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1 J East Asian Soc Dietary Life 25(2): (2015) , 2 Factors related to Korean Dietary Adaptation in Chinese Female Marriage Immigrants living in the Seoul Metropolitan Area Kana Asano 1, Jihyun Yoon 1 and Si-Hyun Ryu 2 1 Dept. of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul , Korea 2 Dept. of Foodservice Management, Paichai University, Daejeon , Korea ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate factors related to Chinese female marriage immigrants dietary adaptation. An in-person survey was conducted by a research institute on Chinese female marriage immigrants married to Korean men, having one child or more aged 16 years old, and having resided in Korea for at least 1 year before the survey. Data were collected from 309 respondents comprising 151 Han Chinese and 158 Korean-Chinese during the summer of About two-thirds of respondents were in their 30s and had resided in Korea for 5 to 10 years. Based on the overall mean score for dietary adaptation level (3.50 out of 5 points), the respondents were classified into two groups: low dietary (mean score 3.11) and high dietary (mean score 3.81). The results of comparative analysis between the two groups showed that the levels of acculturation (p<0.01) and healthy dietary behavior (p<0.01) for the high dietary were significantly higher than those of low dietary. The number of respondents of the high dietary reporting increased food diversity (p<0.01) and decreased frequency of skipping meals (p<0.01) was significantly higher compare to the low dietary. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify factors related to dietary adaptation. General characteristics, levels of acculturation, and healthy dietary behavior were included as independent variables. As a result, levels of acculturation and healthy dietary behavior as well as education level, monthly household income, and length of residence in Korea were associated with dietary adaptation. In conclusion, Chinese female marriage immigrants showing acculturated and healthy dietary behaviors adapted well to Korean dietary life. The results from this study suggest that dietrelated adaptation support programs for Chinese female marriage immigrants may positively affect their acculturation and dietary behaviors. Key words: Chinese female marriage immigrants, dietary adaptation, healthy dietary behavior, dietary habits, acculturation , %, 18, %. 33.1%, 31.5%, 9.2% (Statistics Korea 2014).., Corresponding author : Si-Hyun Ryu, Tel: , Fax: , ryush@pcu.ac.kr (Satia-Abouta et al 2002) (Jeon et al 2013) 56%, 47%. Kim et al(2011a),. 32% 23 15%,

2 25(2): (2015) 235 (Kim et al 2011a)., (Kim et al 2009). (Jeon et al 2013; Kim et al 2011a).. Kim et al(2012),,,. (Oh KS 2010),,. Lee JS(2012),,,., (Lv & Cason 2004; Liu et al 2010; Dela Cruz et al 2013; Lesser et al 2014; Tseng et al 2014), (Berry JW 1997). (Kim & Lee 2009; Han et al 2011; Cha et al 2012; So & Han 2012), (Kim et al 2009), (Kim et al 2011a; Jeong et al 2012; Kim et al 2011b). (Oh KS 2010; Kim et al 2012; Lee JS 2012),,..,,,,. 1. 1, , , ,,, 4.,,,,,.,,,,,. (Hyun & Kim 2011),,,, 5.,,, Berry JW(1997) Barry DT(2001) The East Asian Acculturation

3 236 Measure(EAAM)., α,,,,,,,,,, 8. (Lee JS 2012; So & Han 2012),,,,,. (Kim et al 2009; Kim et al 2012),,,,,,,, 10. (Rosenmöller et al 2011),,,, 1,, , 309. IBM SPSS(19.0 version, Chicago, IL, USA),. (Asano et al 2014) (n=137, =3.11) (n=172, =3.81) χ 2 t.,,,,,, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.. α.,,,,,,,. 1. (55.5%), (52.3%) (Table 1). 30(64.7%),. (55.5%), (51.7%) % 44% %, 6% (p<0.05) / α , Table , (3.26) (3.12) (p<0.01). (3.64)

4 25(2): (2015) 237 Table 1. The general characteristics of the respondents by the level of dietary adaptation n(%) Ethnic group Age (yr) Education level Employment status Monthly household income (1,000 won) Length of residence in Korea (yr) Total (n=309) Low dietary (n=137) High dietary (n=172) Han Chinese 151(48.9) 61(44.5) 90(52.3) Korean-Chinese 158(51.1) 76(55.5) 82(47.7) 20 s 71(23.0) 27(19.7) 44(25.6) 30 s 200(64.7) 95(69.3) 105(61.0) 40 s 38(12.3) 15(10.9) 23(13.4) Middle school graduate or less 46(14.9) 26(19.0) 20(11.6) High school graduate 182(58.9) 75(54.7) 107(62.2) College graduate or higher 81(26.2) 36(26.3) 45(26.2) Employed 159(51.5) 76(55.5) 83(48.3) Unemployed 150(48.5) 61(44.5) 89(51.7) <2,000 27( 8.7) 17(12.4) 10( 5.8) 2,000<3,000 99(32.0) 40(29.2) 59(34.3) 3,000<4, (39.2) 46(33.6) 75(43.6) 4,000 62(20.1) 34(24.8) 28(16.3) <5 56(18.1) 32(23.4) 24(14.0) 5<10 202(65.4) 86(62.8) 116(67.4) 10 51(16.5) 19(13.9) 32(18.6) χ 2 Value * 5.01 * p<0.05. Table 2. The acculturation level of Chinese female marriage immigrants by the level of dietary adaptation in Korea (Mean±S.D.) Total (n=309) Low dietary (n=137) High dietary (n=172) I write better in Korean than in Chinese. 2.87±0.86 1) 2.93± ±0.89 When I am in my apartment/house, I typically speak Korean. 3.72± ± ±0.53 If I were asked to write poetry, I would prefer to write it in Korean. 2.90± ± ±0.88 I get along better with Koreans than Chineses. 3.24± ± ±0.54 I feel that Koreans understand me better than Chineses do. 3.24± ± ±0.66 I find it easier to communicate my feelings to Koreans than to Chineses. I feel more comfortable socializing with Koreans than to Chineses. 3.08± ± ± ± ± ±0.74 Most of my friends at work are Koreans. 3.24± ± ±0.80 1) ** t Value Overall 3.20± ± ± ** 5 point scale: 1= strongly disagree, 2= disagree, 3= neutral, 4=agree, 5= strongly agree. p<0.01.

5 238 (3.78).,, ' Table 3. 61%. (19.7%),,,, (26.7%), (p< Table 3. The dietary practice of Chinese female marriage immigrants by the level of dietary adaptation in Korea n(%) Total (n=309) Low dietary (n=137) High dietary (n=172) χ 2 Value Source of diet-related and health information Biggest concern when selecting food Frequency of eating Korean food Frequency of eating Chinese food Purchasing place of food ingredients except Chinese food ingredients Methods of acquiring Kimchi Methods of acquiring Korean sauces Family 187(60.5) 84(61.3) 103(59.9) Book/Newspaper/TV/Internet 69(22.3) 24(17.5) 46(26.7) Friend 43(13.9) 27(19.7) 16( 9.3) Community 10( 3.2) 2( 1.5) 7( 4.1) Taste 200(64.7) 89(65.0) 111(64.5) Health 92(29.8) 41(29.9) 51(29.7) Price/Korean style 17( 5.5) 7( 5.1) 10( 5.8) Everyday 168(54.4) 56(40.9) 112(65.1) 56 days/week 48(15.5) 24(17.5) 24(14.0) 34 days/week 47(15.2) 26(19.0) 21(12.2) 12 days/week 33(10.7) 24(17.5) 9( 5.2) Never 13( 4.2) 7( 5.1) 6( 3.5) 56 days/week 25( 8.1) 21(15.3) 4( 2.3) 34 days/week 47(15.2) 21(15.3) 26(15.1) 12 days/week 134(43.4) 66(48.2) 68(39.5) Never 103(33.3) 29(21.2) 74(43.0) Hypermarket 159(51.5) 61(44.5) 98(57.0) Supermarket 76(24.6) 47(34.3) 29(16.9) Traditional market 74(23.9) 29(21.2) 45(26.2) Self-made 137(44.3) 38(27.7) 99(57.6) Purchase 63(20.4) 36(26.3) 27(15.7) Obtain from relatives/friends 109(35.3) 63(46.0) 46(26.7) Self-made 26( 8.4) 8( 5.8) 18(10.5) Purchase 147(47.6) 60(43.8) 87(50.6) Obtain from relatives/friends 136(44.0) 69(50.4) 67(39.0) * *** *** ** *** 4.93 * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.

6 25(2): (2015) ). 2/3,. 41%, 65%. 34 (19.0%), 56(14.0%) (p<0.001).,, 12 (48.2%), (43.0%) (p<0.001). (44.5%) (57.0%). (34.3%), (26.2%) (p<0.01). (57.6%), (46.0%) (p<0.001) α , Table , (3.31) (3.19) (p<0.01)., 1 2, Table 4. The healthy dietary behavior of Chinese female marriage immigrants by the level of dietary adaptation in Korea Mean±S.D. I drink more than one bottle of milk or dairy products everyday (e.g. yogurt, yoplait). I eat meat, fish, egg, bean, and bean curd (tofu) at every meal. Total (n=309) Low dietary (n=137) High dietary (n=172) t Value 3.40±0.83 1) 3.32± ± ± ± ± I eat vegetables other than Kimchi at every meal. 3.88± ± ± * I eat some kind of fruit or fruit juice everyday. 3.56± ± ± I eat fatty meat (pork belly, rib, broiled eels) more than twice a week. 2) 2.50± ± ± I eat fried food or stir-fried dishes more than twice a week. 2) 2.61± ± ± * I tend to eat salty food. 2) 2.90± ± ± * I eat ice cream, cake, cookies, and carbonated drinks between meals more than twice a week. 2) 2.93± ± ± I am not a picky eater, so I tend to ingest a broad variety of foods. 3.50± ± ± I eat three meals on a regular basis. 3.55± ± ± ) 2) * Overall 3.26± ± ± ** 5 point scale: 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neutral, 4=agree, 5=strongly agree. Reverse coding. p<0.05, ** p<0.01.

7 240 (p<0.05). 5. Table 5 (p<0.01) (p<0.01)., (51.1%), 70%. 77% (63.5%). 62% (53.3%) (p<0.05). (72.1%) (27.9%), (47.4%) (49.6%) Table 5. Chinese female marriage immigrants changes in dietary habits by the level of dietary adaptation after immigration to Korea n(%) Frequency of eating out Frequency of skipping meals Frequency of cooking at home Frequency of eating snack Portion size Food diversity Frequency of reading nutrition & food labels Total Low dietary (n=309) (n=137) (n=172) Increase 236(76.4) 101(73.7) 135(78.5) No change 57(18.4) 29(21.2) 28(16.3) Decrease 16( 5.2) 7( 5.1) 9( 5.2) Increase 27( 8.7) 12( 8.8) 15( 8.7) No change 92(29.8) 55(40.1) 37(21.5) Decrease 190(61.5) 70(51.1) 120(69.8) Increase 179(57.9) 73(53.3) 106(61.6) No change 107(34.6) 48(35.0) 59(34.3) Decrease 23( 7.4) 16(11.7) 7( 4.1) Increase 192(62.1) 68(49.6) 124(72.1) No change 113(36.6) 65(47.4) 48(27.9) Decrease 4( 1.3) 4( 2.9) 0( 0.0) Increase 154(49.8) 63(46.0) 91(52.9) No change 141(45.6) 67(48.9) 74(43.0) Decrease 14( 4.5) 7( 5.1) 7( 4.1) Increase 220(71.2) 87(63.5) 133(77.3) No change 86(27.8) 48(35.0) 38(22.1) Decrease 3( 1.0) 2( 1.5) 1( 0.6) Increase 151(48.9) 63(46.0) 88(51.2) No change 145(46.9) 65(47.4) 80(46.5) Decrease 13( 4.2) 9( 6.6) 4( 2.3) High dietary χ 2 Value ** 6.86 * )*** )** ) * 33% of the cells had expected counts of less than 5. Therefore no change and decrease response categories were combined into a single category for chi-square test. p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001.

8 25(2): (2015) 241 (p<0.001). =0.28, p<0.001). 6. Table 6. F 7.30, p< R %.,,,,., (β=0.17, p<0.05), (β=0.21, p< 0.05) (β=0.21, p<0.05), (β=0.14, p<0.05), (β=0.26, p<0.001), (β 1, 16,,,, ( 3.11) ( 3.81). (Han GS 2006),,. Han et al(2011) Table 6. The results of multiple regression analysis of dietary adaptation and general characteristics, acculturation level, healthy dietary behavior 1) 2) * Variable B Standard error β t Value Constant * Age (yr) Education level Employment status Monthly household income (1,000 won) High school graduate (Ref. Middle school graduate or less) College graduate or higher (Ref. Middle school graduate or less) Unemployed (Ref. Employed) 2,000<3,000 (Ref. <2,000) 3,000<4,000 (Ref. <2,000) 4,000 (Ref. <2.000) * * * Length of residence in Korea (yr) * Acculturation level 1) *** Healthy dietary behavior 2) *** Adjusted R 2 = 0.17, F= 7.30 *** Composed of 8 items (using a 5 point scale ranging from 05). Composed of 10 items (using a 5 point scale ranging from 05). p<0.05, *** p< Dependent variable: Dietary adaptation

9 242 76%.,, (Kim KH 2012).,,.,.,.. (Yang et al 2007).. (Tserendejid et al 2013),,,,. (Lv & Cason 2004; Liu et al 2010),,. Berry JW(1997),,, 4.,,.,. (Lim et al 2010),,., (Choi HJ 2009),., (Kim et al 2011a)..,,,,,., 56 80% (58.4%). (57.6%), (46.0%)..,,,.,,,. Kim et al(2012),.,

10 25(2): (2015) 243,.,. Kim et al( 2011a),,.,,,,.,, ,,,. 60% Cha et al(2012),., (Kim et al 2012) 4 4., Kim et al(2012). Lee JS(2012),,,,. Oh KS(2010),,,,,,,...,,.,.,,.,,,,. 1 1~ , 151, 158, 30, /3. 2. (5 ) 3.50 ( 3.81) ( 3.11), 5 (p<0.01) (p<0.01). 3., (p<0.001) % (58.4%), (57.6%)

11 244, (46.0%). 4., (p<0.01) (p<0.01). 5.,,,,,,,.... (Multicultural Human Ecology Center). REFERENCES Asano K, Yoon J, Ryu SH (2014) Chinese female marriage immigrants' dietary life after immigration to Korea: comparison between Han-Chinese and Korean-Chinese. Korean J Community Nutr 9: Barry DT (2001) Evelopment of a new scale for measuring acculturation: The East Asian Acculturation Measure (EAAM). J Immigr Health 3: Berry JW (1997) Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology 46: Cha SM, Bu SY, Kim EJ, Kim MH, Choi MK (2012) Study of dietary attitudes and diet management of married immigrant women in Korea according to residence period. J Korean Diet Assoc 18: Choi HJ (2009) Study on the characteristics pertaining to the acculturation strategies among immigrated women in Korea. Korean J Soc Welfare 61: Dela Cruz FA, Lao BT, Heinlein C (2013) Level of acculturation, food intake, dietary changes, and health status of first-generation Filipino Americans in Southern California. J Am Assoc Nur Practitioners 25: Han GS (2006) Family life and cultural encounter of foreign wives in rural area. Korean Soc Cult Anthropol 39: Han YH, Shin WS, Kim JN (2011) Special theme: Multicultural society and the identity of migrants; influential factor on Korean dietary life and eating behaviour of female marriage migrants. Comp Korean Stud 19: Hyun KJ, Kim YS (2011) Development of a Korean life adaptation measure for female marriage immigrants. Health Soc Welf Rev 31: Jeon KT, Chung HS, Kim YS, Kim YR, Joo JS, Kim HY, et al (2013) A study on the national survey of multicultural families Ministry of Gender Equality & Family. Report No.: Jeong MJ, Jung EK, Kim AJ, Joo N (2012) Nutrition knowledge and need for a dietary education program among marriage immigrant women in Gyeongbuk region. J Korean Diet Assoc 18: Kim HR, Paik SH, Jung HW, Lee AR, Kim E (2011a) Survey on dietary behaviors and needs for nutrition services, and development contents of nutrition education for female immigrants in multi-cultural families in Korea. Korean Institute for Health and Social Affairs. Report No.: Kim JE, Kim JM, Seo SH (2011b) Nutrition education for female immigrants in multicultural families using a multicultural approach: In-depth interviews with female immigrants and nutrition education professionals. Korean J Nutr 44: Kim JM, Lee HS, Kim MH (2012) Food adaptation and nutrient intake of female immigrants into Korea through marriage. Korean J Nutr 45: Kim JM, Lee NH (2009) Analysis of the dietary life of immigrant women from multicultural families in the Daegu area. J Korean Diet Assoc 15: Kim KH (2012) Survey on status of dietary life adapting and needs of dietary education on multi-cultural couples: In Busan area. Ph D Dissertation Pusan University, Busan,

12 25(2): (2015) 245 pp 25. Kim SH, Kim WY, Lyu JE, Chung HW, Hwang JY (2009) Dietary intakes and eating behaviors of Vietnamese female immigrants to Korea through marriage and Korean spouses and correlations of their diets. Korean J Community Nutr 14: Lee JS (2012) The factors for Korean dietary life adaptation of female immigrants in multi-cultural families in Busan. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 41: Lesser IA, Gasevic D, Lear SA (2014) The association between acculturation and dietary patterns of South Asian immigrants. PLoS One 9: e Lim EM, Jeong SJ, Lee SJ (2010) Marriage-based immigrant women s cultural adaptation types and acculturation stress. Korean J Counseling 11: Liu A, Berhane Z, Tseng M (2010) Improved dietary variety and adequacy but lower dietary moderation with acculturation in Chinese women in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc 110: Lv N, Cason KL (2004) Dietary pattern change and acculturation of Chinese Americans in Pennsylvania. J Am Diet Assoc 104: Oh KS (2010) Marital conflict in relation with dietary adaptation and acculturation stress among married immigrant women. Ph D Dissertation Jeonbuk University, Jeonbuk. pp Rosenmöller DL, Gasevic D, Seidell Jaap, Lear SA (2011) De- terminants of changes in dietary patterns among Chinese immigrants: A cross-sectional analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Activ 8: 1-8. Satia-Abouta J, Patterson RE, Neuhouser ML, Elder J (2002) Dietary acculturation: Applications to nutrition research and dietetics. J Am Diet Assoc 102: So J, Han SN (2012) Diet-related behaviors, perception and food preferences of multicultural families with Vietnamese wives. Korean J Community Nutr 17: Statistics Korea (2014) Marriage divorce statistics Available from Accessed on May Tseng M, Wright DJ, Fang CY (2014) Acculturation and die- tary change among Chinese immigrant women in the United States. J Immigr Minor Health in press. Tserendejid Z, Hwang J, Lee J, Park H (2013) The consumption of more vegetables and less meat is associated with higher levels of acculturation among Mongolians in South Korea. Nutr Res 33: Yang OK, Kim YS, Lee BH (2007) A study on acculturation and social support system for foreign wives in Seoul. Seoul Stud 8: Date Received Date Revised Date Accepted Feb. 23, 2015 Apr. 15, 2015 Apr. 15, 2015

서론 34 2

서론 34 2 34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of