DBPIA-NURIMEDIA

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1 17 특집 : 최신전자패키징기술 - 공정및평가 전자패키지의전기적특성평가 Electrical Characterization of Electronic Package Jong-Woong Kim, Ja-Myeong Koo, Jeong-Won Yoon, Bo-In Noh and Seung-Boo Jung 1. 개요 전자부품또는전자패키지의디자인은최소한다음과같은 3가지요건에기반하여진행되어야한다. 첫째로기존시스템과최적의융합을위한외관설계, 둘째로우수한장 단기신뢰성을위한열 기계적구조설계, 마지막으로최적의전기적특성을위한전자회로설계가바로그것들이다. 이들중외관및열 기계적최적설계개념은이미십수년전부터산업계에서널리수용되어온것들이지만, 최적의전기적특성을위한회로설계는비교적최근에야그중요성이입증된것으로기존의용접전문가또는패키징전문가들에게는다소생소한개념이기도하다. 이와같이최적회로설계개념이비교적최근에야이슈가된까닭은새롭게개발되는무선통신시스템 (wireless communication system) 들에의해고주파 (high-frequency) 대역의사용필요성이점차높아짐에따른것이다. 무선통신기술의급속한발달에따라무선통신어플리케이션이늘어나게되고, 또한통신에필요한전송속도 (transmission speed) 가증가하게되면서고속의전송속도와새로운어플리케이션에의주파수할당 (frequency allocation) 을위해고주파대역의사용에대한요구가급격히늘어나고있다. 과거저주파대역을사용할때는크게문제가되지않았던다양한구조적요소들이시스템의전기적특성이회로자체의구조에결정적으로의존하는고주파대역의사용증가로인해그중요도가크게증가하게된것이다. 전자패키지에서고주파대역을사용하기위해서는우선고주파전송특성 (transmission property) 이우수한패키지가개발되어야하고, 개발된패키지의전송특성이평가되어야한다. 현재 1차패키징기술중고주파전송특성이가장우수한것은플립칩패키지 (flip chip package) 로, 기존의본딩와이어를이용한접합의경우에비해와이어의길이에의한인덕턴스 (inductance) 성분이크게감소함에따라고주파신호의통과특성이 개선된형태이다 1-3). 플립칩패키지는다시접합재료에따라몇가지로분류할수있는데, 그중접착제 (adhesive) 를이용한플립칩패키지는솔더를이용한것이비해접합시간이짧고신뢰성이우수하며접합후특유의유연한특성 (flexible property) 때문에휴대용전자기기및디스플레이모듈등에널리적용되고있다. 접착제로는한방향으로만전기적도전 (electrical conduction) 이이루어지는 ACA (Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive), 모든방향으로도전이이루어지는 ICA (Isotropic Conductive Adhesive) 및접착제자체로는도전이이루어지지않는 NCA (Non- Conductive Adhesive) 등이있다 4,5). 이중 ACA가현재까지가장널리사용되어온재료이지만, 최근 ACA 접합부의높은전기저항및전극간단락 (short) 문제가생산율저하에직접적영향을미치면서 NCA로의대체가고려되기시작하였다. 현재까지 ACA를적용한플립칩패키지의전기적특성은여러연구에서평가된적이있었지만, 이를대체할수있을것으로판단되는 NCA의평가및 ACA와의비교에관한연구는진행된적이없으므로전자패키지의전기적특성평가방법및결과해석을설명하는데좋은예가될것이다. 따라서본연구에서는필름형태의 ACA와 NCA인 ACF (Anisotropic Conductive Film) 와 NCF (Non- Conductive Film) 를이용하여플립칩패키지를제작하고, 이의전기적특성평가를실시하여둘의성능을비교하고자하였다. 이를위해다양한평가장비를활용하였으며, 특별히전기신호는 DC (direct current) 및 AC (alternating current) 로다각화하여각각의경우필요한기술을따로기술하고자하였다. 2. 테스트모듈제작및평가방법 본연구에서는 ACF와 NCF로접합된플립칩패키지의전기적특성을비교하기위하여기본적으로동일한 大韓熔接 接合學會誌第 26 卷第 1 號, 28 年 2 月 17

2 18 테스트모듈을설계및제작하여평가에이용하였다. 단, 고주파신호를통과시킬수있는패키지의구조는 DC 신호전달용패키지의구조와는많은점에서차이가있으므로두가지의서로다른형태로각각디자인한후제작하였다. DC 신호전달특성평가를위한테스트모듈의다이는 Si으로하였으며, 고주파신호전달특성평가를위한모듈제작은고주파전달특성이상대적으로우수한 quartz로하였다. 다이의재료는다르지만플립칩접합을위한 Au 범프 (bump) 형성공정은동일하며, 기존에널리알려진바있으므로본고에서는생략한다 6). Fig. 1은동일한테스트모듈을 ACF와 NCF를이용하여접합한경우의단면형상을나타낸다. 그림에서알수있듯이 ACF의경우다이의범프와기판의패드사이를 ACF의도전볼이전기적으로연결하고있지만, NCF의경우에는동일위치에도전볼이없으므로범프와패드가직접접촉 (direct contact) 하고있다. Fig. 2는 DC 신호전달용다이의표면을나타내고있는데, Fig. 2 (a) 에서는기본적인데이지체인 (daisy chain) 및켈빈구조 (Kelvin structure) 를위한더미회로 (dummy circuit) 가형성된것을확인할수있으며, Fig. 2 (b) 에서는형성된 Au 범프의표면형상을확인할수있다. Fig. 3은켈빈구조로설계된플립칩패키지의 DC 저항을측정하는원리를나타내고있다. 그림에서전류인가에따른전위차발생위치와전위차측정위치가중첩되는부위의전압 (voltage) 값이측정되게되는데, 본연구에서설계된회로에서는좌측에서두번째 ( 그림에표기됨 ) 범프접합부의전압이측정되게된다. 따라서 Ohm의법칙을이용하게되면단일범프접합부의접속저항 (connection resistance) 을계산할수있게된다. 이와같은구조는데이지체인구조에비해인터커넥터의전기적특성을정량적으로평가하는데보다유리하며, 향후신뢰성평가에따른전기적특성평 Fig. 2 SEM images of the electroplated Au bump arrays and patterned Cu traces 가를실시할때도데이지체인구조에비해보다유리한것으로알려져있다. 고주파신호전달특성을평가하기위해서는고주파신호가통과될수있는회로가되어야하는데, 이경우그라운드 (ground) 와신호선 (signal line) 의간격및간격을메우는매질의특성이완전히균일해야하므로일반적인 DC 신호전달용회로는사용이어렵다. 이경우가장많이사용하는설계구조가 CPW (Co-Planar Waveguide) 및마이크로스트립 (microstrip) 형태이다 7). CPW는신호가흐르는신호선과그라운드를동일한면에형성하여그간격을일정하게함으로써선로내동 Fig. 1 Schematic structure of the die to substrate bondin g using: (a) ACF and (b) NCF Fig. 3 Schematic circuitry of the four-point probe meth od to measure the inter- connect resistance of a single bump interconnect 18 Journal of KWJS, Vol. 26, No. 1, February, 28

3 전자패키지의전기적특성평가 19 일한특성임피던스 (characteristic impedance) 가유지되게하는구조이고, 마이크로스트립은신호선이있는면의반대면전체에그라운드면을형성시킴으로써모든신호선이동일한레퍼런스전위를가지게하는구조이다. 어느것이나신호선과그라운드간의간격이일정하고그간격을메우는매질의특성도균일하게제작해야하므로, 일반 PCB를이용한 CPW 혹은마이크로스트립기판제작은어려움이있다. 따라서본연구에서는다이와기판을모두 quartz wafer 를이용하여제작하되금속패턴은 CPW 구조로설계및제작하였다. Fig. 4는 CPW 구조로제작된다이와기판의표면형상을나타낸다. 접합이후에는 network analyzer를이용하여신호선에고주파신호를흘려주고, 이때측정된전압값으로다양한패러미터를추출하게된다. Fig. 5는접합된플립칩모듈에서신호선의흐름을나타내고있는데, 좌측 포트에서들어간신호는기판의신호선을따라좌측범프접합부를통해다이의신호선으로흐르게되고다시우측범프접합부를통해기판으로나와최종적으로우측의포트를통해나오게된다. 이때각포트에서발생하는전위값을이용하여 S-parameter (Scatteringparameter) 그래프를추출하게되며, 이를고주파특성해석에이용하게된다. 추출된 S-parameter 그래프는기판과다이에형성된신호선의영향을그대로포함하고있으므로적절한 de-embedding algorithm을이용하여플립칩인터커넥트만의고주파특성을추출하는것이중요하다. 이에관한자세한내용및측정세부사항등은참고문헌에자세히나타나있다 7-9). 3. DC 신호인가에따른전기적특성평가 6,1) 접착제를이용한플립칩패키지의전기적특성을평가하기에앞서먼저접합부상태가양호한지를확인하는것이필요하다. Fig. 6 (a) 와 (b) 는각각 ACF와 NCF를이용하여접합한패키지의접합부단면형상을나타내며, 이경우의접합조건은참고문헌에나타나있다 1). 그림에서알수있듯이 ACF 접합부의경우에는다 이측면의 Au 범프와기판의 Cu 패드가도전볼 (conductive particle) 들을통해전기적으로접속되며, 따라서도전볼과금속범프또는패드와의접촉면적이 Fig. 4 SEM images of the active face of Au- bumped CPW die (a), and CPW quartz substrate (b) Fig. 5 Schematic view of the cross-sectional flip chip m odule with direction of signal flow Fig. 6 Cross-sectional SEM views of the as-bonded flip c hip interconnects; (a) ACF interconnect, (b) NCF i nterconnect 大韓熔接 接合學會誌第 26 卷第 1 號, 28 年 2 月 19

4 2 전기적특성에큰영향을끼칠것임을알수있다. 도전볼과금속범프또는패드와의접촉면적은접합공정시패키지에의인가압력과비례하므로, 인가압력과전기적특성과의연관관계를알아보는것이중요하다. 이는공정변수의최적화와도무관하지않으므로정밀한측정을요구한다. Fig. 7은 ACF와 NCF를이용하여플립칩접합한테스트모듈의전기저항을측정한결과이다. ACF와 NCF 모두의경우에서인가압력이증가함에따라접속부저항이감소함을알수있다. ACF의경우에는인가압력증가에따른도전볼과금속범프와의접촉면적증가가접속저항감소의주된원인이며, NCF의경우에도 Au 범프의표면조도에따른미접합부위가인가압력증가에따라접합부로전환됨이감소원인이라할수있다. 감소하던저항은 ACF의경우 7N에서특정값에수렴하고있으며, NCF의경우에도 8N 이상에서안정화된것을알수있다. 이에대한원인은 ACF의경우, 1) 접촉면적증가에따른저항감소및 2) 도전볼표면금속층의파괴에따른저항증가가복합적으로작용한것에따른것으로, 자세한내용은참고문헌에나타나있다 5). NCF의경우안정화원인은접촉가능한면적의한계에따른것으로, 이러한결과들을통해최적접합압력을도출해낼수있다. Fig. 7에서 ACF의경우 NCF의경우보다접합이후접속저항이약 1배이상높은것을알수있는데, 이는각각의인터커넥트에서발생하는전기저항성분이다른것에기인한다. Fig. 8에이러한접속저항성분을나타내어비교하였는데, ACF의경우에는도전볼자체가가지는 intrinsic resistance (R i), 도전볼의둥근형상때문에발생하는전류흐름의휨에의한 constriction resistance (R CR), 그리고전도체표면에형성된절연층에기인한 tunneling resistance (R f) 가복합적으로접속 저항을구성하는데반해, NCF의경우에는범프와패드사이에존재할수있는 tunneling resistance만이접속저항성분으로추출되므로그림에서와같은차이를야기한다. 이러한저항성분들은적절한계산모델을유도한후수치적으로계산할수있으며, 이를통해측정치를검증할필요가있다 11). 검증된측정방법을이용할경우신뢰성시험으로저하되는전자패키지의전기적성능을정량적으로추출할수있으며, DC 전류인가에따른이러한사례는국제학회등지에서지속적으로발표되고있다. 4. 고주파신호 (high-frequency signal) 인가를통한전기적특성평가 9,12) 고주파신호를인가하기위해서는다이와기판모두고주파에적합하게설계되어야하는데, 본연구에서는이를위하여다이와기판모두 quartz wafer 를이용하여제작하였다. quartz wafer 는 SiO 2 로이루어진것으로, 비저항이대단히높아고주파기판재료로써적합하며 Si 반도체프로세스를이용하여금속패턴을형성시킬수있으므로정밀도가높은 CPW 또는마이크로스트립형태의기판을제작할수있다는장점이있다. 이들의금속패턴은기본적으로 5Ω의특성임피던스를가지도록설계하게되며, 본연구에서도이에맞추어회로를설계하였다. Fig. 9는 quartz 다이와기판을 ACF 를이용하여접합한후 network analyzer를이용하여 Connection resistance(mω) Stabilized Bonding force(n) ACF NCF Stabilized Fig. 7 Variations of interconnect resistance with bonding force in ACF and NCF joints Fig. 8 Components of electrical interconnect resistance conside red in this study; (a) ACF interconnect, (b) NC F interconnect 2 Journal of KWJS, Vol. 26, No. 1, February, 28

5 전자패키지의전기적특성평가 21 S-parameter 를측정한결과를나타낸다. 그림에서패턴갭 (pattern gap) 은신호선과그라운드와의간격을의미하며, 패턴갭의크기에따라신호선의특성임피던스가결정되므로패턴갭의크기를변화시키며고주파특성을분석하고자하였다. 본연구에서는패턴갭이 1 μm인경우의특성임피던스를 5Ω이될수있도록설계하였으며, 따라서 115와 13 μm인경우에는특성임피던스가 5Ω을초과하게되어신호의반사가많아지게된다. Fig. 9에서반사계수 (S 11) 의경우 1 μm일때전반적으로가장낮은값을가지고, 통과계수 (S 21) 의경우 1 μm일때가장높은값을가지므로 1 μm패턴갭인경우가장우수한고주파특성을나타낸다고할수있다. 공진이발생하는주파수 (resonance frequency) 도패턴갭이 1 μm일때가장높은값을가지므로회로설계는공진주파수에도영향을미친다고할수있다. Fig. 1은동일한다이와기판을 NCF를이용하여접합한후 S-parameter 를측정한결과를나타낸다. 기본적으로 ACF를이용하여제작한패키지와동일한경향 을나타내며, 패턴갭에따른경향도동일한것을확인할수있다. 하지만 Fig. 9와 Fig. 1에나타낸 S-parameter 값들은접합된패키지의범프인터커넥트뿐만아니라다이와기판신호선의고주파특성도포함하고있으므로플립칩인터커넥트만의특성이라고할수없다. 따라서플립칩인터커넥트만의고주파특성을얻기위해서는전체모듈의측정치에서다이및기판의신호선의영향을빼야한다. 이를위해서는일종의디임베딩알고리즘 (de-embedding algorithm) 을도입하여야하는데, 그과정이매우복잡하므로본고에서는생략하도록한다. 이과정에대한자세한설명은참고문헌에자세히제시되어있다 12). Fig. 11은이와같은디임베딩알고리즘을이용해추출한플립칩인터커넥트만의임피던스패러미터를나타내고있는데, Fig. 11 (b) 는 Fig. 11 (a) 에서사각형으로표시된 1에서 2 GHz 영역을확대하여나타낸것이다. 그림에서알수있듯이 13 GHz 이하에서는수Ω에서수십Ω에머물던저항성분이약 14 GHz를넘어서면서 Return loss, S 11 (db) Return loss, S 21 (db) Fig Pattern gap : 1μm -25 Pattern gap : 13μm (a) -7-8 Pattern gap : 1μm Pattern gap : 13μm (b) Measured S-parameters of the flip chip module using ACF with different gaps between the si gnal line and ground plane; (a) return loss, (b) insertion loss Return loss, S 11 (db) Return loss, S 21 (db) Fig (a) Pattern gap : 1μm Pattern gap : 13μm Pattern gap : 1μm Pattern gap : 13μm (b) Measured S-parameters of the flip chip module using NCF with different gaps between the si gnal line and ground plane; (a) return loss, (b) insertion loss 大韓熔接 接合學會誌第 26 卷第 1 號, 28 年 2 月 21

6 22 Resistance(mΩ) ACF -6-8 NCF (a) Resistance(mΩ) ACF -6 NCF (b) Fig. 11 Comparison of the extracted impedance paramete rs between ACF and NCF interconnects (patt ern gap: 115 μm ); (a) frequency range betwee n 1 MHz and 35 GHz, (b) frequency range between 1 GHz and 2 GHz 크게증가하는것을알수있다. 이는약 14 GHz 를넘어서면서공진이발생함을나타내는것으로, 이를통해본연구에서제작한 ACF 및 NCF 인터커넥 트의 band width 는약 14 GHz 임을알수있다. ACF 및 NCF 플립칩인터커넥트의공진주파수를비교해보 면, NCF 의경우 ACF 의경우보다약 6 MHz 정도높 은것을알수있는데, 이는각각의인터커넥트에존재 하는기생성분 (parasitic element) 이다르기때문이다. Fig. 12 에 ACF 와 NCF 인터커넥트에존재하는기생성분 을모식화하여나타내었다. 그림에서알수있듯이, ACF 인터커넥트의경우범프와패드사이에존재하는절연층 에의해캐패시턴스 (capacitance) 성분이발생하고도 전볼표면의금속층에의해인덕턴스성분이발생하며, 도전볼내부의폴리머코어에서도캐패시턴스성분이발생할수있다. 반면 NCF 인터커넥트의경우에는범프와패드가직접접촉되어전도가일어나므로 ACF 인터커넥트에존재하는기생성분들이존재하지않는다. 이 Fig. 12 Equivalent circuit of flip chip interconnects (R: resi stance, L: inductance, C: capacitance, and LM: mut ual inductance); (a) ACF interconnect, (b) NCF i nterconnect 러한차이가 Fig. 11에서의공진주파수차이를야기한것이며, 존재하는기생성분들의정확한수치는회로등가모델구축을통해알수있다. 4. 결론 본고에서는전자패키지의디자인에있어서최근가장핵심적인요소로부각되고있는전기적특성의측면에서전자패키지를분석하는기법을소개하고자하였으며, 특별히 DC와고주파신호전달특성분석및해석기법을따로소개하여필요한기술을개별적으로취할수있도록하였다. DC 회로의평가에서가장핵심적인평가지표는결국전기저항값이되며, 이값은데이지체인또는켈빈구조를통하여취득가능하다. 반면고주파신호를통과시키기위해서는 CPW 또는마이크로스트립구조의테스트모듈제작이필요하며, 신호전달특성의향상을위하여임피던스매칭과같은작업이필연적이다. 본고에서는 ACF 및 NCF를이용하여제작한테스트모듈의평가 비교를통해전자패키지의전기적특성평가과정을소개하였으며, 지면관계상생략된많은세부사항들은참고문헌을통해취할수있도록하였다. 22 Journal of KWJS, Vol. 26, No. 1, February, 28

7 전자패키지의전기적특성평가 23 후 기 이논문은 27년도정부 ( 과학기술부 ) 의재원으로한국과학재단의지원을받아수행된연구임 (No. R ). 참고문헌 1. M. Datta, T. Osaka, J.W. Schultze : Microelectronic Packaging, CRC Press, 25, 1-28, J.H. Lau : Low Cost Flip Chip Technologies, McGraw- Hill, 21, 1-17, J.W. Kim, D.G. Kim, W.S. Hong, S.B. Jung : Evaluation of Solder Joint Reliability in Flip Chip Packages during Accelerated Testing, Journal of Electronic Materials, 34, (25), J.W. Kim, Y.C. Lee, D.G. Kim, S.B. Jung : Reliability of adhesive interconnections for application in display module, Microelectronic Engineering, 84, (27), Y.C. Chan, S.C. Tan, Nelson S.M. Lui, C.W. Tan : Electrical characterization of NCP- and NCF-bonded fine-pitch flip-chip-on-flexible packages, IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging, 3, (27), 김종웅 ( 金鍾雄 ) 1978 년생 전자패키징, RF 패키징 wyjd@skku.edu 구자명 ( 具滋銘 ) 1978 년생 전자패키징, 초음파접합 dolmory@empal.com 윤정원 ( 尹貞元 ) 1977 년생 전자패키징, 패키지신뢰성 jwy4918@skku.edu 6. J.W. Kim, D.G. Kim, Y.C. Lee, S.B. Jung : Analysis of failure mechanism in anisotropic conductive and non-conductive film interconnections, IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, [in- press] 7. David M. Pozar : Microwave Engineering, Wiley, 25, M.J. Yim, I.H. Jeong, H.K. Choi, J.S. Hwang, J.Y. Ahn, W. Kwon, K.W. Paik : Flip chip interconnection with anisotropic conductive adhesives for RF and high-frequency applications, IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, 28, (25), J.W. Kim, Y.C. Lee, S.S. Ha, J.M. Koo, J.H. Ko, W. Nah, S.B. Jung : Electrical characterization of adhesive flip chip interconnects for microwave application, Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS, [in-press] 1. J.W. Kim, Y.C. Lee, S.B. Jung : Reliability of conductive adhesives as a Pb-free alternative in flip-chip applications, Journal of Electronic Materials, 37, (28), J.W. Kim, D.G. Kim, J.M. Koo, J.W. Yoon, S. Choi, K.S. Kim, J.D. Nam, H.J. Lee, J. Joo, S.B. Jung : Characterization of failure behaviors in anisotropic conductive interconnection, Materials Transactions, 48, (27), J.W. Kim, Y.C. Lee, J.H. Ko, W. Nah, M.Y. Jeong, H.C. Kwon, S.B. Jung : Microwave performance of flip chip interconnects with anisotropic and non-conductive films, Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, [in-press] 노보인 ( 盧寶仁 ) 1976 년생 전자패키징, 패키지신뢰성 nohbi@skku.edu 정승부 ( 鄭承富 ) 1959 년생 전자패키징, 패키지신뢰성, 마찰교반접합 sbjung@skku.ac.kr 大韓熔接 接合學會誌第 26 卷第 1 號, 28 年 2 月 23

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