, STRATIFY, HFRM Ⅱ 3개의낙상위험사정도구의신뢰도및타당도를비교한것으로, 연구결과 STRATIFY 2점을고위험군으로하였을경우민감도 84.4%, 특이도 73.5% 로급성신경계환자에서낙상위험을예측하는데가장적절한것으로나타났다. 이는낙상의위험요인이많은신경계환자만을대상으로타당성이검증된도구들을비교하였다는것에연구의의의가있다할수있다. 본연구에서는 1,026명의신경계환자에서총 32건의낙상이발생하였으며이것은재원일수를고려하여환산하였을때일재원환자수 1,000명당 3.75건에해당하는것으로, 앞서언급한병원의낙상발생률보다낮게나타났다. 이는본연구의분석에는한환자에서반복낙상이있을경우 1건만포함하였고, 또한, 본연구가수행된병동에서는 2년연속낙상예방을위한질향상활동을집중적으로수행하고있었으며, 전체환자의재원일수가 7~10일정도로병상가동률이높은병원이어서이와같은결과가나타났을것으로생각된다. 본연구에서 3가지도구모두측정자간신뢰도가.8 이상으로높게나타났다. 이는 Kim 등 (2007) 이급성기병원에입원한모든환자를대상으로한연구에서 3가지도구모두측정자간신뢰도가.8 이상을보였던것과같은것으로신경계환자에서도 3가지도구모두신뢰성있게측정될수있음을보여주었다. 그러나연구에앞서도구에대한교육을실시하고측정자간일치도를확인하는과정에서측정자에따라문항의해석이달라초기에는각도구별로일치도가높지않은항목이일부있었다. Morse 낙상사정도구에서 5번째문항인 보행보조기구 항목의경우휠체어를사용하거나침상안정혹은 bedridden 인경우는정상과같이 0점으로간주하게되어있고, 목발, 지팡이, 보행기를사용하는경우 15점을주게되어있다. 그러나주로휠체어를사용하는환자가입원병실내에서지팡이나보행기를사용하는경우일부의간호사는 0점으로간주하는경우도있었다. 또한, 6번째항목인 보행능력인지상태 는자신의보행능력을정확히알고있으면 0 점, 과대평가하거나정확히알지못하는경우는 15점을주게되어있으나, 간이정신상태검사 (MMSE) 미측정시간호사의판단이어려울수있다. 일예로가족과환자의의견에의존하여자신의보행능력을정상으로간주하였으나차후간이정신상태검사 (MMSE) 를실시하였을때 13점으로나타나자신의보행능력을정확히판단할수없음을보여주는사례가 Vol. 25 No. 1,

7 김성렬 유성희 신용순등 Table 3. Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value for the Fall Risk Assessment Tool Tools MFS STRATIFY STRATIFY HFRM II Cutoff point > <2 3 <3 5 <5 Fall Yes (n=32) No (n=994) Sensitivity (%) Specificity (%) Positive predictive value (%) (N=1,026) Negative predictive value (%) MFS=morse fall scale; STRATIFY=St Thomas's risk assessment tool in falling elderly inpatients; HFRMⅡ=Hendrich II fall risk model. Table 4. AUC and Optimal Cutoff Point for the Fall Risk Assessment Tool Variables MFS STRATIFY HFRM II AUC (95% CI).837 (.765~.905).828 (.767~.888).745 (.674~.816) Optimal cutoff point Sensitivity at optimal cutoff point (%) Specificity at optimal cutoff point (%) AUC=area under ROC curve; MFS=morse fall scale; STRATIFY=St Thomas's risk assessment tool in falling elderly inpatients; HFRM II=Hendrich II fall risk model. 있었다. 따라서낙상위험사정도구사용에앞서각문항에대한측정자의정확한이해가선행되는것이필수조건이라할수있다. 본연구에서 Morse 낙상사정도구의절단점을 50점으로하였을때민감도는 50% 로실제낙상이발생한 32명중 16명은낙상의고위험군이아닌것으로분류되어낙상을적절히예측하지못하는것으로나타났다. 이는급성기환자를대상으로한 Kim 등 (2007) 의연구에서 MFS의절단점을 50점으로하였을때민감도가 55% 를보였던것과비슷한결과를보였다. 반면, 재활및노인환자를대상으로 MFS 45점이상을고위험군으로한연구에서는 72% 의민감도를보였고 (Eagle et al., 1999), 같은 45점기준이나급성기환자를대상으로한연구에서는 83% 의민감도를보였다 (O Connell & Myers, 2002). 한편, 급성기신경계환자를대상으로한본연구에서 MFS의최적의절단점은 40점으로이때 AUC 값은.837로다른두도구에비해가장높게나타났으며, 이것은 Kim 등 (2007) 의연구에서 MFS의최적의절단점을 40점으로제시한것과일치하였다. 따라서 MFS은개발당시 50점초과를낙상고위험군으로제시하였으나대상자및임상현장, 고위험군으로분류하는절단점에따라그민감도및특이도등이달라 질수있음을확인할수있었다. St Thomas 낙상위험사정도구는 2점이상을낙상고위험으로분석하였을때민감도는 84.4%, 특이도는 73.5% 로민감도와특이도가모두높게나타났으며, ROC curve에따른곡선하면적은.828로나타나급성기신경계환자에게가장적절히사용할수있는도구로나타났다. Oliver 등 (2008) 이 STRATIFY 가사용된연구의메타분석에서민감도와특이도가각각 67.2%, 51.2% 로높지않은것으로보고하였으나, 이는다양한임상현장에적용한연구를분석한결과이므로결과를해석하는데신중해야한다. 급성기병원환자에서시행된연구라하더라도 Papaioannou 등 (2004) 의연구에서는 91% 의높은민감도를보인반면, Kim 등 (2007) 의연구에서는 55%, Barker, Kamar, Graco, Lawlor와 Hill (2011) 의연구에서는 35% 로낮은민감도를보였다. Milisen 등 (2007) 은 6개의대규모다기관연구를통해 STRATIFY 의타당성을조사하였고, 그결과 90% 의높은민감도와 99% 의높은음성예측도를보였다. 그러나대상자를내과계, 외과계및노인병동으로구분하였을때민감도는각각 85%, 88%, 67% 로차이를보였고, 연령별로조사하였을때에는 65세미만에서는 92% 의높은민감도를보인반면, 75세이상에서는 52% 의낮은민 30 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

8 감도를보여급성기병원에서도진료과및연령에따라차이가있음을보여주었다. 이것은앞서언급한바와같이각임상현장에따라가장적절한최적의도구를찾아적용하는것이중요함을반증한것이라하겠다. 급성기치료를담당하는의료기관에서개발된 Hendrich II 낙상위험사정도구는개발당시 74.9% 의민감도와 73.9% 의특이도를나타냈고 (Hendrich et al., 2003), Kim 등 (2007) 의연구에서도 70% 의민감도, 61.5% 의특이도로급성기입원환자의낙상을사정하는데가장효과적인도구로보고하였으나, 본연구에서는 59.4% 의낮은민감도를보였다. 이는본연구의대상자가신경계환자라는특이적집단을대상으로하였기때문에차이를보였을수도있으나, 급성기병원 17개의 unit에서시행한 Chapman 등 (2011) 의연구에서도 64.9% 의민감도를보였고, 급성기내과계와외과계환자 1,000여명을대상으로한 Lovallo, Rolandi, Rossetti와 Lusignani (2010) 의연구에서도 46% 의민감도를보여급성기병원에서도여러대상자에서더많은검증이필요함을보여주고있다. 또한, Hendrich II의낙상고위험군분류를위한절단점이 5점이었으나본연구의 ROC curve에서 Hendrich II의최적의절단점은 3점으로나타나지나치게높은절단점의점수가신경계환자의고위험군을제대로평가하지못하였을가능성이있다. 따라서임상현장뿐아니라다양한대상자에서도구검증이필요할것으로생각된다. 이상의결과낙상의위험을사정하기위한도구는각임상현장및대상자에따라민감도와특이도가달라질수있으며, 급성기신경계환자에서는 St Thomas 낙상위험사정도구가가장적절히사용할수있는도구임을본연구를통해확인할수있었다. 마지막으로낙상위험의사정은낙상을예방하고자하는간호행위중하나이며그자체만으로모든낙상을줄일수있는것은아니다. 따라서각임상현장에맞는낙상위험사정도구를이용하여낙상고위험환자를선별하고, 각임상현장과환자의특성을고려한낙상예방프로그램이지속적으로시행되어야낙상을줄일수있을것이다. 결론및제언본연구는급성기신경계환자를대상으로낙상의위험여부를가장잘평가하는도구를찾고자수행된것으로, Morse 낙상사정도구, St Thomas 낙상위험사정도구, Hendrich II 낙상위험사정도구의측정자간신뢰도및타당도를비교 하였다. 그결과 3개의낙상사정도구모두측정자간신뢰도는.8 이상으로높게나타났고, 타당도는 St Thomas 낙상위험사정도구 2점이상을낙상고위험군으로분석하였을때민감도 84.4%, 특이도 73.5%, AUC 값.828로급성신경계환자에서가장적절한것으로나타났다. 반면 Morse 낙상사정도구의민감도는 50%, Hendrich II낙상위험사정도구의민감도는 59.4% 로낙상여부를잘예측하지못한것으로나타났으나, Morse 낙상사정도구의고위험군에대한절단점을 40점으로하향조절하였을때 AUC 값.837로급성신경계환자에적절한것으로나타났다. 본연구는급성기신경계환자만을대상으로이루어졌으므로추후신경계환자를포함한전체급성기환자를대상으로한낙상위험사정도구의신뢰도및타당도비교연구와만성기신경계환자를대상으로한낙상위험사정도구의신뢰도및타당도비교연구를제언하는바이다. REFERENCES Advanced Analytics. (2010), Inter-rater reliability discussion corner by Kilem L. Gwet-sample size determination. Retrieved May 1, 2011, Web site: sample_size_determination.html. Australian Council for Safety and Quality in Health Care. (2005). Preventing falls and harm from falls in older people: Best practice guidelines for Australian hospitals and residential aged care facilities. Safety and Quality Council, Canberra, Australia: Author. Barker, A., Kamar, J., Graco, M., Lawlor, V., & Hill, K. (2011), Adding value to the STRATIFY falls risk assessment in acute hospitals. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67, dx.doi.org/ /j x Chapman, J., Bachand, D., & Hyrkas, T. (2011). Testing of the sensitivity, specificity and feasibility of four falls risk assessment tools in a clinical setting. Journal of Nursing Management, 19, x Eagle, D. J., Salama, S., Whitman, D., Evans, L. A., Ho, E., & Olde, J. (1999). Comparison of three instruments in predicting accidental falls in selected inpatients in a general teaching hospital. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 25(7), PMID: Evans, D., Hodgkinson, B., Lambert, L., Wood, J., & Kowanko, I. (1998). Falls in acute hospitals: A systematic review. The Joanna Briggs Institute for evidence based nursing and midwifery, in conjunction with the royal adelaide hospital, adelaide, South Australia. National Library of Australia Vol. 25 No. 1,

9 김성렬 유성희 신용순등 Cataloguing-in-publication data ISBN Number: Friedman, S. M., Munoz, B., West, S. K., Rubin, G. S., & Fried, L. P. (2002). Falls and fear of falling: Which comes first? A longitudinal prediction model suggests strategies for primary and secondary prevention. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 50, x Gu, M. O., Jeon, M. Y., & Eun, Y. (2006), The development and effect of an tailored falls prevention exercise for older adults. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 36, Harlein, J., Halfens, R. J. G., Dassen, T., & Lahmann, N. A. (2011). Falls in older hospital inpatients and the effect of cognitive impairment: A secondary analysis of prevalence studies. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20, /j x Heinze, C., Halfens, R. J., Roll, S., & Dassen, T. (2006). Psychometric evaluation of the Hendrich Fall Risk Model. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 53, /j x Hendrich, A. L., Bender, P. S., & Nyhuis, A. (2003). Validation of the Hendrich II Fall Risk Model: A large concurrent case/ control study of hospitalized patients. Applied Nursing Research, 16, YAPNR2 Hur, J. Y., & Kim, H. J. (2009). Relationship of risk factors, knowledge and attitude to falls in elderly in patients. Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing, 11, Jang, I. S., & Kim, D. J. (2002). Home safety assessment for fall prevention in elderly people in a rural community. Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing, 4, Kim, E. A., Mordiffi, S. Z., Bee, W. H., Devi, K., & Evans, D. (2007). Evaluation of three fall-risk assessment tools in an acute care setting. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60, Lovallo, C., Rolandi, S., Rossetti, A. M., & Lusignani, M. (2010). Accidental falls in hospital inpatients: Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of two risk assessment tools. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66, j x Milisen, K., Staelens, N., Schwendimann, R., Paepe, L. D., Verhaeghe, J., Braes, T., et al. (2007). Fall prediction in inpatients by bedside nurses using the St. Thomas s Risk Assessment Tool in Falling Elderly Inpatients (STRATIFY) instrument: A multicenter study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, , j x Morse, J. M., Morse, R. M., & Tylko, S. J. (1989). Development of a scale to identify the fall-prone patient. Canadian Journal on Aging, 8, Myers, H. (2003). Hospital fall risk assessment tools: A critique of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 9, Myers, H., & Nikoletti, S. (2003). Fall risk assessment: A prospective investigation of nurses' clinical judgement and risk assessment tools in predicting patient falls. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 9, /j X x O'Connell, B., & Myers, H. (2002). The sensitivity and specificity of the Morse Fall Scale in an acute care setting. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 11, j x Oliver, D., Britton, M., Seed, P., Martin, F. C., & Hopper, A. H. (1997). Development and evaluation of evidence based risk assessment tool (STRATIFY) to predict which elderly inpatients will fall: Case-control and cohort studies. British Medical Journal, 315, bmj Oliver, D., Papaioannou, A., Giangregorio, L., Thabane, L., Reizgys, K., & Foster, G. (2008). A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using the STRATIFY tool for prediction of falls in hospital patients: How well does it work? Age and Ageing, 37, ageing/afn203 Papaioannou, A., Parkinson, W., Cook, R., Ferko, N., Coker, E., & Adachi, J. D. (2004). Prediction of falls using a risk assessment tool in the acute care setting. BMC Medicine, 2, 1. Perell, K. L., Nelson, A., Goldman, R. L., Luther, S. L., Prieto- Lewis, N., & Rubenstein, L. Z. (2001). Fall risk assessment measures: An analytic review. Journal of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56, M761- M766. PMID: Petitpierre, N. J., Trombetti, A., Carroll, I., Michel, J. P., & Herrmann, F. R. (2010). The FIM instrument to identify patients at risk of falling in geriatric wards: A 10-year retrospective study. Age and Ageing, 39, /ageing/afq010 Ryu, Y. M., Roche, J. P., & Brunton, M. (2009). Patient and family education for fall prevention involving patients and families in a fall prevention program on a neuroscience unit. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 24, org/ /ncq.0b013e318194fd7c. Shin, K. R., Shin, S. J., Kim, J, S., & Kim, J. Y. (2005). The effects of fall prevention program on knowledge, self-efficacy, and preventive activity related to fall, and depression of low-income elderly women. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 35, Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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