Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science 2015;17(2): pissn eissn

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1 Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science 2015;17(2): pissn eissn S-solution 과 A-solution 을이용한구강함수가미취학아동의구강건강에미치는효과 손희정 1 홍해숙 2 1 경북대학교간호대학박사과정생, 2 경북대학교간호대학 The Effects of S-solution and A-solution on Oral Health in Preschool Children Hee Jung Son 1, Hae Sook Hong 2 1 Doctoral Student, College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu; 2 College of Nursing, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of gargling with S-solution and gargling with A-solution on salivary ph, coated tongue, and dental plaque index in preschool children. Methods: Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used to select the participants. 99 preschool children were divided into three groups. Dependent variables were recorded at baseline, 30 minutes, and 7 days after the first treatment was given. The data were analyzed using X 2 -test, ANOVA, and repeated measures of ANOVA. Results: There were no significant differences in dependent variables in pre-test. However, the salivary ph in the S-solution group had significantly increased after 30 minutes (p<.05) and then again 7 days (p<.01) after the first treatment. Also, the S-solution and A-solution groups had greater decrease in dental plaque index after 30 minutes and again 7 days after the first treatment (p) than the control group. With respect to coated tongue, there were no significant differences among the three groups. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that essential oil gargling after brushing is helpful in improving oral health due to auxiliary oral hygiene effects with natural products. Specifically, gargling with S-solution is more effective than A-solution on oral health in preschool children by neutralizing salivary ph and reducing dental plaque index. Key Words: Essential oil; Children; Mouthrinse; ph 국문주요어 : 에센셜오일, 아동, 구강함수, 타액 ph 서론 1. 연구의필요성어린이는 4-5세부터초등학생까지를일컫는포괄적인의미로사용되며, 특히미취학아동시기인학령전기부터는자발적인의사표현과결정이가능하기때문에다량의당성분이함유된음료, 아이 스크림, 과자등을자발적으로섭취하는빈도가상승하게된다. 이와같은과량의당섭취는치아우식증과같은치과적인합병증을발생시키는등 [1] 아동들의구강상태에많은영향을끼칠수있다. 치아우식증이란구강내치면에부착된과당이세균에의하여산으로변하여치면을부식시키는것을의미한다 [2]. 다른질환과달리예방주사나백신의도움없이도질환을예방할수있기때문 Corresponding author: Hae Sook Hong College Nursing, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu , Korea Tel: Fax: hshong@knu.ac.kr * 이논문은제 1 저자손희정의경북대학교석사학위논문의일부를발췌한것임. *This article is based on a part of the first author s master s thesis from Kyungpook National University. Received: January 26, 2015 Revised: May 1, 2015 Accepted: May 18, 2015 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 150

2 S-solution 과 A-solution 을이용한구강함수가미취학아동의구강건강에미치는효과 151 에미취학아동기부터구강건강관리에대한올바른인식을습득하고이를실천할수있게하는것이중요하다 [3]. 최근보건복지부통계에따르면, 1개이상의유치에치아우식증이발생하여이를빼거나치료한경험을의미하는유치우식경험자율은미취학아동기에서약 62% 로학령기의영구치우식경험자율약 57% 보다 5% 높았고, 유치에발생한치아우식증을치료하지않은비율을의미하는유치우식유병자율은약 35% 로학령기의아이들을대상으로조사한영구치우식유병자율약 12% 보다 23% 높았다 [4]. 유치에생긴치아우식증과치주질환은후속영구치에도나쁜영향을미쳐 [3] 자연적으로치유되지않고만성질환이되는경우가대부분이므로 [5] 미취학아동기부터의적절한구강건강관리및질환의예방이중요하다. 현대사회는맞벌이부모증가등의사회적, 문화적변화로인하여미취학아동들의유치원재원율과상주시간이증가하고있다. 특히미취학아동은시기적특성상자가칫솔질이잘시행되지않기때문에, 유치원과같은보육시설에서의미취학아동치아관리에대한관심이높아지고있다. 치아관리를위해서치실, 치간칫솔, 전동칫솔, 혀클리너, 구강함수등과같은다양한종류의구강보조용품이있는데, 현재우리나라에서는구강함수를가장많이사용하는것으로나타났다 [4]. 임상에서많이사용되는구강함수로는생리식염수, 탄툼, 베타딘, 클로르헥시딘, 니스타틴액등이있으며, 생리식염수는비용이저렴하고, 육아조직을파괴하지않으며, 구강내산도를변화시키지않아많이사용되지만, 살균효과가없어단독으로사용되는데부족함이있다 [6]. 클로르헥시딘은치면세균막형성을억제한다는장점은있지만불쾌한맛, 미각의변화, 치아변색등의부작용이있다 [7]. 탄툼은소염 진통및항미생물효과를가지고있지만처방의약품이며장기간사용시구강내정상세균총의변화및미각이예민한경우개인기호에따라거부감을유발할수있으며혀에착색되는단점이있다 [8]. 베타딘의경우국소적소독제로서구강내점막창상의감염에예방적으로사용되었으나맛과향이좋지않으며표피세포및육아조직의재생을방해할수있는단점이있다 [9]. 니스타틴은항진균제로도포및구강함수와같은국소적요법으로사용가능하며, 다양한종류의칸디다증에광범위하게적용가능하지만구강내산도의중화가불가능하며전문의약품으로사용에처방을요하기때문에일상적인구강함수로사용하기에는어려움이있다 [10]. 이를보완하기위해최근에는다양한종류의대체약물들을이용한구강함수가연구되고있다. 그중에센셜오일은경제적이며용법이간편하고, 항박테리아, 항바이러스, 항진균작용을하는것으로보고되고있으며, 구강내적용시구내염과구취제거등에효과가있는것으로알려져있다 [7,11-15]. 또한, 미국치과의사협회는 임상적인연구를통하여 1987년부터협회기준에만족하는에센셜오일구강함수를승인하였고 [2], 이후경제적이고간편한에센셜오일구강함수가대중적으로시판되고있을정도로그효과가입증되고있다. 현재까지국내에서진행된에센셜오일을이용한연구들은다양한종류와혼합비율로여러대상자를대상으로시행되었지만, 대부분성인들을대상으로시행되었으며, 아동을대상으로한연구들은미흡한실정이다. A-solution 은페퍼민트, 레몬, 티트리오일을증류수에희석하여만든구강함수이다 [7,12-14]. 선행연구들을통해일반인 [7], 금식수술환자 [12], 혈액투석환자 [13], 간호대학생 [14] 을대상으로 A-solution을이용한구강함수가타액의 ph, 구취, 구강상태, 구강건조를 [7,12-14] 개선시키는긍정적인효과가있다는것을알수있다. 따라서본연구에서효과가검증된 A-solution을이용한구강함수를미취학아동에게적용하여효과를파악하고자하였다. 하지만, A-solution의주재료인페퍼민트에민감한경우에는구강작열감증후군, 구강궤양과같은질환이생길수있으며, 희석하지않은페퍼민트에센셜오일은독성이있기때문에 12세미만영유아나신생아들에게흡입, 구강투여, 또는얼굴이나가슴에적용하지말아야하며, 멘톨성분이강한페퍼민트의특성상피부및구강점막이약한미취학아동들에게강한자극을줄수있어주의하여사용해야한다는문제점이있다 [15,16]. 이에반해스피어민트는같은민트계오일중에서페퍼민트보다자극이적고, 달콤하며, 상쾌한향기가나고아이들에게는더나은선택이라는 [11,15-17] 이론및아로마전문가 2인의자문을바탕으로스피어민트로대체한 S-solution을개발하여적용한뒤 A-solution의효과와비교하려고한다. 이에본연구는올바른자가칫솔질이시행되기어려운미취학아동에게칫솔질이후구강건강관리를위하여본연구에서개발한 S-solution과선행연구에서사용되었던 A-solution을이용한구강함수가미취학아동의구강위생상태에미치는효과를분석하고이를통해효과적인구강간호의근거자료를제시하고자한다. 2. 연구목적본연구의목적은 S-solution과 A-solution을이용한구강함수가미취학아동의구강건강에미치는효과를검증및비교하기위함이며, 구체적인목적은다음과같다. 1) S-solution과 A-solution을제공받은각실험군의시간에따른타액 ph 변화를확인하고비교한다. 2) S-solution과 A-solution 을제공받은실험군의시간에따른설태의변화를확인하고비교한다. 3) S-solution과 A-solution을제공받은실험군의시간에따른치면

3 152 손희정 홍해숙 세균막지수의변화를확인하고비교한다. 연구방법 1, 연구설계본연구는미취학아동을대상으로 S-solution 또는 A-solution을이용하여구강함수를적용한실험군과칫솔질만적용한대조군을설정하여그효과를알아보기위해비동등성대조군전후설계를이용한유사실험연구이다. 2. 연구대상본연구는 2014년 8월 6일부터 22일까지 1주일간 D시소재 W유치원의 6-7세아동각 3학급씩총 6학급 156명을대상으로시행되었다. 연구시행전참여동의서를가정통신문과함께각가정에발송하여, 보호자로부터참여에대한서면동의를받은후피험자선정기준에적합한 99명을최종대상자로선정하였다. 연령에따른편차를줄이기위해 6세와 7세아동을구분한후대상자들에대한사전지식이없는상태에서제비뽑기로반을선정하였으며, 각연령별 3개학급을 S-solution 실험군, A-solution 실험군, 대조군으로배정하여학급내에서동일한실험처치를받게하였다. 표본크기는 G- power 3.1 program을이용하여구성하였으며, 대상자의수는선행연구 [18] 에의거유의수준 (a).05, 효과크기 (Effect Size).50, 검정력 (1- β).80, 그리고그룹수 3, 양측검정을적용할때, 각 30명의대상자로총 90명이었으며 [19], 탈락률 10% 를고려하여연구대상자는각그룹당 33명으로총 99명을대상으로하였다. 구체적인연구대상자선정기준은다음과같다. 1) 의사소통이가능한 6-7세아동 2) 서면동의서상부모로부터향이나에센셜오일에과민반응이없는것이확인된아동 3) 구강내감염및상처가없는아동 4) 용액함수가가능한아동 5) 본연구에대한설명을이해하고연구참여에동의한보호자의아동 4. 연구도구 1) 타액 ph 타액 ph 검사를위해사용한 ph test paper는 Hydrion Urine & Saliva ph paper (Micro Essential Laboratory Inc. USA: ph ) 를이용하여측정하였다. Hydrion Urine & Saliva ph paper는 ph의범위가 간격으로나타나므로세밀하게측정할수있으며, 측정방 법은 test paper를아동의혀위에올려놓고타액을흡수한후색상이변하면바로색상기준표의표준색상과비교하여가장가까운색상의 ph를채택한다. 타액 ph가낮을수록산성을띄며높을수록염기성을의미한다. 2) 설태설태는 Winkel Tongue Coating Index를사용하여측정하였다 [20]. 혀를최대한내밀어혀의영역을설근부에서설첨부까지 2등분하고가로로 3등분총 6부위로구분한후각부위의설태를측정하였고, 설태를객관적으로확인하기위해 3점평가척도를사용하였다. 즉, 각부위의설태가없는경우에는 0점, 설태가약간있는경우에는 1점, 그리고설태가많은경우에는 2점으로점수를부여하여총 6구역의점수를합산하였다. 총점수는최저 0점부터최고 12 점까지로점수가높을수록설태가많이분포되어있다는것을의미한다. 설태평가측정점수는타당성을높이기위하여치과의사 1인과연구자가관찰한점수의평균값을측정치로하였다. 3) 치면세균막치아착색제를이용하여치아표면에붙어있는치면세균막을관찰하여대상자의구강상태를측정하였다. 치아착색제는 TRACE (Young Dental Manufacturing USA) 로인체에무해한제품으로써치아에도포한후물로가글링후치면에착색된부분에대하여 O Leary 지수로평가하였다. 구강내모든치아를절단면과교합면을제외하고협면, 설면, 근심면, 원심면 4부분으로나누어착색된치아면수를합하여전체치아면수로나눈후에 100을곱하여전체치아면수에서치면세균막이있는치아면수를백분율 (%) 로표시하였다. 점수가높을수록치면세균막이부착된치아면이많다는것을의미한다 [21]. 3. 자료수집 1) 예비조사에센셜오일로만들어진 S-solution과 A-solution은독특한향을가지고있어미취학아동에대한적용가능성및각항목에대한측정치의신뢰도를확인하기위해예비조사를실시하였다. 보호자에게연구에대해설명및동의를받은 10명의미취학아동을대상으로하였으며, 대상자를 5명씩두그룹으로나누어칫솔질후각각의구감함수를연속적으로제공하였다. 첫번째구강함수시 S-solution을제공받은 5명은두번째구강함수시 A-solution을제공받았으며다른 5명은역순으로구강함수를제공받았다. 아이들의선호도를체크하기위하여 S-solution과 A-solution을각각다른색의컵

4 S-solution 과 A-solution 을이용한구강함수가미취학아동의구강건강에미치는효과 153 에담았고두번째구강함수적용후아동에게어떤컵의구강함수를선호하는지조사하였다. 예비조사결과모두문제없이구강함수를하였고 10명중 8명의아동들이 S-solution이냄새가자극적이지않고달콤해서더선호하는경향을보였다. 타액 ph, 설태및치면세균막에대한점수배점을비교분석하였다. 실험처치기간은선행연구결과, 구강내세포의평균생존주기는 7일이내인것을토대로정하였다 [22]. 2) 사전조사대상자선정후실험군과대조군에게동일한제품의칫솔, 치약과구강건강관리에관한시청각자료가배부되었으며, 외생변수통제를위하여등원전양치를시행해줄것을당부하는가정통신문을대상아동의가정으로발송하였고, 등원시각학급의담당보육교사가학부모로부터아동의양치여부를확인하도록하였다. 측정값의신뢰도향상을위해치과의사 1인이연구자와동행하면서구강건강상태를평가하였고, 측정치의타당성을높이기위해사진을찍어 2차확인작업을거치도록하였다. 사전조사는실험군과대조군의일반적특성및치아우식을제외한치과적특성을설문을통하여수집하였으며실험처치당일등원후타액 ph와설태를측정하고치면착색제를바른다음물로가글링한후치면세균막지수를측정하였다. 치아우식유무는칫솔질을통해치면의치태제거가시행된이후에측정하는것이측정오차가감소하므로실험처치첫날중식이후보육교사의지도하에칫솔질을한뒤측정하였다. 의아동들과섞이지않았으며, 급식시간중에는아동들이다른학급으로이동하지못하도록하여대상아동들이실험군과대조군이라는것을인식하지못하도록하였다. 4) 사후조사구강함수에의한일회성효과와지속적효과를구분하기위해사후조사는실험첫날, 첫번째실험처치시행 30분후와일주일뒤마지막실험처치시행 30분후, 총 2번측정하였다. 실험측정은사전조사와동일하게 ph와설태그리고치면세균막지수를측정하였으며첫번째실험처치후측정한측정값을사후조사 I이라하였으며마지막실험처치후측정한값을사후조사 Ⅱ라고하였다. 치과적특성에해당하는치아우식유무의경우칫솔질을한뒤, 치과검진의형태로동행한동일한치과의사에의해측정되었다. 4. 자료분석수집된자료는 IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) 프로그램을이용하여자료분석하였다. 대상자의일반적특성과치과적특성의차이를살펴보기위해두실험군과대조군의일반적특성과치과적특성및종속변수의동질성검증은 X 2 -test를사용하였고, 세그룹간의차이를살펴보기위해 ANOVA를실시하고 Scheffe test로사후검정을하였고, 검사시기별로그룹내의사전조사, 사후조사 I, 사후조사 Ⅱ의평균을비교하기위해 Repeated Measure ANOVA를하였다. 3) 실험처치실험처치에사용될구강함수는선행연구와아로마테라피스트의자문을기반으로하여에센셜오일종류및제조방법을결정하였다. 이때에센셜오일의비율은 6세에서 12세까지의아동에게는성인의권장양의절반을사용하여야안전하다는결과에 [23] 근거하여정하였다. S-solution 실험군은칫솔질이후구강함수 10 ml로, A-solution 실험군은칫솔질이후구강함수 10 ml를 30초간입안을골고루매일 2회, 등원하여하원할때까지보육원에서제공하는중식과간식을섭취한다음시행하도록하였다. 칫솔질및실험처치는사전에보육교사 6인에게구강함수의처치및용법에대한교육을시행하고, 사전시험을통해동일한절차로칫솔질과실험처치를시행하는것을확인한뒤수행되었다. 각구강함수는연구자가매일직접제조하여각학급에제공하였다. 각학급은동일한실험처치를받는실험군또는대조군으로구성되어있으며모든처치는학급별급식시간및스케줄을조정하여순차적으로진행하도록하였다. 칫솔질은학급내에하는곳이따로마련되어있어다른학급 5. 윤리적고려본연구는 K대학교 IRB 승인 (KNU ) 을받은후진행하였으며, 연구전본연구의목적과방법을설명하고불이익없이중도포기가가능하다는것과발생가능한이익과불이익에대하여설명하였다. 아동에대한자료는연구이외의목적으로이용되지않고비밀보장을유지할것을구두와서면으로약속한후아동의보호자에게자발적연구참여동의서를받았다. 연구결과 1. 일반적특성과치과적특성의동질성검증일반적특성에서성별 (X 2 = 2.18, p =.336), 연령 (X 2 =.0.08, p =.960), 아버지의학력 (X 2 = 3.97, p =.137), 어머니의학력 (X 2 = 0.17, p =.915), 맞벌이유무 (X 2 = 4.64, p =.098) 가세그룹이동질한것으로나타났다. 치과적특성에서는하루칫솔질횟수 (X 2 = 0.27, p =.873), 지난 1 년간치과방문횟수 (X 2 = 6.33, p =.387), 불소도포유무 (X 2 = 0.57,

5 154 손희정 홍해숙 Table 1. Homogeneity Test for General and Dental Characteristics (N = 99) Characteristics Gender Male Female Age (year) 6 7 Faternal education High school University Maternal education High school University Dual-income household Yes No Number of toothbrushing (time(s)/day) 2 3 Number of dental visit (time(s)/year) None Flouride therapy No Yes Number of flouride therapy (time(s)) None Dental caries No Yes Cont.* (n= 33) I + (n= 33) Exp. II (n= 33) n (%) n (%) n (%) 16 (48.5) 16 (48.5) 9 (27.3) 24 (72.7) 28 (84.8) 23 (69.7) 10 (30.3) 12 (36.4) 21 (63.6) 20 (60.6) 7 (21.2) 3 (9.1) 3 (9.1) 20 (60.6) 13 (39.4) 20 (60.6) 6 (18.2) 31 (93.9) 14 (42.4) 19 (57.6) 18 (54.5) 15 (45.5) 3 (9.1) 30 (90.9) 4 (12.1) 29 (87.9) 16 (48.5) 10 (30.3) 23 (69.7) 13 (39.4) 12 (36.4) 6 (18.2) 16 (48.5) 9 (27.3) 24 (72.7) 9 (27.3) 20 (60.6) 13 (39.4) 18 (54.5) 15 (45.5) 28 (84.8) 4 (12.1) 29 (87.9) 15 (45.5) 18 (54.5) 11 (33.3) 22 (66.7) 12 (36.4) 11 (33.3) 19 (57.6) 14 (42.4) 19 (57.6) 11 (33.3) 1 (3.0) 27 (81.8) 6 (18.2) X 2 p *Cont.: Control group; + Exp. I (Experimental group): S-solution gargling group; Exp. II (Experimental group): A-solution gargling group. p =.750) 가동질하며, 불소도포를한적이있었다면하위영역으로불소도포횟수 (X 2 = 8.94, p =.177), 치아우식유무 (X 2 = 5.25, p =.072) 로 S-solution 실험군, A-solution 실험군, 대조군간대상자의일반적특성과치과적특성에서통계적으로유의한차이가없어세그룹은동질한것으로나타났다 (Table 1). 2. 종속변수에대한동질성검증구강함수를시행하기전사전조사로 S-solution 실험군, A-solution 실험군, 대조군의종속변수에대한동질성검증을한결과세그룹간타액 ph, 설태, 치면세균막의유의한차이가없었다. 따라서, 세그룹간종속변수인타액 ph, 설태, 치면세균막은사전조사에서 동질한것으로확인되었다 (Table 2). 3. 대상자의시간에따른타액 ph 변화세그룹간의차이를살펴보면, 대상자의타액 ph 평균은사전조사에서는대조군, S-solution 실험군, A-solution 실험군간에통계적으로유의한차이가없는것으로나타난반면, 사후조사 I (F = 3.21, p =.045), 사후조사 Ⅱ (F = 5.14, p =.008) 시기모두 S-solution 실험군이대조군에비해타액 ph가유의하게높은것으로나타났다. 검사시기별로는대조군의경우시기별로통계적으로유의한차이가없는반면, S-solution 실험군의경우사전조사에비해사후조사 I 시기 (F = 49.39, p<.001) 에서유의하게증가하였으며, 사후조사 I 시기와

6 S-solution 과 A-solution 을이용한구강함수가미취학아동의구강건강에미치는효과 155 Table 2. Homogeneity Test for Dependent Variables (N = 99) Cont* (n = 33) Exp. I + (n = 33) Exp. II (n = 33) Mean± SD Mean± SD Mean± SD Salivary ph 6.61± ± ± Coated tongue 7.00± ± ± Dental plaque index 16.17± ± ± *Cont. : Control group; + Exp. I (Experimental group): S-solution gargling group; Exp. II (Experimental group): A-solution gargling group. F p Table 3. Difference of Salivary ph, Coated Tongue and Dental Plaque Index According to the Time (N = 99) Variables Groups Cont*(a) (n = 33) Exp. I + (b) (n = 33) Exp. II (c) (n = 33) Mean± SD Mean± SD Mean± SD F p Scheffe Salivary ph Pre-test 6.61± ± ± Post-test I (30 min) 6.84± ± ± a< b Post-test II (1 week) 6.78± ± ± a< b F p.122 Contrasts Pre(A) vs Post I(B) A=B A<B A<B Post I(B) vs Post II(C) B=C B=C B=C Coated tongue Pre-test 7.00± ± ± Post-test I (30 min) 3.76± ± ± Post-test II (1 week) 3.42± ± ± F p Contrasts Pre(A) vs Post I(B) A>B A>B A>B Post I(B) vs II(C) B=C B<C B<C Dental plaque index Pre-test 16.17± ± ± Post-test I (30 min) 15.30± ± ± a> b= c Post-test II (1 week) 14.05± ± ± a> b= c F p Contrasts Pre(A) vs Post I(B) A>B A>B A>B Post I(B) vs II(C) B=C B=C B=C *Cont. : Control group; + Exp. I (Experimental group): S-solution gargling group; Exp. II (Experimental group): A-solution gargling group; G = group; T = time; G X T = Interactions of group and time. 사후조사 Ⅱ 시기에서는통계적으로유의한차이가없게나타나, 타액 ph가유지되는것으로나타났다. A-solution 실험군의경우에도사전조사에비해사후조사 I 시기 (F = 24.04, p<.001) 에서유의하게타액의 ph가증가하였으며, 사후조사 I 시기와사후조사 Ⅱ 시기에서는통계적으로유의한차이가없어타액 ph가유지되는것으로나타났다. 그룹과검사시기간에는유의한교호작용 (F = 5.68, p ) 이있는것으로나타났다 (Tables 3, 4). 4. 대상자의시간에따른설태변화그룹간차이를살펴보면, 대상자의설태의평균은사전조사, 사후조사 I, 사후조사 Ⅱ 시기모두대조군, S-solution 실험군, A-solution 실험군간에통계적으로유의한차이가없었다. 검사시기별로는대조군의경우사전조사에비해사후조사 I 시기 (F = , p ) 에서유의하게감소하였으나사후조사 I 시기에비해사후조사 Ⅱ시기간에는유의한차이가없는것으로나타났다. S-solution 실험군의경우사전조사에비해사후조사 I 시기에서유의하게감소하였으나사후조사 I 시기에비해사후조사 Ⅱ 시기에서는유의하게증가된것으로나타났다 (F = 86.63, p<.001). A-solution 실험군의경우사전조사에비해사후조사 I 시기에서유의하게감소하였으나사후조사 I 시기에비해사후조사 Ⅱ 시기에서는유의하게증가된것으로나타났다 (F = 20.74, p ). 그룹과검사시기간에는통계적으로유의한교호작용이없는것으로나타났다 (Tables 3, 4). 5. 대상자의시간에따른치면세균막변화그룹간차이를살펴보면, 대상자의치면세균막지수는사전조사에서는대조군, S-solution 실험군, A-solution 실험군간에통계적

7 156 손희정 홍해숙 Table 4. Variation of Salivary ph, Coated Tongue and Dental Plaque Index According to the Time (N = 99) Variables Groups Cont.* (n = 33) Exp. I + (n = 33) Exp. II (n = 33) Mean± SD Mean± SD Mean± SD Source F p Salivary ph Coated tongue Dental plaque index Pre-test Post-test I (30 min) Post-test II (1 week) Pre-test Post-test I (30 min) Post-test II (1 week) Pre-test Post-test I (30 min) Post-test II (1 week) 6.61± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 4.58 G T G T G T G T G T G T *Cont.: Control group; + Exp. I (Experimental group): S-solution gargling group; Exp. II (Experimental group): A-solution gargling group; Pre (A) = Pre-test; Post I (B) = Post-test I; Post II (C) = Post-test II. 으로유의한차이가없는것으로나타난반면, 사후조사 I (F = 18.76, p ), 사후조사 Ⅱ(F = 18.76, p<.001) 시기모두대조군이 S-solution 실험군또는 A-solution 실험군에비해치면세균막지수가유의하게높은것으로나타났다. 검사시기별로는대조군의경우사전조사에비해사후조사 I 시기 (F = 65.91, p<.001) 에서유의하게감소하였으나사후조사 I 시기에비해사후조사 Ⅱ 시기간에는통계적으로유의한차이가없어치면세균막지수가유지되는것으로나타났다. S-solution 실험군의경우사전조사에비해사후조사 I 시기 (F = , p ) 에서유의하게감소하였으며, 사후조사 I 시기와사후조사 Ⅱ 시기에서는통계적으로유의한차이가없어치면세균막지수가유지되는것으로나타났다. A-solution 실험군의경우사전조사에비해사후조사 I 시기 (F = , p ) 에서유의하게감소하였으며, 사후조사 I 시기와사후조사 Ⅱ 시기에서는통계적으로유의한차이가없어치면세균막지수가유지되는것으로나타났다. 그룹과검사시기간에는유의한교호작용 (F =34.18, p ) 이있는것으로나타났다 (Tables 3, 4). 논의유치열기에서영구치열기로이행되는미취학아동시기에구강위생관리를잘하지않으면후속영구치에도부정적인영향을주게된다. 구강질환의특성상예방주사나백신없이도구강위생관리를통해구강질환을예방할수있으므로혼합치열기의올바른구강위생관리가아주중요하다 [3]. 이에본연구는미취학아동을대상으로스피어민트, 티트리, 레몬을이용한 S-solution과페퍼민트, 티트리, 레몬을이용한 A-solution이구강내타액 ph, 설태, 치면세균막에미치는효과를파악하여미취학아동에게효과적인구강간호의근거자료를제시하기위하여시행되었다. 본연구에서사용한 S-solution은구강함수가미취학아동에게좀더효과적으로적용될수있도록본연구자가아로마관련선행연구와 [8,11,15-17] 아로마전문가 2인, 치과의사 1인의자문을통하여개발하였으므로 S-solution을직접적으로구강함수로사용한선행연구는전무한실정이다. S-solution에서사용된스피아민트는 A- solution에서사용된페퍼민트와같은민트계열이지만저자극성및청량감과향긋함으로인해미취학아동에게적용하기에좀더적합하였으며 [8,11,15-17] 예비조사로시행된선호도조사에서도 S-solution의사용에거부감을보인아동은없었으며더선호하는경향을보임을확인하였다. 본연구에서미취학아동의구강내타액 ph가 S-solution과 A- solution 구강함수를시행한경우증가하는경향을보였으며 S-solution은통계적유의성을보이며타액 ph가증가하는것을확인하였다. 선행연구중에서타액 ph 개선이구강위생관리에효과가있음을보고한것으로는제가노인을대상으로티트리, 만다린, 미르오일을혼합한구강함수용액과 [24] 대학생을대상으로가자나무열매에서추출한가자추출물 [25] 을이용한연구가있으며, 본연구과같은계열의에센셜오일을사용한선행연구로는 A-solution 구강함수를시행하였을때혈액투석환자 [13] 및수술전금식환자 [12] 에게서타액 ph가증가하며구강위생관리에효과적이라는것을보고한연구가있다. 하지만본연구의실험대상인미취학아동은 A-solution을이용한선행연구의실험대상보다상대적으로구강위생상태가양호하다는것과, 본연구에서확인된 S-solution과 A- solution의타액 ph결과를고려한다면 S-solution 구강함수에의한타액 ph 개선능력이 A-solution보다효과적임을알수있다. 본연구에서 S-solution과 A-solution을제공받은실험군의시간에따른설태변화는대조군, S-solution 실험군, A-solution 실험군모두사전조사보다실험처치 30분후통계적으로유의하게감소하였지

8 S-solution 과 A-solution 을이용한구강함수가미취학아동의구강건강에미치는효과 157 만세그룹간은통계적으로유의한차이가없는것으로나타났는데, 이는칫솔질과구강함수의적용으로인하여일시적으로설태의축척도가감소하는구강간호효과가나타난것으로사료된다. 설태는황화합물의주요인자로써구강의세균번식정도를파악할수있는중요한지표이다 [2]. 선행연구에서는 4% 식염수와 2% 식염수로구강함수를요양시설입소노인에게 2주간적용한후대조군에비해설태지수가감소하였으며 [26], 경관영양환자에게요구르트를이용하여구강간호를시행하였을때실험군에서설태지수가통계적으로유의하게감소하였다 [27]. 따라서강한물리적세척이아니라구강함수를이용한물리, 화학적인세정을시행하여도설태지수의개선이가능하다. 본연구에서사용된에센셜오일도일부설태지수감소효과를보였지만, 통계적유의성을나타내지는않았다. 이는미취학아동을대상으로한본연구와는다르게선행연구가노인이나경관삽관을요하는중증환자를대상으로시행되었기때문이라고사료된다. 이러한대상자들은침분비의감소와자가구강관리에어려움으로인하여설태가많이축적되고구취가발생되는구강상태를나타내기때문에 [27] 구강함수를통하여구강간호를시행하였을때설태축척도의변화량에서건강한미취학아동에비해설태가통계적으로유의하게감소하는결과를초래한것으로보인다. 본연구결과시간에따른치면세균막지수의변화를파악해볼때대조군, S-solution 실험군, A-solution 실험군모두실험처치 30분후에사전조사보다치면세균막지수가감소하였고실험처치일주일후까지유의한차이가없이유지되었는데세그룹간의차이를보면실험처치 30분후와실험처치일주일후의치면세균막지수가대조군이 S-solution 실험군과 A-solution 실험군보다유의하게높게나타났다. 본연구와같은계열의에센셜오일인페퍼-로즈마리오일로성인을대상으로구강함수하였던선행연구에서나타난페퍼- 로즈마리오일실험군이클로르헥시딘을사용한대조군에비해치면세균막지수가감소하여에센셜오일이클로르헥시딘보다효과적이라는결과와일치하였다 [28]. 적절한구강건강관리가선행되지않는다면치면세균막은점진적으로축척되어타액내의무기질에의한광화작용으로치석이될수있다 [2]. 그러므로올바른구강건강관리만으로도치면세균막을쉽게제거할수있을때관리가필요하다. 미취학아동에게치면착색제를이용하여구강위생상태를시각적으로보여줄수있으므로아동의구강건강관리에동기유발이되는효과가있다는선행연구결과 [29] 와같이본연구결과에서도실험군과대조군모두치면착색제를적용하여시각적으로구강위생상태를파악하고올바른칫솔질과구강함수를실천하여구강건강관리를하였기때문에치면세균막지수가감소하는데영향을준것으로보여진다. 그러나치면세균막이실험처치일주일후대조 군에서 2.12% 감소한것에비해 S-solution 실험군과 A-solution 실험군에서각각 5.99%, 5.53% 감소한결과는칫솔질후추가적으로사용한구강함수의물리적인세정효과에의한것이라할수있다. 이상의결과에따르면본연구에서개발된 S-solution 구강함수는기존에사용되던 A-solution 및다른구강함수보다미취학아동을대상으로하였을때저자극성을가지며, 타액 ph 증가와치면세균막지수감소효과를나타내었다. 뿐만아니라구강건강관리의보조도구로써취급의용이성및사용법에대한교육의편이성이높아미취학아동에대하여효과적으로구강건강관리를할수있다는점에서본연구결과는간호학적의의를갖는다고할수있다. 본연구는특정지역의일개유치원의미취학아동만을연구대상으로하였기에, 본연구결과를일반화하는데한계가있을것으로사료되며, 또한구강함수만의효과를확인하기위해칫솔질을제외한실험군을설정할수없었으므로칫솔질에따른구강함수의효과가희석되었을가능성을배제할수없으며, 하원하여다음날등교까지식사가동일하게통제되지않는점이본연구의제한점이라고할수있다. 결론본연구는미취학아동을대상으로 S-solution과 A-solution을이용한구강함수가구강건강에미치는효과를분석하고아동들의구강건강증진방안을제시하는기초자료를제공하고자시도되었다. 본연구결과를요약해보면 S-solution 실험군과 A-solution 실험군의타액 ph가실험처치 30분후에증가하여일주일후까지유지되었지만, 세그룹간의타액 ph 차이는 S-solution 실험군이대조군보다타액 ph는높게나타났고, 설태는실험처치 30분후세그룹모두감소하였다가, 일주일후에는대조군에비해 S-solution 실험군과 A-solution 실험군의설태가증가하였는데, 세그룹간의설태는차이가없었다. 세그룹모두실험처치 30분후치면세균막지수가감소하였다가일주일후까지유지되었는데, 세그룹간의치면세균막지수는실험처치 30분과일주일후모두 S-solution 실험군과 A-solution 실험군이대조군에비해치면세균막지수가낮았다. 즉, 칫솔질만하는것보다칫솔질후에센셜오일로구강함수하는것이더효과적이고특히, 미취학아동에게 S-solution을이용한구강함수가기존의 A-solution보다더효과적인것으로나타났다. 특히, 선행연구와달리자가구강관리에미숙한미취학아동에게구강간호로에센셜오일구강함수를적용하여효과를검증한본연구는의의가있다고볼수있다그러나, 향후연구결과를일반화하기위해다양한연령및지역

9 158 손희정 홍해숙 의아동을대상으로처치기간과횟수, 대상자의수를확대한반복 연구가필요하다. REFERENCES 1. Kang BH, Park SN, Sohng KY, Moon JS. Effect of a tooth-brushing program on oral health of preschool children. Journal of The Korean Academy Nursing. 2008;38(6): Harris NO, Garcia-Godoy F. Primary preventive dentistry. 6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall; p Lee YH, Jwa SK, Choi MS. A survey on the oral health in accordance with the oral health behavior of children in kindergarten. Journal of The Korean Society of Radiology. 2013;7(6): Ministry for Health & Welfare. Analysis of korea national oral health survey Ministry for Health & Welfare p Moon SJ, Park JH, Choi YC, Choi SC. The study of changes in oral health care of preschoolers in taebaek city through oral hygiene education. Journal of Korean Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. 2009;36(1): McDowell S. Are we using too much betadine?. RN. 1991:54(7): Hur MH, Park JH, Lee MY, Youn BH, Ahn HY. The comparative study of A- solution versus tantum or saline in oral care. Journal of Korean Society of People, Plant Environment. 2007;10(1): Lee KH, Park HK, Kim JH. Effects of oral care with 0.1% chlorhexidine and tantum solution on oral status and incidence of oral pathogens among intubated icu patients: a pilot study. Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing. 2010:3(2): Firouzian A, Khezri HD. A review of the common mouthwashes for oral care utilised by nurses in the critical intubated patients: a literature review of clinical effectiveness. International Journal of Caring Sciences. 2014;7(3): Ellepola A, Joseph B, Chandy R, Khan Z. The post antifungal effect of nystatin and its impact on adhesion attributes of oral candida dubliniensis isolates. Mycoses. 2014:57(1): Oh HG. Aromatheraphy handbook. Seoul:Hanyoung Moonhwasa; p Song JA, Hur MH. Effects of A-solution on halitosis and oral status in preoperative npo patients. Journal of Korean Academic Nursing. 2012;42(3): Oh MY. The effects of A-solution on xerostomia, halitosis, and salivary ph in hemodialysis patients. [master s thesis]. Daejeon: Eulji University; p Cho MK, Cho YH. Comparisons of the effects of A-solution and 0.9% normal saline oral gargling on xerostomia, halitosis, and salivary ph in nursing students. Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science. 2014;16(2): Battaglia S. The complete guide to aromatherapy. 2nd ed. Kwon SY, Kim SE, Kim EJN, Kim JH, Yoo KM, translators. Seoul:Hyunmoonsa; Rhind JP, Piric D. Essential oils: a handbook for aromatherapy practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Singing Dragon; p Buckle J. Clinical aromatherapy: essential oils in practice. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; p Koo MJ, Kim YN, Hwang SK. Effects of oral care with 0.12% chlorhexidine and saline solution on oral status, incidence of oral pathogens and clinical pulmonary infection score in children with cardiac surgery. Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamental Nursing. 2011;18(3): Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; Roldan S, Winkel EG, Herrera D, Sanz M, Van Winkelhoff AJ. The effects of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and zinc lactate on the microflora of oral halitosis patients: A dual-centre, double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 2003;30(5): Jang GW, Hwang YS, Kim JB, Song YS, Baek DI, Goo JH et al. Oral health education. 4th ed. Seoul: Komoonsa; Dudjak LA. Mouth care and for mucositis due to radiation therapy. Cancer Nursing. 1987;10(3): Gwon KO. Theory and reality of aromatherapy. Gyeonggi: Jigumoonhwasa p Jung SH. The effect of essential oil mouthrinse on oral health of the community indwelling elderly. Journal of Korean Academy Nursing. 2006;36(1): Gupta D, Bhaskar DJ, Gupta RK, Karim B, Gupta V, Punia H, et al. Effect of terminalia chebula extract and chlorhexidine on salivary ph and periodontal health: 2 weeks randomized control trial. Phytotherapy Research. 2014;28: Kim JO, Kim NC. Effects of 4% hypertonic saline solution mouthwash on oral health of elders in long term care facilities. Journal of Korean Academic Nursing. 2014;44(1): Lee HR, Kang HS. The effect of oral care by using yogurt on the reduction of tongue coating and the oral comfort in patients with tube feeding. Clinical Nursing Research. 2006;11(2): Botelho MA, Bezerra FLG, Correa LL, Fonseca SGC, Montenegro D, Gapski R, et al. Effect of a novel essential oil mouthrinse without alcohol on gingivitis: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2008;13(3): Ahn YM, Yun JM, Kim HH, Seo MY, Yeom MK. Effects of dental health education on dental health knowledge and dental hygiene status in preschoolers. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. 2009;15(2):

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