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1 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing (Korean J Adult Nurs) Vol. 29 No. 3, , June 2017 ISSN (Print) / ISSN X (Online) 대장암 위암환자의항암화학요법시기에따른암증상, 우울및삶의질의변화 : 전향적종단연구 오복자 1 임수연 2 삼육대학교간호학과 1, 삼육대학교대학원간호학과 2 Change of Cancer Symptom, Depression and Quality of Life based on Phases of Chemotherapy in Patients with Colorectal or Stomach Cancer: A Prospective Study Oh, Pok Ja Ph.D., RN 1 Lim, Soo Yeon BSN, RN 2 1 Department of Nursing, Sahmyook University, Seoul 2 Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Korea Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify over time the changes of cancer symptom, depression and quality of life (QOL) among people who had stomach or colorectal cancer. Methods: Of the 74 participants recruited, 67 participated in the study. Participants were asked to complete three instruments at three different time. The instruments were the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory-Gastrointestinal Cancer Module, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General. The questionnaires were administered before chemotherapy, toward the end of chemotherapy, and six months after the completion of adjuvant therapy. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measure ANOVA. Results: At the immediately after chemotherapy point, the most frequent symptom was lack of appetite, followed by fatigue and problem with remembering things. The mean score for depression was 8.27 with a prevalence of 31.3%. The mean score for quality of life was out of 135. Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant increase in cancer symptom (F=23.22, p) and depression (F=35.29, p) after chemotherapy. However, improvement was observed 6 months after the completion of chemotherapy. QOL (F=33.73, p) also showed similar patterns as observed with cancer symptom and depression. Cancer symptom was the strongest predictor of QoL at pre-chemotherapy point. but depression was the strongest predictor at immediately after chemotherapy point. Conclusion: Chemotherapy is highly associated with cancer symptom, depression and QOL in patients with cancer. The nursing intervention is needed to relieve depression as well as cancer symptoms to improve QOL in patients undergoing chemotherapy from baseline to follow-up. Key Words: Neoplasm, Depression, Quality of life, Chemotherapy 주요어 : 암, 우울, 삶의질, 항암화학요법 Corresponding author: Oh, Pok Ja Department of Nursing, Sahmyook University, 815 Kongnung-dong, Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Korea. Tel: , Fax: , ohpj@syu.ac.kr - 이논문은 2014년도정부 ( 교육부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원 (2014R1A1A ) 을받아수행된기초연구사업임. - This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2014R1A1A ). Received: Apr 27, 2017 / Revised: Jun 18, 2017 / Accepted: Jun 23, 2017 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. c 2017 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

2 오복자 임수연 서론 1. 연구의필요성 대장암과위암은갑상선암에이어국내암발생률 2~3위로지속적으로높은증가추세를보이고있고, 최근 5년 (2010~2014) 암생존율이대장암 76.3%, 위암 74.4% 로보고되어암생존자들이증가되고있음을알수있다 [1]. 이처럼매년대장암 위암의생존율이증가하면서암생존자의삶의질을고려해야한다는인식이강조되고있다. 대장암 위암환자는일차치료로외과적수술을받게되는데주요합병증으로소화기능의장애증상을경험하게되며 [2], 대장암의경우수술방법의발전으로항문괄약근을보존하여도배변양상의변화및변실금등의배변문제로인해삶의질이영향을받게된다 [2,3]. 이와더불어치료의과정에서대부분의대장암 위암환자는일차치료후보조요법으로항암화학요법을받게된다. 이러한항암화학요법은대장암 위암환자의재발률을감소시키고생존률을증가시켜왔으나오심, 구토, 탈모, 면역력저하, 손발저린감, 통증, 피로, 인지기능감퇴와같은다양한부작용을초래하여 [4], 수술의후유증과더불어이들이경험하는증상이배가되며삶의질을저하시킨다 [5]. 암자체의진단만으로도소화기암환자의 57% 가우울을경험하는데 [6], 우울은수술이나항암화학요법등치료로인한신체적인부작용으로더욱가중되는것으로보고되었다 [7]. 암환자는치료를받은이후에도배변양상의변화및소화기능의장애로우울증상을경험하고있으며 [2], 대장암환자는우울이높을수록삶의질이낮은것으로나타나삶의질을향상시키기위해서는우울을관리하는것이필요한것으로제시되었다 [3]. 이처럼치료과정은암환자들에게희망이되면서동시에새로운신체적, 정서적문제를초래하는사건이며, 삶의질을저하시키는요인이다 [7]. 이러한현상은암환자가치료를받는동안지속되면서일상생활로의복귀를저하시키고가정경제의부담등을가중시키어암생존자의삶의질에부정적인영향을미치는것으로볼수있다 [8]. 따라서암환자들은퇴원후에도지속적으로특정건강문제에대한간호요구를가지므로간호문제를확인하고삶의질을향상시키기위한통합적인관리가중요하다. 이러한맥락으로선행연구에서는암환자의증상을관리하기위하여다양한심리사회적중재를개발하여적용하였는데, 주로전립선암이나여성암혹은유방암환자를대상으로하였다 [9-11]. 지금까지국내에서호발하는대장암 위암환자를대 상으로한연구는삶의질에영향을미치는요인을확인하는기초연구가있었으나 [2,3,5,6], 증상을관리하고삶의질을향상시키기위한중재연구는거의없는실정이다. 이들기초연구에서위장관계의증상경험 [3,5], 증상의중증도 [2] 및우울 [3,5,6] 이대장암환자의삶의질에주요영향요인이되며, 암환자의삶의질향상을위해우선적으로증상조절과더불어심리적디스트레스의관리가필요함을시사하고있다. 암환자에게필요한중재를개발하기위해서는질병과정에서환자들이경험하는증상정도와특성을파악하고이러한증상들이삶의질에미치는정도와변화를확인하는것이필요하다. 또한종단적연구를통해항암화학요법의시기에따른증상과삶의질의변화를파악하여적절한중재와중재제공시기를제시할필요가있다. 그러나국내의선행연구는대부분이유방암환자를대상으로증상과삶의질을횡단적으로조사한것으로치료경과에따른증상과삶의질의변화를파악한종단적연구는미비한실정이다 [12]. 특히대장암 위암환자를대상으로치료시기에따른증상과삶의질의변화를파악한연구는거의없었다. 이에본연구에서는대장암과위암환자를대상으로항암화학요법시작전부터항암화학요법이종료된이후까지신체적증상과우울및삶의질의변화양상을파악하고자하였다. 이러한전향적연구를통해도출된결과는대장암과위암생존자의항암화학요법에따른증상관리와삶의질을향상시키기위한중재프로그램을개발하는데방향을제시할수있을것이다. 2. 연구목적본연구는대장암 위암환자를대상으로항암화학요법에따른암증상, 우울및삶의질의변화양상을파악하고자하며구체적인목표는다음과같다. 대상자의항암화학요법시작전, 종료직후및종료 6개월후추적시점에서암증상, 우울및삶의질의변화를파악한다. 항암화학요법시기에따른암증상과우울이삶의질에미치는영향을파악한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계 본연구는암환자의항암화학요법시기에따른암증상, 우울 314 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

3 대장암 위암환자의항암화학요법시기에따른암증상, 우울및삶의질의변화 : 전향적종단연구 및삶의질의변화양상을파악하기위한전향적조사연구이다. 2. 연구대상대상자는서울시에소재한원자력의학원에서항암화학요법을받는대장암 위암환자였다. 대상자의선정기준은대사길항제 (5-FU, methotrxate), 알킬화제 (cyclophosphamide) 혹은파클리탁셀 (paclitaxel) 을투여받기로예정되어있는 20세이상의성인으로, 서면으로본연구의목적과방법에대한설명을듣고자발적으로참여를수락한자였다. 제외기준은대상자의활동정도가미국동부지역종양내과의사그룹 (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, ECOG) 의기준으로반나절이상거동이힘든자로하였다. 자료는임상연구심의위원회의승인후수집하였으며, 사전조사에서 74명이었으나설문응답내용이불충분한 1명을제외하였고, 2차조사에서사망자 3명과추후관리에서외래방문을하지않은 3명을제외하여최종대상자는 67명 (90.5%) 이었다. 대상자수는 G*Power 3.1.1을이용하여한집단에서반복측정분산분석 (repeated measure ANOVA) 을시행하기위하여유의수준 =.05, 검정력.90, 효과크기 0.25, 측정횟수 3 회로산출한결과대상자수는 36명이었다. 3. 연구도구 1) 암증상암증상은 M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory-Gastrointestinal Cancer Module (MDASI-GI) 의한국어판으로측정하였다 [13]. MDASI-GI는 M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory 척도에위장계암증상 ( 변비, 설사혹은장루로물같은변, 삼킴곤란, 입맛변화, 더북룩함 ) 을추가한 18개증상으로구성되어있다. 각문항에대하여 0점 ( 없음 ) 에서 10점 ( 상상할수없을정도로심함 ) 으로응답하도록하여점수의범위는최저 0점에서최고 180점까지였으며, 점수가높을수록증상이심한것을의미한다. 각항목에서 5, 6점은중등도의증상경험을, 7점이상은중증의증상경험을의미한다. 도구의신뢰도 Cronbach s 는개발당시.80[13], 본연구에서는.92였다. 2) 우울우울은 Zigmond 와 Snaith [14] 가개발한 Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) 를이한국어로표준화한도구중우울 7문항으로측정하였다. 각문항에대하여 0점 ( 없음 ) 에서 3 점 ( 심함 ) 으로응답하도록구성되었으며, 점수가높을수록우울정도가높음을의미한다. 0~7점은우울이없는상태, 8~10 점은경한우울, 11~21점은중등도이상의우울을의미한다. Oh 등 [15] 이한국어로번안시도구의신뢰도 Cronbach s 는.86이었으며, 본연구에서는.72였다. 3) 삶의질삶의질은 Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy- General (FACT-G) 의한국어판으로측정하였다 [16]. FACT는 Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) 를토대로암환자의포괄적인삶의질을평가하도록개발되었다. 본연구에서사용한 FACT-G는신체상태 (7문항), 사회 / 가족상태 (7문항), 정서상태 (6문항), 기능상태 (7문항) 총 4개의하부영역, 총 27문항, 5점척도로구성되어있다. 각문항에대하여 0점 ( 전혀그렇지않다 ) 에서 4점 ( 매우그렇다 ) 까지응답하도록구성되었으며, 점수가높을수록삶의질이높음을의미한다. 한국어판 FACT-G의신뢰도 Cronbach s 는.86이었으며[16], 본연구에서는.91이었다. 4. 자료수집자료는서울시에소재한원자력의학원에등록된환자명부를이용하여 2014년 10월부터 2016년 4월까지내원한환자들중선정기준에부합하고, 본연구참여에동의하여서명날인한자를대상으로수집하였다. 1차설문조사는항암화학요법을시작하기위하여입원했을때시행하였고, 2차조사는항암화학요법종료직후에, 3차조사는항암화학요법이종료된지 6 개월후외래를방문했을때시행하였다. 대상자가직접구조화된설문지에기록하도록하였다. 5. 윤리적고려본연구의내용과방법에대하여서울시에소재한원자력의학원의임상연구심의위원회의승인 (IRB N0: K ) 을받은후대상자에게연구동의서서명을받았다. 연구의참여동의서에는대상자의익명성과비밀보장에관한내용을포함하였고, 설문지응답도중언제라도참여를중단할수있고, 참여중단으로인한불이익이없는점, 연구참여방법과소요시간, 수집된자료는연구목적이외에사용하지않는점, 설문지와수집된모든정보는연구종료후에분쇄폐기처리할것임을포함하였다. Vol. 29 No. 3,

4 오복자 임수연 6. 자료분석수집된자료는 IBM SPSS/WIN 21.0 프로그램을이용하여분석하였다. 대상자의특성, 암증상, 우울및삶의질은실수와백분율, 평균과표준편차로제시하였다. 일반적특성및질병관련특성에따른암증상, 우울및삶의질의차이는 t-test, 분산분석 (ANOVA) Scheffe test로파악하였다. 항암화학요법치료시기에따른암증상, 우울및삶의질의변화는반복측정분산분석로분석하였다. 반복측정분산분석에요구되는종속변수의가정 ( 정규성, 분산의동질성, 구형성 ) 을확인하였으며, 측정시기간의교호작용이있는경우 Holm-Bonferroni를이용한사후분석을실시하여집단내의차이를분석하였다. 치료시기에따른암증상과우울을나타낸대상자수의변화는코크란큐 (Cochran Q) 검정으로유의성을분석하였다. 코크란큐검정은정규분포와같은특정한분포를가정하지않은확률분포에서두개의변수또는 3개이상의변수값들이이루는확률분포가동일한지를검정하는방법이다 [17]. 대상자의암증상과우울이삶의질에미치는영향은다중회귀분석을실시하였다. 연구결과 1. 대상자의특성과암증상, 우울및삶의질대상자총 67명중남자가 37명 (55.2%) 이었으며, 평균연령은 54.99세로, 50세이하가 32.8% 로가장많았다. 54명 (80.6%) 의대상자가기혼이었으며, 교육정도는고졸이 30명 (45.5%) 으로가장많았다. 직업은없는경우는 41명 (61.2%) 이었고, 소득정도는 200만원미만이 31명 (46.3%) 으로가장많았다. 대상자의질병관련특성으로진단명은대장암이 59명 (88.1%), 위암이 8명 (11.9%) 이었다. 진단시암의병기는 3기가 41명 (61.2%) 으로가장많았고, 1, 2기가 21명 (31.3%), 4기 5명 (7.5%) 순이었다. 대상자의활동정도는 ECOG의기준으로 0 점 ( 발병전처럼활동가능 ) 이 30명 (44.8%), 1점 ( 경한증상있으나거동이자유로운정도 ) 이 25명 (37.3%), 2점 ( 반나절이상거동가능 ) 이 12명 (17.9%) 이었다. 헤모글로빈수치는평균 12.2 ±1.53 g/dl( 범위 : 8.8~15.6) 이었고, 12 g/dl 미만은 27명 (40.3%), 12 g/dl 이상은 40명 (59.7%) 이었다. 대상자의일반적특성및질병관련특성에따른암증상정도는유의한차이가없었다. 우울은대상자의활동정도 (ECOG) 1점군 (5.72점) 과 2점군 (5,75점) 이 0점군 (2.93점) 보다높았다 (p=.001). 삶의질은소득정도가 200만원미만군 (73.87점) 이 200~400 만원미만군 (87.45점) 보다낮았고 (p=.032), 활동정도가 1점군 (76.12점) 이나 2점군 (64.42점) 은 0점군 (89.57점) 보다낮았다 (p)(table 1). 2. 항암화학요법시기에따른암증상의변화항암화학요법시작전에대상자가경험한중등도이상의증상은수면장애 (19.4%), 통증 (17.9%) 피로 (17.9%), 식욕부진 (16.4%) 순으로나타났다. 항암화학요법종료직후에는식욕부진 (59.7%), 피로 (52.2%), 건망증 (47.8%), 입맛변화 (47.8%), 저린느낌 (34.7%) 순으로많았다. 항암화학요법종료 6개월후에는건망증 (25.4%), 식욕부진 (17.9%), 피로 (16.4%) 순으로나타났다 (Table 2). 암증상은항암화학요법종료직후 ( 평균 점 ) 가항암화학요법시작전 ( 평균 23.56점 ) 과항암화학요법종료 6개월후 ( 평균 18.70점 ) 보다더심하였다 (p)(table 3, Figure 1). 3. 항암화학요법시기에따른우울의변화우울정도가 11~21점의중등도 ~ 중증인대상자가항암화학요법시작전 2명 (3.0%), 항암화학요법종료직후 21명 (31.3%), 항암화학요법종료 6개월후에 2명 (3.0%) 이었다 (Table 2). 우울은항암화학요법종료직후 ( 평균 8.27점 ) 가항암화학요법시작전 ( 평균 4.38점 ) 과항암화학요법종료 6개월후시점 ( 평균 4.86점 ) 보다더심하였다 (p)(table 3, Figure 1). 4. 항암화학요법시기에따른삶의질의변화삶의질은항암화학요법종료직후 ( 평균 61.88점 ) 가항암화학요법시작전 ( 평균 79.91점 ) 과항암화학요법종료 6개월 ( 평균 78.09점 ) 보다더낮았다 (p). 신체상태, 사회 / 가족상태, 정서상태및기능상태영역의삶의질은모두항암화학요법종료직후가항암화학요법시작전이나항암화학요법종료 6개월후보다낮았다 (Table 3, Figure 1). 5. 항암화학요법에따른암증상과우울이삶의질에미치는영향회귀분석에앞서변수간의상관관계를항암화학요법시작 316 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

5 대장암 위암환자의항암화학요법시기에따른암증상, 우울및삶의질의변화 : 전향적종단연구 Table 1. Cancer Symptom, Depression and Quality of Life based on Participants General Characteristics (N=67) Variables Categories n(%) Gender Male Female 37 (55.2) 30 (44.8) Cancer symptom Depression Quality of life M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) M±SD t or F (p) 18.16± ± (.096) 4.54± ± (.856) 81.91± ± (.268) Age (year) 50 51~55 56~ (32.8) 16 (23.9) 19 (28.4) 21.05± ± ± ± (.644) 3.95± ± ± ± (.147) 82.09± ± ± ± (.839) Martial status Yes No 54 (80.6) 13 (19.4) 22.87± ± (.832) 4.63± ± (.421) 80.85± ± (.354) Education level Junior high school High school College 19 (28.8) 30 (45.5) 17 (25.7) 13.84± ± ± (.156) 3.26± ± ± (.061) 78.89± ± ± (.956) Occupation Employed Unemployed 26 (38.8) 41 (61.2) 24.23± ± (.802) 5.19± ± (.100) 76.92± ± (.250) Monthly income (10,000 won) <200 a 200~399 b 400~599 c 600 d 31 (46.3) 22 (32.8) 11 (16.4) 3 (4.5) 20.74± ± ± ± (.849) 4.78± ± ± ± (.656) 73.87± ± ± ± (.032) a<b Cancer type Colorectal Stomach 59 (88.1) 8 (11.9) 23.52± ± (.791) 4.59± ± (.414) 80.20± ± (.702) Cancer stage I, II III IV 21 (31.3) 41 (61.2) 5 (7.5) 23.43± ± ± (.957) 5.00± ± ± (.388) 78.19± ± ± (.423) ECOG 0 a 1 b 2 c 30 (44.8) 25 (37.3) 12 (17.9) 17.47± ± ± (.122) 2.93± ± ± (.001) a<b, c 89.57± ± ± () b, c<a Hemoglobin (g/dl) < (40.3) 40 (59.7) 28.81± ± (.193) 4.04± ± (.346) 79.33± ± (.820) a, b, c, d=scheffe test. 전의점수로분석한결과암증상은우울 (r=.32, p=.009) 과정적상관이있었고, 삶의질 (r=-.36, p=.003) 과는부적상관관계가있었다. 우울과삶의질은부적상관관계가있었다 (r=-.54, p). 암증상과우울이삶의질에미치는영향을확인하기위한다중회귀분석의기본가정을확인한결과 Dubin-Watson 통계량이 1.55~1.95로독립변수간의자기상관이없었고, 분산팽창인자 (Variation Inflation Factor, VIF) 는 1.11~1.28로다중공선성판단기준인 10.0 이하였으며, 공차한계 (tolerance) 가.82~.89로 1.0 이하이므로다중공선성의문제가없음을확인하였다. 잔차의정규 P-P도표를확인한결과선형성을보였고, 산점도는잔차의분포가 0을중심으로고르게퍼져있는것으로나타나오차항의정규성과등분산성의가정을만족하였다. 대상자의삶의질을예측하는회귀모형은유의하였고, 전체 모형의설명력은 26~70% 였다 (Table 4). 항암화학요법시작전에는암증상 (β=-.41, p) 이우울 (β=-.23, p=.042) 보다삶의질에미치는영향이컸고두변수의설명력은 26% 였다. 항암화학요법종료직후는우울만삶의질에영향을미쳤고, 설명력은 70% 였다. 항암화학요법종료 6개월후에는우울 (β =-.55, p) 이암증상 (β=-.22, p=.032) 에비해삶의질에미치는영향이컸고두변수의설명력은 44% 였다. 논의 본연구는대장암 위암환자를대상으로항암화학요법전과후의암증상, 우울및삶의질의변화량을확인하여치료시기별항암화학요법관련부작용과삶의질의양상을파악하고자하였다. Vol. 29 No. 3,

6 오복자 임수연 Table 2. Changes in Number of Participants Experiencing Cancer Symptoms and Depression from Baseline to Follow-up (N=67) Outcome variables Cancer symptoms Pain Fatigue Nausea Disturbed sleep Distressed (upset) Shortness of breath Problem with remembering things Lack of appetite Drowsy Dry mouth Sad Vomiting Numbness or tingling Gastrointestinal symptoms Constipation Diarrhea or watery stools via stoma Difficulty swallowing Change in taste Feeling bloated Categories 5 Pre-chemotherapy Post-chemotherapy Follow-up n(%) n(%) n(%) 12 (17.9) 12 (17.9) 5 (7,5) 13 (19.4) 9(13.4) 3 (4.5) 5 (7.5) 11 (16.4) 8(11.9) 3 (4.5) 7(10.4) 7(10.4) 14 (20.9) 35 (52.2) 19 (28.4) 17 (25.4) 14 (20.9) 0 (0.0) 32 (47.8) 40 (59.7) 8(11.9) 5 (7.5) 23 (34.7) 8(11.9) 4 (6.4) 32 (47.8) 8(11.9) 11 (16.4) 4 (6.4) 5 (7.5) 1 (1.5) 17 (25.4) 12 (17.9) 3 (4.5) 4 (6.4) 7 (10.4) 3 (4.5) 1 (1.5) 5 (7,5) Depression 0~7 8~10 11~21 55 (82.1) 28 (40.3) 19 (28.4) 21 (31.3) 57 (85.1) 8(11.9) Table 3. Changes in Cancer Symptom, Depression and Quality of Life from Baseline to Follow-up (N=67) Pre-chemotherapy a Post-chemotherapy b Follow-up c Outcome variables Source F p Bonferroni M±SD M±SD M±SD Cancer symptom 23.56± ± ±17.53 time a, c<b Depression 4.38± ± ±3.30 time a, c<b Quality of life Physical Social/family Emotional Functional 79.91± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±5.86 time time time time time b<a, c b<a, c b<a b, c<a; b<c b<a, c 본연구결과암증상의정도는항암화학요법종료직후가항암화학요법시작전과항암화학요법종료 6개월시점보다심한것으로나타났다. 이는암환자가경험하는신체적증상은항암화학요법의횟수가증가함에따라강도와고통감이심화되고치료종료 6개월째감소가되는것으로나타나선행연구의결과와유사하였다 [18]. 암환자가경험하는중등도이상의암증상은항암화학요법종료직후식욕부진과피로는대상자의 50% 이상에서경험하였고, 그다음으로건망증 (47.8%), 입맛변화 (47.8%), 저린느낌 (34.7%) 이많았다. 이는항암화학요법을받는대장암환자대상의선행연구에서식욕부진 (59.1%) 과피로 (54.1%) 를많이경험한다는결과와유사하며 [5], 본연구대상자의건망증증상경험은항암화학요법관련인지기능감퇴가암환자의 15~70% 에서발생되고있다는선행연구보고와유사하다 [19]. 이러한증상은항암화학요법종료 6개월후대부분회복되나건망증 (25.4%), 식욕부진 (17.9%) 및피로 (16.4%) 등은지속되고있었다. 이는항암화학요법은장기간의반복적인치료로광범위하게세포파괴를유발하여환자들은치료가끝난후에도항암화학요법시행전환자가가지고있는증상의일부가지속된다는것을보여주고있다 [20]. 따라서이로인하여삶의질이저하된 318 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

7 대장암 위암환자의항암화학요법시기에따른암증상, 우울및삶의질의변화 : 전향적종단연구 다는점을고려할때치료전부터치료로인해경험할수있는증상에대한사전교육을통해질병및치료과정을이해하고적절한대처행위를할수있도록돕는중재프로그램이요구된다 [12]. 최근항암화학요법은외래나낮병동에서진행되어환자는반복되는항암화학요법의대부분의시간을가정에서보내게된다. 이러한과정에서환자는다양한증상을경험하게되 A. Cancer symptom B. Depression C. Quality of life Figure 1. Changes in cancer symptom, depression and quality of life from baseline to follow-up. Table 4. Influence of Cancer Symptom and Depression on Quality of Life Variables B β t p Dubin-Wason Tolerance VIF Adj. R 2 F(p) Pre-chemotherapy Constant Cancer symptom Depression () Post-chemotherapy Constant Cancer symptom Depression () Follow-up Constant Cancer symptom Depression () Vol. 29 No. 3,

8 오복자 임수연 므로증상관리에대한정보와교육은자가관리에많은도움이될것이다. 본연구에서암환자의우울정도는치료전에비해항암화학요법직후심하다가 6개월추적조사에서회복되는것으로나타나신체적암증상의변화와일치되는양상을확인할수있었다. 구체적으로약물치료가필요한중등도이상의우울을나타내는대상자는항암화학요법시작전 3.0% 에서항암화학요법종료직후 31.3% 로급증하였고, 반복측정분산분석에서도암환자의우울은항암화학요법의부작용과함께극심해지는것을확인할수있었다. 이러한결과는항암화학요법을받고있거나이미종료된유방암환자를대상으로중등도이상의우울을나타낸대상자가 17.2% 로보고한것보다우울정도가더큰것으로나타났고 [21], 항암화학요법을받고있는대장암환자를대상으로한연구에서 32.0% 로보고한것과유사하다 [5]. 이는암환자의우울은진단자체와치료에대한행동적부작용으로볼때암환자의우울정도는대상자가항암화학요법종료직후중등도이상의암증상을경험할때증가된다고생각된다. 또한본연구에서우울은대상자의활동정도 (ECOG) 에서유의한차이가있는것으로나타났는데활동정도가낮을수록우울정도가높은것으로나타나건강상태와관련된기능정도가우울을초래하는요인중의하나로나타났다. 선행연구에서도신체적자각증상이높을수록우울과불안이높았다는연구결과를제시하고있어암증상경험과우울과의관련성을지지하고있다 [22]. 본연구에서암증상은우울과유의한정적상관이있는것으로나타나선행연구결과와일치하는데 [7] 이러한결과는초기에암증상관리를하는것이이후환자가경험하는심리적디스트레스의강도를조절하는데도움을줄수있다는것을보여주고있다. 그러나유방암환자의경우항암화학요법과관련된암증상보다는호르몬감소로인한폐경증상이우울의더큰영향요인임을제시하여암종류별우울관리의차별성을강조하고있다 [23]. 본연구에서암환자의삶의질의변화를보면치료전에비해항암화학요법직후급격히감소하다가 6개월추적조사에서회복되는것으로나타나신체적암증상과우울의변화양상과일치되는것을알수있었다. 이는항암화학요법유방암환자의삶의질에서도치료종료직후삶의질이감소하다가치료종료후 6개월에는항암화학요법으로인한증상이남아있음에도불구하고삶의질이치료전으로회복되었다는연구결과와일치한다 [24]. 본연구에서하위영역별삶의질정도에서는사회 / 가족상태영역과기능상태영역이정서상태나신체상태영역보다일관되게가장낮았는데이는본연구에서소득정도가낮 고활동정도가치료전에비해떨어지는경우삶의질이더낮은것으로나타난것을반영하고있었다. 이러한결과는대장암환자대상의선행연구 [5] 와유방암환자대상의연구 [21] 에서기능상태영역과사회 / 가족상태의영역에서삶의질이가장낮은점수를보였다는것과일치한다. 이는반복된항암화학요법으로인해일상생활이나경제적인활동을지속할수없으며경제적인부담감과더불어병원치료및부작용으로인한기능상태의저하가있음을반영한다고생각된다. 본연구에서삶의질은항암화학요법종료직후에가장낮았는데이때우울의영향력이 70% 로가장큰것으로나타났고항암화학요법종료 6개월시점에서도우울이암증상에비해삶의질에미치는영향력이컸다. 이러한결과는유방암환자대상의연구에서도우울과불안이삶의질에가장큰영향요인이라제시한것과일치하고있고 [21], 대장암을비롯한암환자의삶의질에우울이가장중요한요소임을보고한결과와일치한다 [3,5,25]. 이는암환자는암진단자체뿐아니라항암화학요법을통한심한신체적인증상을경험하면서약물치료가필요한중등도의우울이심화된 [7] 것과관련된다고생각된다. 이러한암환자의우울은삶의질에부정적인영향을미칠뿐아니라 [26] 재발에도영향을미칠수있다는점을고려할때 [27], 암환자의삶의질향상을위한간호중재에우울을우선적으로관리해야할필요성을제시하고있다 [28]. 또한항암치료중인국내대장암 위암환자들의우울을감소시키고삶의질을향상시키기위해정신과적상담을포함하는더욱적극적인심리사회적중재가필요하다. 한편항암화학요법시작전에는암증상이우울보다삶의질에미치는영향이큰것으로나타났다. 이는항암화학요법전의수술과같은일차적인치료로인해암환자가경험하는증상이있으나심하지않고회복에대한기대감으로우울이적었던것과관련된다고생각된다. 이러한현상은동종조혈모세포이식환자의삶의질에서이식기간과초기회복시기에는신체적증상이삶의질변화에가장큰영향을미치고우울과같은심리적디스트레스는이식전, 중, 후모든기간에걸쳐영향을미친다는보고와유사하다 [25,29]. 이러한결과는대장암 위암환자의신체증상관리는일차치료후항암화학요법을받기전부터지속되어야함을제시한다. 본연구결과환자가경험하는암증상과우울은치료시기에따라매우다양하며이러한증상과우울이각시기별삶의질의정도에영향을미친다는점은시사하는바가크다. 따라서암환자의신체적인증상조절과더불어우울에대한선별검사와관리가무엇보다필요하며이를통해암환자의삶의질을향상 320 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

9 대장암 위암환자의항암화학요법시기에따른암증상, 우울및삶의질의변화 : 전향적종단연구 시킬수있을것으로기대할수있다. 본연구는항암화학요법이대장암 위암환자의암증상, 우울및삶의질에미치는영향을파악하기위하여종단적으로조사를실시한연구이나항암치료가끝난후 6개월시점까지추적조사를하였으므로치료후기에발생되는변화는분석할수없었고, 객관적인관찰이나측정보다는대상자의자기보고에따른분석결과라는제한점이있어본연구결과를일반화하는데신중해야한다. 또한본연구는항암화학요법여부에따른암환자의증상경험과우울및삶의질의변화를파악하는데초점을둔것으로이들변화에영향을미칠수있는다른영향변수들을고려하지않았다. 그러나본연구는대장암 위암환자의항암화학요법전후에경험하는증상경험과우울및삶의질을치료전부터치료종료후 6개월까지종단적으로파악함으로써항암화학요법전부터치료종료후까지도지속적인관리가필요함을제시하였다. 결론및제언 본연구는대장암 위암환자를대상으로항암화학요법전과후의암증상, 우울및삶의질을종단적으로조사하였다. 본연구의결과암증상과우울은항암화학요법종료직후에가장심하였고, 6개월후대부분회복되었으나지속되는것으로나타났다. 이러한양상은암환자의삶의질의변화에도그대로반영되어항암화학요법직후에삶의질이가장낮았으며, 치료종료 6개월후에는치료로인한증상의호전과함께삶의질이대부분향상되었다. 또한항암화학요법전후에경험하는암증상과우울은삶의질에영향을미치는요인임을확인할수있었다. 이상의결과는항암화학요법을받는환자는시간이경과함에따라경험하는암증상과우울정도및삶의질이다르며, 항암화학요법시기에따라삶의질에미치는영향요인도변화가있었다. 항암화학요법시작전에는암증상, 항암화학요법후에는우울이삶의질에미치는영향력이가장컸다. 따라서암환자의삶의질을향상시키기위하여항암치료초기부터신체적인암증상을적극적으로조절하고이후환자가경험하는우울에대한선별검사와관리가무엇보다필요하다는것을제시하고있다. 또한신체적증상과심리적증상이더불어삶의질에큰영향을미치고있었으므로종양전문가들은다양한증상을클러스터로하여중재를제공하는것이적절할것이다. REFERENCES 1. Ministry of Health & Welfare, Korean Central Cancer Registry & National Cancer Center. Annual report of cancer statistics in Korea, Seoul: Korea Cancer Center Registry; Jeong GH, Kim KH, Kwak YH. Quality of life in colorectal cancer patients according to the severity of symptom clusters classification. Asian Oncology Nursing. 2014;14(2): Kim JH, Kim HJ. Influences of symptom experience and depression on quality of life in colorectal cancer patients with stoma reversal. Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science. 2015;17(4): Byar KL, Berger AM, Bakken SL, Cetak MA. Impact of adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy on fatigue, other symptoms, and quality of life. Oncology Nursing Forum. 2006;33(1):E Baek YA, Yi MS. Factors influencing quality of life chemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients in Shouth Korea. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2015;45(4): Tavoli A, Mohagheghi MA, Montazeri A, Roshan R, Tavoli Z, Omidvari S. Anxiety and depression in patient with gastrointestinal cancer: dose knowledge of cancer diagnosis matter? BMC Gastroenterology. 2007;7: Fox SW, Lyon DE. Symptom clusters and quality of life in survivors of lung cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum. 2006;33(5): Li Q, Lin Y, Liu X, Xu Y. A systematic review on patient-reported outcomes in cancer survivors of randomized clinical trials: direction for future research. Psycho-Oncology. 2014;23 (7): Xiao W, Chow KM, So WK, Leung DY, Chan CW. The effectiveness of psychoeducational intervention on managing symptom clusters in patients with cancer: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Cancer Nursing. 2016;39(4): Parahoo K, McCaughan E, Noyes J, McDonough S. Psychosocial interventions for men with prostate cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Chow KM, Chan JCY, Choi KKC, Chan CWH. A review of psychoeducational interventions to improve sexual functioning, quality of life, and psychologica outcomes in gynecological cancer patients. Cancer Nursing. 2016;39(1): Park JH, Bae SH, Jung YM. Changes of symptom distress and quality of life in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant therapy. Asian Oncology Nursing. 2015;15(2): Vol. 29 No. 3,

10 오복자 임수연 Wang XS, Williams LA, Eng C, Mendoza, TR, Shah NA, Kirkendoll KJ, et al. Validation and application of a module of the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory for measuring multiple symptoms in patients with gastrointestinal cancer (the MDASI -GI). Cancer. 2010;116(8): Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia. 1983;67(6): Oh SM, Min KJ, Park DB. A study on the standardization of the hospital anxiety and depression scale for Koreans: a comparison of normal, depressed and anxious groups. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. 1999;38(2): Kim H, Yoo HJ, Kim YJ, Han OS, Lee KH, Lee JH, et al. Development and validation of Korean functional assessment cancer therapy-general (FACT-G). The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2003;22(1): Chaiy SI. Soical science research methodology. 2nd ed. Seoul: Hakhyunsa; Hofsø K, Miaskowski C, Bjordal K, Cooper BA, Rustøen T. Previous chemotherapy influences the symptom experience and quality of life of women with breast cancer prior to radiation therapy. Cancer Nursing. 2012;35(3): Gehring K, Roukema JA, Sitskoorn MM. Review of recent studies on interventions for cognitive deficits in patients with cancer. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 2012;12(2): Kim MY. Transition of symptoms and quality of life in cancer patients on chemotherapy. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2009;39(3): Lee JR. A structural model for chemotherapy related cognitive change in breast cancer patients [dissertation]. Seoul; Sahmyook University; Kim HJ, Kim SH, Lee HK, Oh SE. Factors affecting symptom experiences of breast cancer patients: based on the theory of unpleasant symptoms. Asian Oncology Nursing. 2014;14(1): Fann JR, Thomas-Rich AM, Katon WJ, Cowley D, Pepping M, McGregor BA, et al. Major depression after breast cancer: a review of epidemiology and treatment. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2008;30(2): Hurria A, Hurria A, Zuckerman E, Panageas KS, Fornier M, D'Andrea G, et al. A prospective longitudinal study of the functional status and quality of life of older patients with breast cancer receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2006;54(7): Tsunoda A, Nakao K, Hiratsuka K, Yasuda N, Shibusawa M, Kusano M. Anxiety, depression and quality of life in colorectal cancer patients. International Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2005;10(6): Reyes-Gibby CC, Anderson KO, Morrow PK, Shete S, Hassan S. Depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Journal of Women's Health (Larchmt). 2012;21(3): Park JH, Jun EY, Kang MY, Joung YS, Kim GS. Symptom experience and quality of life in breast cancer survivors. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2009;39(5): Park JS, Oh YJ. The effects of psychosocial intervention on depression, hope and quality of life of home-based cancer patients. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing. 2010;22(6): Bevans M. Health-related quality of life following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Hematology. 2010;(1): Korean Journal of Adult Nursing

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