J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;37:1-8 etidronate, clodronate 가있고 2 세대로는 alendronate, pamidronate, 3 세대는 risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronat
|
|
- 채영 가
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 DOI: /jkaoms 비스포스포네이트관련악골괴사환자의혈청 C-terminal cross linking telopeptide 수치에따른위험도평가와질환의심도및조기수술후치유사이의상관관계 송진우 김기현 송재민 전병도 김용덕 김욱규 신상훈부산대학교치의학전문대학원구강악안면외과학교실 Abstract (J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;37:1-8) Clinical study of correlation between C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen and risk assessment, severity of disease, healing after early surgical intervention in patients with bisphophonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws Jin-Woo Song, Ki-Hyun Kim, Jae-Min Song, Byung-Do Chun, Yong-Deok Kim, Uk-Kyu Kim, Sang-Hun Shin Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea Introduction: The utility of the C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide test (CTX) as a method for staging Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) and its healing process was examined. Materials and Methods: A total 19 patients who were diagnosed with BRONJ underwent a fasted morning CTX test, were enrolled in this study. The serum CTX values ranged from 50 to 630 pg/ml (mean 60). The risk assessment was rated according to the CTX values of the individual patient (minimal risk, 150 pg/ml, moderate, 100 to 150 pg/ml, high, 100 pg/ml). The BRONJ scores were then calculated according to the number of BRONJ lesions and their stage. The operation was done as soon as possible, regardless of BORNJ stage. Results: The mean duration of bisphosphonate therapy was 4.1 years. Of the 19 patients, 15, 2 ans 2 received alendronate, risedronate and zoledronate, respecively. Of the 19 patients who underwent a sequestrectomy, saucerization and smoothing, 15 healed after the initial surgery, 1 patient healed after one more surgical procedure, 3 patients did not heal completely but showed improvement in symptoms. Therefore, 17 out of the 19 patients healed completely with complete mucosal coverage and the elimination of pain. The risk assessment using the CTX value and disease severity were not correlated (r=-0.264, P=0.275). In addition, the risk assessment using CTX value and healing after surgery were not correlated (r=-0.147, P=0.547). Conclusion: The serum CTX should be considered carefully by clinicians as part of overall management. Early surgical intervention is of benefit in the treatment of stage II BRONJ. Key words: Bisphosphonates, Osteonecrosis, Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ), Jaw diseases, Collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide [paper submitted / revised / accepted ] Ⅰ. 서론 Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) 는 Marx 1 에의해 2003 년에처음으로학계에정식보고된이후로활발한연구가진행되고있지만아직발병원인과치료방법이명확하게결론지어지지는않고있다. 비스포스포네이트는탄소원자에연결되는 phosphoether 신상훈 경상남도양산시물금읍범어리부산대학교치의학전문대학원구강악안면외과 Sang-Hun Shin Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Pusan National university Beomeo-ri, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, , Korea TEL: FAX: ssh8080@pusan.ac.kr Fig. 1. Structures of bisphosphonate and pyrophosphonate. 결합 (P-C-P 구조 ) 을갖는다.(Fig. 1) 이제재는 R1 과 R2 라는측쇄사슬을가지고있으며, R1 은비스포스포네이트의골무기질에대한결합능력을결정하는부위이며 R2 는약리학적인강도및활성도를결정하는부위이다. 즉, 측쇄사슬의변형종류에따라서약제를구분하는데 1 세대약제로는 1
2 J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;37:1-8 etidronate, clodronate 가있고 2 세대로는 alendronate, pamidronate, 3 세대는 risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronate 로분류한다. 3 세대비스포스포네이트인 zoledronic acid 는가장강력한효능을가지고있는데질소를포함하지않는 1 세대비스포스포네이트인 etidronate 와비교하여약 100,000 배에달하고 alendronate (Fosamax) 와비교하면 100 배의효능을가진다. 이러한비스포스포네이트는골다공증, 전이성골질환, Paget s disease 등의치료와예방에널리사용하는데주요작용은파골세포의기능을저하시켜서골흡수를억제하고악성질환에서고칼슘혈증치료에석회화를방해하는작용을하며부가적으로관절염치료에관절내의염증반응을감소시키는약물작용을한다고알려져있다 2. BRONJ 는이러한비스포스포네이트의사용에대한부작용으로발생하는데그증상으로상악및하악의골괴사및노출, 구강내창상치유지연및구강점막의소실등으로지속적인통증및부종, 화농성삼출액이나타날수있다 3. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 4 에서는비스포스포네이트를경구복용하는환자중에서 BRONJ 의발생위험은 10,000 명에서 100,000 명당 1 명꼴로발생한다고하였고 Mavrokokki 등 5 은발치를시행할경우 300 명에서 1,130 명당 1 명꼴로 BRONJ 가발생한다고보고하였다. C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide test (CTX) level 은자동혈액검사기를이용하여비교적쉽게시행할수있는검사이다. 이는하루중측정시간에따라변이 (diurnal variation) 가있기때문에주로아침공복에검사를시행한다. CTX 는 type-i collagen 의 C-terminal cross linking telopeptide 를검사한다. Type-I collagen 은골의총단백질중 98% 를차지하는구조적인유기성분 (structural organic components) 이다. Serum CTX 는골교체와가장상관성이있는것으로간주된다 6. Telopeptide fragment 는파골세포에의해서골흡수가진행되는동안주교차연결사슬로부터제거되어나온다. 따라서 telopeptide fragment 의혈청 level 은채혈이이루어지는시점의파골세포의활성정도와비례한다. 비스포스포네이트를복용하지않는환자의경우실제적인정상범주는대게는 300 pg/ml 이상, 가장일반적으로는 pg/ml 로알려져있다 7. 비스포스포네이트를중단하면골개조능력이다시생기므로혈청 CTX 를측정함으로써골의치유능력을측정할수있는데, 복용을중단할경우 1 개월에약 25 pg/ml 정도혈청 CTX level 이증가하였다. Marx 등 7 은혈청 CTX 수치가 100 pg/ml 이하이면고위험군 (high risk), pg/ml 이면중등도위험군 (moderate risk) 그리고 150 pg/ml 이상이면최소위험군 (minimal risk) 으로분류하였다. 본연구에서는 BRONJ 의심도및예후평가에있어 CTX 의유용성을평가하고자한다. 그리고 BRONJ 환자를치료하는데있어 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial surgeons (AAOMS) 의 position paper 8 에따르면 Stage III 환자에국한해서적극적인수술적개입을시행하고 Stage I, II 환자 의경우본존적인치료를시행할것을권장하고있는데통증이나농이배출되고있는 Stage II 환자의경우보존적치료를시행할경우환자의증상이개선되는데시간이오래걸릴것으로예상된다. 따라서본연구에서는 Stage 에상관없이조기에외과적개입을시행함으로써치료기간을단축하고양호한치유결과를얻을수있는지알아보고자한다. 1. 연구대상 Ⅱ. 연구대상및방법 본연구는 2008 년 3 월부터 2010 년 5 월까지부산대학교치과병원구강악안면외과에내원한환자중에서 BRONJ 로진단받은환자총 19 명을대상으로시행하였다. AAOMS 에서발표한 BRONJ 진단원칙 8 을 (Table 1) 기준으로과거또는현재에비스포스포네이트를경구또는정맥으로투여받은과거력이있으며 8 주이상계속되는구강악안면부위의골노출및괴사소견, 악골에방사선치료를받지않은경우를모두만족시킬때 BRONJ 라고진단하였다. 환자들을대상으로병력을청취하였고임상적인검사를시행하였으며혈청 CTX level 을검사하였다. 진단을위해모든환자를대상으로파노라마방사선사진을촬영하였고 conventional computed tomography (CT), cone beam CT, bone scan 등을시행하였다. 열아홉명의환자중여성은 18 명이었고남성은 1 명이었으며연령대는 세 ( 평균 73.1 세 ) 였다. 비스포스포네이트를투여받은이유로는골다공증이 17 명, 유방암이 1 명, 전립선암이 1 명이었다. 사용된비스포스포네이트종류로는경구용제제인 alendronate sodium 이 15 예, risedronate 가 2 예였으며정맥용제제로는 zoledronate acid 가 2 예였다. 비스포스포네이트를이용한치료기간은 1-20 년 ( 평균 4.1 년 ) 이었다. BRONJ 발생부위는하악이 12 예상악이 5 예그리고상, 하악모두발생한경우가 2 예였다. 모든환자는치과치료후 BRONJ 가발생하였고 18 명이발치를시행하였고 1 명은임플란트를식립하였다.(Table 2) AAOMS 의 BRONJ 진단원칙에따라 Stage I 은 1 명 Stage II 는 16 명 Stage III 는 2 명이었다. 모든환자에있어괴사된골이관찰되었고 1 명만이괴사골의노출만관찰되었으며나머지 18 명의환자는이환부위의동통을함께호소하였으며이중 11 명은화농성삼출물이관찰되었다. 발치를시행한후에발생한 BRONJ 환자 18 명중 6 명의파노라마사진에서발치와의치조백선의잔존이관찰되었다.(Fig. 2) Cone beam CT 를이용하여하악골및상악골의부골을관찰할수있었다.(Figs. 3, 4) 총 19 명의환자중 2 명을제외한 17 명의환자는내과협진후비스포스포네이트를중단하였다. Drug holiday 를시행하지못한 2 명의환자는각각유방암과전립선암으로인해비스포스포네이트를계속해서투여받았다. 2
3 비스포스포네이트관련악골괴사환자의혈청 C-terminal cross linking telopeptide 수치에따른위험도평가와질환의심도및조기수술후치유사이의상관관계 Table 1. Staging and treatment strategies of BRONJ according to the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons BRONJ stage Treatment strategy At risk category No apparent exposed/necrotic bone in patients who No treatment indicated have been treated with either oral or IV bisphosphonates Patient education Stage 1 Exposed/necrotic bone in patients Antibacterial mouth rinse who are asymptomatic and have no evidence of infection Clinical follow-up on a quarterly basis Patient education and reveiw of indications for continued bisphosphonate therapy Stage 2 Exposed/necrotic bone associated with infection as Symptomatic treatment with broad-spectrum oral anbiotics with or evidenced by pain and erythema in the region of the exposed bone without purulent drainage (penicillin, cephalexin, clindamycin, or 1st generation fluoro quinolone) Oral antibacterial mouth rinse Pain control Only superficial debridments to relieve soft tissue irritation Stage 3 Exposed/necrotic bone in patients with pain, infection, and Antibacterial mouth rinse one or more of the following: pathologic fracture, extra-oral fistula, Antibiotic therapy and pain control or osteolysis extending to the inferior border Surgical debridment/resection for longer term palliation of infection and pain (BRONJ: bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw) Table 2. Patients treated with BRONJ Lesions CTX Pt Age Medical Dental Duration BRONJ Sex Indication Bisphosphonate (n) (pg/ml)/ Stage No.(yr) comorbidities comorbidities (yr) score Mn. /Mx. risk assessment 1 77 F osteoporosis RA ext.alendronate 3 1/0 156/mi II F osteoporosis HT, DM ext.alendronate 10 1/0 167/mi II F osteoporosis HT ext.risedronate 3 1/0 122/mo II F osteoporosis HT, DM ext.alendronate 8 1/0 193/mi II F osteoporosis AP ext.alendronate 3 0/1 89/h II F osteoporosis none ext.alendronate 7 1/0 84/h II F osteoporosis none ext.alendronate 3 1/0 110/mo II F osteoporosis DM, HT ext.alendronate 5 0/1 50/h II F osteoporosis DM ext.alendronate 3 1/0 60/h II F osteoporosis CVA, Hyperthyroidism imp.alendronate 10 0/1 210/mi II F osteoporosis DM ext.alendronate 3 1/0 130/mo II F osteoporosis RA, AP ext.alendronate 6 0/1 120/mo II F osteoporosis HT, Hypothyroidism ext.alendronate 6 1/0 100/mo II F osteoporosis HT, DM ext.alendronate 4 1/1 270/mi II/II F osteoporosis AP, HT, CVA ext.risedronate 6 0/1 570/mi II M prostate cancer none ext.zoledronate 2 1/0 630/mi III F breast cancer none ext.zoledronate 6 2/1 270/mi I/I F osteoporosis DM ext.alendronate 5 1/0 40/h III F osteoporosis HT, DM ext.alendronate 1 1/0 60/h II 2 (BRONJ: bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, Pt No: patient number, CTX: C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide test, Mn.: mandible, Mx.: maxilla, RA: rheumatoid arthritis, HT: hypertension, DM: diabetic melitus, AP: angina pectoris, CVA: central vascular accident, ext: extraction, imp: implant, mi: minimal, mo: moderate, h: high) 3
4 J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;37:1-8 Fig. 2. The lamina dura remains after extraction. Fig. 3. Bone sequestration on mandible after extraction. Fig. 4. Bone sequestration on left maxilla with purulent sinusitis. 2. 연구방법 1) BRONJ scoring BRONJ score 를계산하기위해서하악골에발생한 Stage I 의경우 1 점으로하고상악골의경우하악에비해풍부한혈류공급에도불구하고 BRONJ 가발생한경우이므로 1.5 점으로한다. 그리고다시 Stage 를곱하고끝으로부위별점수를합산한다. 2) 술전위험도평가 Marx 등 7 의분류대로혈청 CTX 수치가 100 pg/ml 이하이면고위험군, pg/ml 이면중등도위험군, 그리고 150 pg/ml 이상이면최소위험군으로 3 개군으로분류하였다. 3) Surgical protocol 1 비스포스포네이트는내과와협진후 19 명중유방암과전립선암이있는 2 명의환자를제외한 17 명이중단하였다. 2 수술시기는 CTX level 과비스포스포네이트복용을중단한기간과상관없이가급적조기에시행하였다. 3 부골적출술, 배형성술그리고잔여골의평탄화를시행하였다. 4 가능한한수술창상은장력없이 1 차봉합을시행하였다. 5 술전에감염의징후가관찰되는경우즉시항생요법을시행하였고술중그리고술후최소 4 주간 2 세대세팔로스포린 (Cenox, Shin Poong Pharm. Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) 과메트로니다졸 (Trizele, JW Pharmaceutical, Seoul, Korea) 을처방하였다. 4
5 비스포스포네이트관련악골괴사환자의혈청 C-terminal cross linking telopeptide 수치에따른위험도평가와질환의심도및조기수술후치유사이의상관관계 4) 술후 BRONJ scoring 술후약 1 개월째되는날술전 BRONJ scoring 과동일한방법으로술후 BRONJ score 를측정하였다. 5) 통계분석혈청 CTX level 을이용하여최소위험군, 중증도위험군, 고위험군인 3 개군으로분류하고, 고위험도에속한환자들일수록술전 BRONJ score 가높은지술전위험도평가가낮을수록술전, 술후 BRONJ score 의감소폭이큰지상관관계계수를측정하였다. 모든통계처리는 SPSS version 14.0, (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를이용하여피어슨상관계수를구하였다. Ⅲ. 결과 1. 술전 CTX 를이용한위험도평가와 BRONJ score 와의상관관계는통계적으로유의한차이가없었다.(Fig. 5, r=-0.264, P=0.275) 2. 술전 CTX 를이용한위험도평가와술후치유사이의상관관계는통계적으로유의한차이가없었다.(Fig. 6, r=-0.147, P=0.547) Table 3. BRONJ management outcome Patient Risk Preoperation Postoperation No.assessment BRONJ score BRONJ score 1 minimal minimal moderate minimal high high moderate high high minimal moderate moderate moderate minimal minimal minimal minimal high high 2 0 (BRONJ: bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw) 3. 조기에적극적인수술을시행한후치료결과본연구에서술후경과관찰기간은 2-23 개월이었으며평균 8 개월이었다. 총 19 명의환자중 1 명은 2 번의수술후에치유되었고 15 명은 1 번의수술후에양호한치유결과를얻었다. 그리고 3 명의환자는 1 번의수술후완전히치유되지는않았지만골노출양, 동통, 화농성삼출물등은술전에비해많이감소하였다.(Table 3) Ⅳ. 고찰 BRONJ 에관한연구가활발히진행되고 AAOMS 의 paper position 에서제시한 3 가지기준 8 외에실상다른질환에비해명확한진단방법이없는실정이다. 이는병리조직학적및방사선학적특징이다른질환과구분짓는명확한특징이없기때문이다 BRONJ.pre BRONJ.change CTX Fig. 5. Scatter graph of preoperative BRONJ score and CTX values.(pg/ml) (BRONJ: bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, CTX: C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide test) CTX Fig. 6. Scatter graph of BRONJ score change after operation and CTX values.(pg/ml) (BRONJ: bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, CTX: C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide test) 5
6 J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;37:1-8 현재까지보고된조직학적특징으로는일반적인염증성악골괴사증과특징적으로구별되는소견은없으나, 일반적으로다음과같은특징을나타낸다. 파골세포가원래의주름변연의형태가사라진채, Howship s lacuna 내에잔존하는데이때골표면으로부터떨어져나와죽게된다 또한골용해성소와내에골세포가존재하는양상을보인다 10. 많은방추형세포와함께혈관이자라들어가며많은양의방선균군집이괴사된골이있는영역에서발견되는데이는골괴사가진행되어만성이되었을때주로나타나는현상이다 10,12. 거의모든 BRONJ 에서방선균군집이발견되는것은이로써설명할수있다. 하지만, 이는일반적인골괴사증과구분되는소견은아니며, 만성적으로골이노출되었을때나타날수있다. 통상의방사선사진에서관찰되는특징은 BRONJ 의초기에골이노출되기전, 치조백선의경화가나타나며이는비스포스포네이트의과광화작용의일환이라고생각된다. 특징적으로, 반대로치조백선이아예소실되는것이관찰되기도하며또한치주인대공간이넓어지는것이관찰되는데이는골융해와관련된것으로보인다 9,13. 가장특징적인양상은치아발치후발치와의형태가사라지지않고치조백선이잔존하는것이다 9,10. 본연구에서도발치시행후발생한 18 명의환자중 6 명의환자에서발치와의치조백선의잔존을관찰할수있었다.(Fig. 2) 컴퓨터단층촬영한영상에서는명확한부골화양상을관찰할수있으며 13,14 (Fig. 3), 상악골에발생하였을때는거의대부분화농성의상악동염과함께나타난다 10.(Fig. 4) BRONJ 가진행될수록만성화된골수염양상을나타내며 10,13, 하악골에서는골막반응 (periosteal reaction) 을특징적으로관찰할수있다 10. Reid 등 14 은골에축적된비스포스포네이트가구강상피에유해한영향을미쳐발치이후에연조직으로피개되지않고골이노출되며이후에 2 차적으로감염이되어괴사골이생긴다고주장하였다. 같은맥락에서악골이외의장골에서 BRONJ 가발생하지않는이유에대해서도악골에서처럼발치등에의한연조직결손이생기지않기때문이라고설명하였다. 하지만이러한가설로는발치등의외과적개입없이자연적으로발생하는 BRONJ 증례에대해서는그이유를설명할수가없어단지하나의가설로만남아있다 15. 골절의치유에대한문헌에서비스포스포네이트는교직골의생성을저하시키지않고이것의개조를유의성있게더디게함이명확하게밝혀졌다 이는발치이후에발생하는골괴사를설명할수있는데즉, 발치후혈병이차고모세혈관들이혈병속으로자라들어가육아조직을형성한이후에골개조에의해서치유가일어나야하지만, 골개조단계에서비스포스포네이트에의해서장애가일어나골괴사가발생할수있다. 하지만이는이론적인추측일뿐이를뒷받침하는연구는없는실정이다. 비스포스포네이트는암종관련골흡수에저항할수있는용량이치료적이다. 그리고골부피의소실을막고심지어골감소증, 골다공증환자에있어골부피를증가시킨다. 그러나과량의비스포스포네이트가골에축적될경우골교체에현저한감소를야기한다. 즉, 파골세포의억제에의해서골재생이억제되는것이다. 파골세포의역할은죽거나오래된골세포를포함하는오래된골과미세골절을흡수하고신생골형성을유도하는 bone morphogenetic protein, insulin like growth factor 1, 2 등의사이토카인을분비하는것이다. 이렇게생성된새로운골은세포성분이많은반면무기질성분은더적고탄성은더크다. 하지만시간이지나면서세포성분이감소하고광화가진행되고탄성이떨어지는데결국자체적으로흡수되고새로운골에의해대체된다. 따라서어떤부위의골이됐든골교체속도는비스포스포네이트에대한취약성과직접적으로관련이있다. 하악치조골의골교체속도는경골과같은장골의 10 배이다 20,21. 이는 BRONJ 가왜악골에만발생하는가에대한가장근접한설명이될수있다. 게다가치조능의골교체속도는하악관의 2 배이고하악하연보다는 3-5 배에달한다 22. 이는 BRONJ 가왜치조골에서부터발생하는가에대한설명이된다. 현재가장널리받아들여지고있는골개조가비스포스포네이트에의해억제되어 BRONJ 가발생한다는이론의한계는고용량의비스포스포네이트치료를받는골형성부전증이있는어린환자들에게서는 BRONJ 가발생한사례가하나도없다는점이다 23,24. 만약에비스포스포네이트가어른과어린이의악골의개조에각각다르게영향을미친다면이에대해서는밝혀진바가없다 25. BRONJ 의발병에대해서는아직연구가더필요한실정이다. Marx 등 23 은그들의연구에서모든경구비스포스포네이트를복용하기시작한지 3 년이지나서골괴사가발생하였다. 게다가 5 년이상비스포스포네이트를복용한환자들의경우 3 년이후부터발병과심도가선상으로증가하였다. 이러한사실들은비스포스포네이트를정맥내로투여받은환자들의경우와확연한차이가나는데골노출이발생하기까지 Zometa 의경우단지 9.3 개월이걸렸고 Aredia 의경우 14.1 개월이걸렸다 26. 이러한괴사골의빠른노출은그투여경로의차이에기인하는데정맥으로투여했을경우약 40% 정도가소변을통해서여과된후나머지는골에침착된다 27,28. 주기적인투여로인해이처럼빠르게고용량으로골에침착될경우단순히파골세포의자연사만유도하는것이아니라골수의골수내파골전구체로부터파골세포를생산하는능력도저하시킨다. 반면에경구로투여된비스포스포네이트의경우점진적으로서서히골에침착되어골수가파골세포의소실에적응할수있도록하기때문에임상적으로골이노출되기까지정맥제제보다시간이오래걸리고심도가덜하며복용을중단하였을때회복이가능하게한다 7. 6
7 비스포스포네이트관련악골괴사환자의혈청 C-terminal cross linking telopeptide 수치에따른위험도평가와질환의심도및조기수술후치유사이의상관관계 Marx 등 7 은혈청 CTX 수치가 100 pg/ml 이하이면고위험군, pg/ml 이면중등도위험군, 150 pg/ml 이상이면최소위험군으로분류하였다. 비스포스포네이트의경구복용을중단한후매달 pg/ml 의 CTX 의증가를보고하였다. 그리고 4-6 개월동안 drug holiday 를시행하면서 CTX level 이최소위험군에도달했을때침습적인구강수술을시행하는것은합리적이고안전하며 ONJ 의발생가능성을최소화할수있다고하였다. 그리고 150 pg/ml 이상으로 CTX 수치가상승하였을때자발적인치유와외래에서간단하게괴사조직제거술 (debridement) 후완전히치유된증례를보고하였다. 그리고 Kwon 등 29 은 18 명의 BRONJ 환자를대상으로시행한연구에서혈청 CTX 수치를이용한위험도평가와질환의심도사이에유의할만한상관관계가있음을보여주었다. 하지만본연구에서는유의할만한상관관계를관찰할수없었는데이는 19 명의환자모두치과치료후에 BRONJ 가발생하였는데이는치료범위에따라 BRONJ score 가변하기때문에유의할만한상관관계를얻지못한것으로사료된다. 즉, 같은 BRONJ 발생위험도에있는환자라할지라도전악발치를시행한환자와단일치만을발치한환자가모두발치와의치유가안되고 BRONJ 가발생한다고했을때전악발치를시행한환자가 BRONJ score 가월등히높을것이기때문이다. David 등 30 은최소 2 개월간의 drug holiday 를시행하고 33 명의 BRONJ 환자중에증상경감을위해서부골적출술만먼저시행한 4 명중 3 명은치유되었고 1 명은추가적인괴사조직제거술 (debridement) 을시행한후에치유되었다. 증상완화를위해부골적출술을우선적으로시행한후치유가되지않은 1 명의환자를포함하여총 30 명의환자를대상으로배형성술을포함한부골적출술, 잔여골의평탄화를시행하였는데이중 18 명이치유되었고, 5 명은다른부위에병소가새롭게발생하여다시수술후치유되었으며 1 명은동일부위의재수술을 1 번더시행한후치유되었고나머지 1 명은동일부위의 2 번의재수술후에치유되었다. 즉, 수술을시행한 30 명중 25 명이치유되었고치유가되지않은 5 명의환자중 3 명은창상에작은열개가관찰되었고 2 명은점상의골노출이관찰되었다. 치유되지않은 5 명의환자중 2 명은사망하였고 3 명은경과관찰중이라고보고하였다. 이연구에서특이할만한사항은수술을시행받은환자들중 Stage II, III 환자들도다수포함되었다는사실이다. 본연구에서는총 19 명의환자중 1 명은 2 번의수술후에치유되었고 15 명은 1 번의수술후에양호한치유결과를얻었다. 그리고 3 명의환자는 1 번의수술후완전히치유되지는않았지만골노출크기, 동통, 화농성삼출물은술전에비해많이감소하였다. Stage III 환자에국한하여수술적개입을시행하는기존의보존적인치료접근법에비해서 Stage II 환자들도조기에다소공격적인수술적개입을시행함으로써보존적으로치료를시행하는동안생길수있는감염으로인한동통과불편감을최소화하며치료기간 을단축시킬수있음을확인할수있었다. 단, 본연구에포함된환자들은모두침습적인치과시술을시행받은후에발생한 BRONJ 였다. 즉, 외상이가해지기전까지는 BRONJ 가발생하지않았던환자들로서외부자극없이발생한 BRONJ 환자들과비교시치유능력이양호할것이다. 침습적치과치료등에는외상을견디지못하고 BRONJ 가발생하였으나이미발생한 BRONJ 병소의경우지속적인감염의원인이되는과사골을제거하고 1 차봉합술을시행함으로구강내상주세균에의한재감염을막아양호한치유를얻을수있음을확인할수있었다. 따라서 BRONJ 환자의치료전략을세우는데있어자연적으로발생했느냐또는침습적치과시술후에발생했느냐에따라적극적으로수술을시행할것인지아니면보존적인치료를시행할것인지를구분해서치료전략을세워야한다. 차후자연적으로발생한 BRONJ 환자에대한조기수술에관한추가적인연구가필요할것으로생각한다. 본연구에서술전혈청 CTX 수치를이용한위험도평가와술전 BRONJ score 사이에는유의할만한상관관계가없었는데이는기저질환의다양함, 연령의다양함, 그리고발치한수와위치등의차이로인한결과라고생각한다. 이와같은변수를줄이기위해서무치악부에발치나임플란트시술과같은외부적자극없이발생한 BRONJ 환자들을대상으로하는연구가필요하다. 그리고술전혈청 CTX 수치와술후 BRONJ score 변화량사이도유의한상관계가없었다. 이는 BRONJ 의발생자체가골개조의저하단독으로만발생하는것이아니고환자의연령, 성별, 기저질환그리고침습적치과시술시행여부등과같은여러가지요인들이복합적으로작용하여 BRONJ 가발생하는것이기때문에단순히혈청 CTX 수치만으로 BRONJ 의심도, 예후를예측하는것은한계가있다. 따라서혈청 CTX 는 BRONJ 환자를치료하는데있어절대적인지표가아닌보조적인수단으로이용되어야할것으로생각한다. Ⅴ. 결론 총 19 명의 BRONJ 환자를대상으로술전혈청 CTX 를이용하여위험도평가를시행한후술전 BRONJ 의심도와술후치유에관한연구에서다음과같은결과를얻었다. 1. 술전혈청 CTX 수치를이용한위험도평가와 BRONJ 의심도사이에는유의할만한상관관계가없었다. 2. 술전혈청 CTX 수치를이용한위험도평가와 BRONJ 환자의수술후치유사이에는유의할만한상관관계가없었다. 3. Stage II BRONJ 환자도조기에부골적출술, 배형성술, 잔여골의평탄화를시행하여양호한치유결과를얻을수있다. 이상의결과에서술전혈청 CTX 이용한위험도평가를이용하여 BRONJ 의심도및치유를예상하는것은연령, 7
8 J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;37:1-8 유발요인, 기저질환등의다양함에의해서한계가있는것으로사료된다. 하지만 Stage III 환자뿐만아니라 Stage II 인환자에서도조기에적극적인수술적개입을통해양호한치유를얻을수있음을알수있었다. References 1.Marx RE.Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) induced avascular necrosis of the jaws: a growing epidemic. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003;61: Saad F, Lipton A.Clinical benefits and considerations of bisphosphonate treatment in metastatic bone disease. Semin Oncol 2007;34(6 Suppl 4):S Diel IJ, Bergner R, Grötz KA. Adverse effects of bisphosphonates: current issues. J Support Oncol 2007;5: Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J, Dempster DW, Ebeling PR, Felsenberg D, et al.; American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22: Mavrokokki T, Cheng A, Stein B, Goss A.Nature and frequency of bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws in Australia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65: Roelofs AJ, Coxon FP, Ebetino FH, Bala JF, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE, et al. Use of a fluorescent analogue of risedronate to study localisation and cellular uptake of bisphosphonates in vivo. Bone 2008;42(Suppl 1):S85. 7.Marx RE, Cillo JE Jr, Ulloa JJ.Oral bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis: risk factors, prediction of risk using serum CTX testing, prevention, and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65: Advisory Task Force on Bisphosphonate-Related Ostenonecrosis of the Jaws, American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65: Marx RE, ed.oral and intravenous bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws: history, etiology, prevention, and treatment. 1st ed. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co.; Hansen T, Kunkel M, Springer E, Walter C, Weber A, Siegel E, et al. Actinomycosis of the jaws--histopathological study of 45 patients shows significant involvement in bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis and infected osteoradionecrosis. Virchows Arch 2007;451: Hansen T, Kirkpatrick CJ, Walter C, Kunkel M.Increased numbers of osteoclasts expressing cysteine proteinase cathepsin K in patients with infected osteoradionecrosis and bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis-a paradoxical observation? Virchows Arch 2006;449: Rizzoli R, Burlet N, Cahall D, Delmas PD, Eriksen EF, Felsenberg D, et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw and bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis. Bone 2008;42: Chiandussi S, Biasotto M, Dore F, Cavalli F, Cova MA, Di Lenarda R. Clinical and diagnostic imaging of bisphosphonateassociated osteonecrosis of the jaws. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2006;35: Reid IR, Bolland MJ, Grey AB.Is bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw caused by soft tissue toxicity? Bone 2007; 41: McDonald MM, Dulai S, Godfrey C, Amanat N, Sztynda T, Little DG. Bolus or weekly zoledronic acid administration does not delay endochondral fracture repair but weekly dosing enhances delays in hard callus remodeling. Bone 2008;43: Li C, Mori S, Li J, Kaji Y, Akiyama T, Kawanishi J, et al. Longterm effect of incadronate disodium (YM-175) on fracture healing of femoral shaft in growing rats. J Bone Miner Res 2001;16: Li J, Mori S, Kaji Y, Kawanishi J, Akiyama T, Norimatsu H. Concentration of bisphosphonate (incadronate) in callus area and its effects on fracture healing in rats. J Bone Miner Res 2000;15: Peter CP, Cook WO, Nunamaker DM, Provost MT, Seedor JG, Rodan GA. Effect of alendronate on fracture healing and bone remodeling in dogs. J Orthop Res 1996;14: Allen MR, Burr DB.The pathogenesis of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: so many hypotheses, so few data. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67(5 Suppl): Schwartz S, Joseph C, Iera D, Vu DD.Bisphosphonates, osteonecrosis, osteogenesis imperfecta and dental extractions: a case series. J Can Dent Assoc 2008;74: Vignery A, Baron R.Dynamic histomorphometry of alveolar bone remodeling in the adult rat. Anat Rec 1980;196: Enlow DH. Functions of the Haversian system. Am J Anat 1962;110: Marx RE, Sawatari Y, Fortin M, Broumand V.Bisphosphonateinduced exposed bone (osteonecrosis/osteopetrosis) of the jaws: risk factors, recognition, prevention, and treatment. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005;63: Product information sheet, Aredia.Pamidronatate sodium for injection for intravenous infusion. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis AG; Bonewald LF. Osteocytes as dynamic multifunctional cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1116: Product information sheet, Zometa.Zoledronic acid injection. East Hanover, NJ: Novartis AG; Neff MJ; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG releases guidelines for clinical management of osteoporosis. Am Fam Physician 2004;69:1558, US Food and Drug Administration.Boning up on osteoporosis, Pub No. FDA C [Internet]. Rockville, MD: FDA Consumer magazine Vol. 30, No. 7, Sep, Available from: ov/fdac/features/796_bone.html. 29.Kwon YD, Kim DY, Ohe JY, Yoo JY, Walter C.Correlation between serum C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen and staging of oral bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67: Stanton DC, Balasanian E.Outcome of surgical management of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: review of 33 surgical cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67:
Lumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
More information012임수진
Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
More information김범수
Analysis of Outcomes after Resection of Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Purpose: Sarcomatous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Therefore, the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina
More information( )Kju269.hwp
만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
More information(
317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,
More information<B0F1B4D9B0F8C1F52D3130B1C732C8A32E687770>
Osteoporosis Vol. 10 No. 2 August 2012 pp. 76-81 Case Report 유전자재조합인간부갑상선호르몬 (1-34) 으로회복된비스포스포네이트연관악골괴사증례 연세대학교의과대학내과학교실 1, 연세대학교치과대학구강악안면외과학교실 2 이수진 1 허지혜 1 김원진 1 김경민 1 차인호 2 이유미 1 A Case of Intractable
More information139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ
2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,
More information<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>
대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
More information김이경외 : 경구용비스포스포네이트제재복용후발생한방선균증이동반된상악골괴사의영상의학적소견 였고, 3개월가량치유되지않는상악골괴사가있었으며, 방사선치료의과거력이없어 BRONJ에합당하였다. 비스포스포네이트는피로인산염 (pyrophosphate) 의무기질유사물 (inorganic
경구용비스포스포네이트제재복용후발생한방선균증이동반된상악골괴사의영상의학적소견 : 증례보고 1 김이경 김형진 김은희 정승규 2 홍종락 3 악성골종양이나골다공증등에사용되는비스포스포네이트제재로인한악골괴사는드문심각한부작용중하나로최근그보고가증가하고있으나영상의학과의사들에게는잘알려져있지않다. 저자들은골다공증치료를위해경구용비스포스포네이트제재를 3년 3개월간복용하던 68세여자환자에서발치후발생한상악골괴사와이와동반된방선균증의영상의학적소견을보고한다.
More informationJksvs019(8-15).hwp
Grade I Grade II Grade III 12 대한혈관외과학회지 : 제 20 권 제 1 호 2004 Control Group A Group B Fig. 4. Microscopic findings of vein wall in control, group A and group B on the day of 7 after venous occlusion. The
More informationPharmacotherapeutics Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee Univ
Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee University College of Medicine & Hospital E mail : ycell2@yahoo.co.kr Abstract
More informationISSN Implantology 2014; 18(2): 86~93 경구용 Bisphosphonates 투여가임플란트변연골변화에미치는영향에관한연구 남기욱, 홍종락 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원구강악안면외과 Effect of Oral Bisphosphon
ISSN 1229-5418 Implantology 2014; 18(2): 86~93 경구용 Bisphosphonates 투여가임플란트변연골변화에미치는영향에관한연구 남기욱, 홍종락 성균관대학교의과대학삼성서울병원구강악안면외과 Effect of Oral Bisphosphonates on the Marginal Bone Loss of Dental Implant Ki-Uk
More information황지웅
Comparison of Laparoscopy and Exploration in the Distal Pancreatectomy BACKGROUND: To determine the benefits of laparoscopic surgery compared with exploration, the clinical outcomes of open and laparoscopic
More information노영남
Purpose: Delayed massive hemorrhages from pseudoaneurysm rupture of the peripancreatic large arteries, after pancreaticoduodenectomy, are fatal. We reviewed the clinical course and outcome of bleeding
More information( )Jkstro011.hwp
비인강암의방사선치료결과및생존율에관한예후인자분석 2005 2 1 2005 3 28. :, Tel: 053)250-7665, Fax: 053)250-7984 E-mail: jhkim@dsmc.or.kr 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 Carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated by radiotherapy
More information<B0F1B4D9B0F8C1F52D39B1C731C8A32E687770>
Osteoporosis Vol. 9 No. 1 April 2011 pp. 18-27 Review Article 비스포스포네이트연관악골괴사 (BRONJ) 의치과적견해 아주대학교의과대학치과학교실 이정근 Dental Considerations of the Bisphosphonate-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw Jeong Keun Lee
More informationBaek JY, Jeon HS, Lee JH 이트이다. 2 비스포스포네이트는파골세포에작용하여골흡수를억제하는기전으로골다공증치료에효과가있다. 그러나비스포스포네이트를장기간경구복용하거나주사제를투여받은환자에서악골괴사가부작용으로보고되었다. 3 뿐만아니라최근비스포스포네이트와다른기전
http://dx.doi.org/10.14368/jdras.2016.32.2.93 ISSN 2384-4353 eissn 2384-4272 Review Article Management of osteoporosis patients for prosthetic restoration Ji-Yeon Baek, Han-Sol Jeon, Jin-Han Lee* Department
More information서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
More information005송영일
Received : 2015. 12. 09 Reviewed : 2015. 12. 16 Accepted : 2015. 12. 16 Sternal Fracture occurred after Thai Massage : A Case Report Young-Il Song, K.M.D. 1, Dong-Eun Kim, K.M.D. 1 1 Department of Rehabilitation
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
More information1..
Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :
More information- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
More informationKaes017.hwp
갑상선의 Poorly Differentiated (Insular) Carcinoma Insular Carcinoma: An Aggressive Subtype of Differentiated Thyroid Neoplasms Seok-Jin Nam, M.D., Sang-Dal Lee, M.D., Hal-lin Park, M.D., Young-Ryun Oh, M.D.
More information자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr
Original Article pissn 1738-2637 J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;67(2):129-134 The Survey of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quality according to in Korea 1 자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 1 Hyun-Hae
More informationAbstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie
Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung
More information歯1.PDF
200176 .,.,.,. 5... 1/2. /. / 2. . 293.33 (54.32%), 65.54(12.13%), / 53.80(9.96%), 25.60(4.74%), 5.22(0.97%). / 3 S (1997)14.59% (1971) 10%, (1977).5%~11.5%, (1986)
More information한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
More informationJkbcs016(92-97).hwp
Expression of bcl-2 and Apoptosis and Its Relationship to Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer - A Study with Long Term Follow-up correlated with the survival rate.(journal of Korean
More informationKaes025.hwp
고위험군유두상갑상선암환자에대한방사성옥소최대허용선량측정법및치료법의검증 Verification of Measurement Methods and Therapeutic Efficacy of Maximum Permissible Dose of I-131 in High Risk Patients with Differentiated Papillary Thyroid Cancer
More information( )Kjhps043.hwp
Difference of Fistula Maturation Degree and Physical Property by the Types of Tube Material: An Experimental Study Sang Koo Kang, M.D. 1, Hee Chul Yu, M.D. 1,4, Woo Sung Moon, M.D. 2,4, Ju Hyoung Lee,
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
More informationAnalysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ
Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in University & 2 Kang Won University [Purpose] [Methods]
More information12이문규
Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental
More informationTreatment and Role of Hormaonal Replaement Therapy
Treatment and Role of Hormone Replacement Therapy Chung-Ang University Hospital Chee Jeong Kim 7.2 5.3 6.4 5.6 7.3 5.5 1 1 2 3 4 10 11 7 34 49 122 123 1.0 - - 10. 2001 1998 1998 Improvement of postmenopausal
More informationK O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 41 www.cdc.go.kr/phwr 2012 10 12 5 41 ISSN:2005-811X Comparison of drug-susceptibility test to the anti-tuberculosis
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -
More informationA 617
Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R
More informationJkbcs032.hwp
Clinical Correlation of HER-2/neu Overexpression in Patients with Breast Cancer Sung Yong Kim, Tae Yoon Kim, Jae Jun Kim, Chang Ho Kim, Ok Pyung Song, Min Hyuk Lee, Eui Han Kim 1, and Moo Sik Cho Departments
More information03-ÀÌÁ¦Çö
25 3 (2004 9 ) J Korean Oriental Med 2004;25(3):20-31 1), 2), 3) 1) 2) 3) Grope for a Summary Program about Intellectual Property Protection of Traditional Knowledge (TK)etc. Discussed in WIPO Hwan-Soo
More informationA Study on Married Female Immigrants Life Style and Marriage Satisfaction in Terms of Preparing Their Old Age in Chungcheongnam-do Department of Gerontology, Hoseo University Doctoral Student : Hi Ran
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:3~20 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/27, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] This study aims to comprehensively analyze
More information( ) Jkra076.hwp
Vol. 11, No. 4, December, 2004 Objective: Ultrasonography (USG) of joints has a unique position for the diagnosis of joint diseases. Bone surface, cartilage, periarticular soft tissue and their pathologic
More information종골 부정 유합에 동반된 거주상 관절 아탈구의 치료 (1예 보고) 정복이 안된 상태로 치료 시에는 추후 지속적인 족부 동통의 원인이 되며, 이런 동통으로 인해 종골에 대해 구제술이나 2차적 재건술이 필요할 수도 있다. 2) 경종골 거주상 관절 탈구는 외국 문헌에 증례
CSE REPORT 대한족부족관절학회지 제16권 제4호 2012 J Korean Foot nkle Soc. Vol. 16. No. 4. pp.270-275, 2012 종골 부정 유합에 동반된 거주상 관절 아탈구의 치료 (1예 보고) 인제대학교 의과대학 일산백병원 정형외과 차성무 장보훈 서진수 Treatment of Talonavicular Subluxation
More information44-4대지.07이영희532~
A Spatial Location Analysis of the First Shops of Foodservice Franchise in Seoul Metropolitan City Younghee Lee* 1 1 (R) 0 16 1 15 64 1 Abstract The foodservice franchise is preferred by the founders who
More informationÀÓÇÁ¶õÆ®27_2ȸ¹«Æ÷ÇÔ
1 수평이동 골신장술을 이용한 치조골 재건술 - 증례보고 *원광대학교 치과대학 구강악안면외과학교실 **서울대학교 치과대학 구강악안면외과학교실 *팽준영, **김명진 I. 서론 임프란트의 시술이 보편화되고 많은 임상적 결과들이 보고되면서, 임프란트의 장기적인 성공을 위해서는 식립되는 치조골이 이상적인 보철물의 위치에 충분한 골질과 양을 가지고 있어야 한다는 기본적인
More information04_이근원_21~27.hwp
1) KIGAS Vol. 16, No. 5, pp 21~27, 2012 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas) http://dx.doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2012.16.5.21 실험실의 사례 분석에 관한 연구 이근원 이정석 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 (2012년 9월 5일 투고, 2012년 10월 19일
More informationA Study on the Relationships between Self-Differentiation and Adaptability Factors for Senior Dementia Patients Care Givers Department of Social Welfare, Seoul Welfare Graduate University Full-time Lecturer
More information저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할
저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,
More information제5회 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 심포지엄 Program 1 ANESTHESIA (Room 2층 대강당) >> Session 4 Updates on PNB Techniques PNB Techniques for shoulder surgery: continuou
제5회 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 마취통증의학교실 심포지엄 (Room 2층 대강당) >> Session 4 Updates on PNB Techniques PNB Techniques for shoulder surgery: continuous vs single injection, interscalene vs supraclavicular approach 의정부성모병원
More information비스포스포네이트관련 악골괴사증동물모델확립 연세대학교대학원 치의학과 장효원
비스포스포네이트관련 악골괴사증동물모델확립 연세대학교대학원 치의학과 장효원 비스포스포네이트관련 악골괴사증동물모델확립 지도차인호교수 이논문을석사학위논문으로제출함 2014 년 12 월 10 일 연세대학교대학원 치의학과 장효원 감사의글 무엇보다지금의저를있게해주신사랑하는부모님과제쌍둥이동생에게깊은 감사를드립니다. 이논문이나오기까지많은지도편달해주시고, 구강악안면외과 수련기간동안많은가르침을주신차인호교수님께도깊은감사를드립니다.
More information기관고유연구사업결과보고
기관고유연구사업결과보고 작성요령 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 1 2/3 2 1 0 2 3 52 0 31 83 12 6 3 21 593 404 304 1,301 4 3 1 8 159 191 116 466 6 11 (`1: (1: 16 33 44 106
More information원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현
원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 지도김석원교수 이논문을석사학위논문으로제출함
More information<372E20B9DABFB5BBF32E687770>
대한치주과학회지 : Vol. 37, No. 2(Suppl.), 2007 New maxillary anterior ridge classification according to ideal implant restorative position determined by CAT Young-Sang Park 1, Sang-Choon Cho 2, Kyoung-Nam Kim
More information..........5-45..
K O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 45 www.cdc.go.kr 2012 11 9 5 45 ISSN:2005-811X Monitoring of antimicrobial resistance on non-tertiary hospitals
More informationhwp
심사위원 심사위원 심사위원 인 인 인 - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - Ⅰ. 서 - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - 항목 건강하지못하다 주관적구강상태 보통이다
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp DOI: * The Mediating Eff
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.159-177 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.2.201608.159 * The Mediating Effects of Self-esteem on the Relationship between Social
More information한국현대치의학의발전 년논문, 증례보고, 종설및학술강연회연제를중심으로 Development of modern dentistry in Korea 저자저널명발행기관 NDSL URL 신유석 ; 신재의大韓齒科醫師協會誌 = The journal of the Ko
한국현대치의학의발전 1946-1969 년논문, 증례보고, 종설및학술강연회연제를중심으로 Development of modern dentistry in Korea 저자저널명발행기관 NDSL URL 신유석 ; 신재의大韓齒科醫師協會誌 = The journal of the Korean dental association 대한치과의사협회 http://www.ndsl.kr/ndsl/search/detail/article/articlesearchresultdetail.do?cn=jako201574852718178
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
27(2), 2007, 96-121 S ij k i POP j a i SEXR j i AGER j i BEDDAT j ij i j S ij S ij POP j SEXR j AGER j BEDDAT j k i a i i i L ij = S ij - S ij ---------- S ij S ij = k i POP j a i SEXR j i AGER j i BEDDAT
More informationγ
경락경혈학회지 Vol.27, No.1, pp.87 106, 2010 Journal of Meridian & Acupoint Dept. of 1 Meridian & Acupoint, 3 Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University 2 Division of Clinical
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp DOI: Awareness, Supports
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2016, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.335-363 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.26.3.201612.335 Awareness, Supports in Need, and Actual Situation on the Curriculum Reconstruction
More informationAbstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although
More informationexample code are examined in this stage The low pressure pressurizer reactor trip module of the Plant Protection System was programmed as subject for
2003 Development of the Software Generation Method using Model Driven Software Engineering Tool,,,,, Hoon-Seon Chang, Jae-Cheon Jung, Jae-Hack Kim Hee-Hwan Han, Do-Yeon Kim, Young-Woo Chang Wang Sik, Moon
More informationJkss hwp
급성복증을보이는감염성요막관기형 Infected Urachal Remnants with Symtoms of the Acute Abdomen: The Differential Diagnosis & Proper Management Jan Dy Lee, M.D., Chee Young Lim, M.D. 1, Hyoung Il Kim, M.D. 1, Chul Woon Chung,
More information( )Jksc057.hwp
직장암환자의전직장간막절제술의 예측인자분석 : 불완전절제와절제시간에영향을미치는인자에관한연구 Analysis of Factors Affecting the Degree of Difficulty in Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer: Investigation of the Factors Affecting Incomplete
More information975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호
Focused Issue of This Month Gyu Cheol an, MD Department of Otolaryngology ead & Neck Surgery, Gachon University of College Medicine E - mail : han@gilhospital.com Won-o Jung, MD Department of Otolaryngology
More information27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( :
27 2, 1-16, 2009. * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: jjhkim@cau.ac.kr) 2 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009 Ⅰ.,. 2008 3,536, 10 99.9% (, 2008). PC,, (, 2007). (, 2008),.,
More information대한치과이식(임프란트)학회 학회지 제 27권 1호
Hounsfield unit을 이용한 임프란트 식립부위의 골질 평가 조선대학교 치과대학 구강악안면외과학교실 문성용, 정미경, 김수관, 김학균 I. 서론 최근 임프란트 무치악의 재건을 위해 많이 사용되어 지고 있으며, 그 성공률은 환자의 전신적 건강 상태, 임프란트 재료의 생체 적합성, 술자의 술식, 골의 질 과 양에 따라 좌우된다 ). bone quantity"는
More information........pdf 16..
Abstract Prospects of and Tasks Involving the Policy of Revitalization of Traditional Korean Performing Arts Yong-Shik, Lee National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts In the 21st century, the
More information04조남훈
Received : 2011. 11. 16 Reviewed : 2011. 11. 25 Accpeted : 2011. 12. 5 A Case Report of Prescribing Yanghyeolgeopung-tang(yangxuequfeng-tang) to Two Patients with Cervical Disc Herniation and Headache
More information달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있
대한한방부인과학회지 THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY VOL.17, NO.2 : 115-122 (2004) 달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 * 북경한의원, ** 윤산부인과의원, *** 최은림산부인과의원, 상지대학교 한의과대학 부인과학교실 ****, 경희대학교 동서의학대학원 김성준 *****, 윤왕준
More information歯kjmh2004v13n1.PDF
13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 Korean J Med Hist 13 1 19 Jun 2004 ISSN 1225 505X 1) * * 1 ( ) 2) 3) 4) * 1) ( ) 3 2) 7 1 3) 2 1 13 1 ( 24 ) 2004 6 5) ( ) ( ) 2 1 ( ) 2 3 2 4) ( ) 6 7 5) - 2003 23 144-166 2 2 1) 6)
More informationMinimally invasive parathyroidectomy
2013. 2. 2 대한간암연구학회 7차 심포지움 및 학술대회 Indication and Clinical Outcomes of Metachronous HCC Metastasectomy Shin Hwang Division of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan
More information슬라이드 1
Proposed Korean guideline for the diagnosis of BPH Hyun Woo Kim The Catholic University of Korea BPH Guideline AHCPR guideline on BPH (1994) AUA guideline on BPH (2003) EAU guideline on BPH (2004) International
More informationTrd022.hwp
김신태, 이선녕, 이석정, 정필문, 박홍준, 신명상, 김종환, 이부길, 김상하, 리원연, 신계철, 용석중 Shin-Tae Kim, M.D., Shun Nyung Lee, M.D., Seok Jeong Lee, M.D., Pil Moon Jung, M.D., Hong Jun Park, M.D., Myung Sang Shin, M.D., Chong Whan Kim,
More informationMay 10~ Hotel Inter-Burgo Exco, Daegu Plenary lectures From metabolic syndrome to diabetes Meta-inflammation responsible for the progression fr
May 10~12 2012 Hotel Inter-Burgo Exco, Daegu Plenary lectures From metabolic syndrome to diabetes Meta-inflammation responsible for the progression from obesity to metabolic syndrome originates in the
More information, ( ) * 1) *** *** (KCGS) 2003, 2004 (CGI),. (+),.,,,.,. (endogeneity) (reverse causality),.,,,. I ( ) *. ** ***
, 40 3 4 (2006 12 ) * 1) *** *** (KCGS) 2003, 2004 (CGI),. (+),.,,,.,. (endogeneity) (reverse causality),.,,,. I. 1998. 2005 12 ( ) *. ** *** 2, 40 3 4 37.2%, 20 60%. 80%..,..,.,,, (SCB),,,.,..,, /,..
More information전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II)
전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) 전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - vii - - viii - - ix - -
More information<BFACBCBCC0C7BBE7C7D02831302031203139292E687770>
延 世 醫 史 學 제12권 제2호: 29-40, 2009년 12월 Yonsei J Med Hist 12(2): 29-40, 2009 특집논문 3 한국사회의 낙태에 대한 인식변화 이 현 숙 이화여대 한국문화연구원 1. 들어가며 1998년 내가 나이 마흔에 예기치 않은 임신을 하게 되었을 때, 내 주변 사람들은 모두 들 너무나도 쉽게 나에게 임신중절을 권하였다.
More information???? 1
The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics (2014) 27(1), 13 20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/kjas.2014.27.1.013 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation by Stopping Rule and SM3 Design in a Phase I Clinical Trial
More informationKbcs002.hwp
Does Real-time Compound Imaging Improve Evaluation of reast Cancer Compared to Conventional Sonography? o Kyoung Seo, M.D., Yu Whan Oh, M.D., Kyu Ran Cho, M.D., Young Hen Lee, M.D., Hyung Joon Noh, M.D.,
More information2009;21(1): (1777) 49 (1800 ),.,,.,, ( ) ( ) 1782., ( ). ( ) 1,... 2,3,4,5.,,, ( ), ( ),. 6,,, ( ), ( ),....,.. (, ) (, )
Abstract Kim Dal-Rae, Kim Sun-Hyung* Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung-Hee Univ. *Dept. of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyung-Hee
More informationCrt114( ).hwp
cdna Microarray Experiment: Design Issues in Early Stage and the Need of Normalization Byung Soo Kim, Ph.D. 1, Sunho Lee, Ph.D. 2, Sun Young Rha, M.D., Ph.D. 3,4 and Hyun Cheol Chung, M.D., Ph.D. 3,4 1
More information서론
- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - - 20 - - 21 - - 22 - - 23 - - 24 - -
More informationKaes010.hwp
갑상선자극호르몬이갑상선암세포의 VEGF, 신생혈관형성, 성장, 침윤및전이에미치는영향 Effects of TSH on the Production of VEGF, Angiogenesis, Growth, Invasion and Metastasis in Thyroid Cancer Cells Euy Young Soh, M.D., Hee Boong Park, M.D.,
More information100520_1840È£_Ä¡Àǽź¸__³»Áö.pdf
A gift to our Dental Artists! The New Genaration Flowable Resin 3 People 5 6 7 The 6th Congresss of the International Cleft Palate Foundation in conjunction with 14th National Congress of Korean Cleft
More information충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~ Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교
충북의대학술지 Chungbuk Med. J. Vol. 27. No. 1. 1~5 2017 Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 환자의마취 : 증례보고 신일동 1, 이진희 1, 박상희 1,2 * 책임저자 : 박상희, 충북청주시서원구충대로 1 번지, 충북대학교의과대학마취통증의학교실, 의학연구소 (28644), happycat19@hanmail.net
More information°Ç°�°úÁúº´5-44È£ÃÖÁ¾
K O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 5 No. 44 www.cdc.go.kr/phwr 2012 11 2 5 44 ISSN:2005-811X Vector surveillance after elimination of lymphatic filariasis
More information°Ç°�°úÁúº´6-2È£
K O R E A C E N T E R S F O R D I S E A S E C O N T R O L & P R E V E N T I O N PHWR Vol. 6 No. 2 www.cdc.go.kr 2013 1 11 6 2 ISSN:2005-811X Flavivirus surveillance in mosquitoes collected from the quarantine
More information<B9AEC8ADB0E6C1A6BFACB1B820C1A63137B1C720C1A633C8A3283135303131332033C2F720BCF6C1A4BABB292E687770>
한국문화경제학회 문화경제연구 제17권 제3호, 2014년 12월, pp.189~223 드라마 제작 영유 기업들의 변화와 성장: 상장기업을 중심으로 7년간의 사업현황 검토 김 훈 * 김 정 훈 ** 목 차 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 국내 엔터테인먼트 시장규모 및 제작시장 현황 Ⅲ. 상장기업 경영 현황 조사결과 Ⅳ. 결론 및 시사점 한국 드라마산업은 한류를 이끄는 주요산업으로
More information대한구강악안면방사선학회지 2005; 35 : 63-8 성공적인임플란트시술을위한방사선검사 서울대학교치과대학구강악안면방사선학교실, 치학연구소및 BK 21 이삼선 최순철 Radiographic examination for successful dental implant Sam
대한구강악안면방사선학회지 2005; 35 : 63-8 서울대학교치과대학구강악안면방사선학교실, 치학연구소및 BK 21 이삼선 최순철 Radiographic examination for successful dental implant Sam-Sun Lee, Soon-Chul Choi Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology,
More information09권오설_ok.hwp
(JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) (Regular Paper) 19 5, 2014 9 (JBE Vol. 19, No. 5, September 2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.2014.19.5.656 ISSN 2287-9137 (Online) ISSN 1226-7953 (Print) a) Reduction
More information(01) hwp
Journal of Life Science 2013 Vol. 23. No. 2. 157~166 ISSN (Print) 1225-9918 ISSN (Online) 2287-3406 DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2013.23.2.157 α μ δ κ 158 생명과학회지 2013, Vol. 23. No. 2 Journal of
More information( )Kju225.hwp
비임균성비뇨생식기감염에서 의진단적효용성 Usefulness of the Mycofast Test (MYCOFAST Evolution 2) for the Diagnosis of Nongonococcal Genitourinary Infections Hang Ro Park, Yang Hyun Kim, Ho Jae Lee, Jea Sang Oh, Hyoung Jin
More information(Microsoft PowerPoint - S13-3_\261\350\273\363\307\366 [\310\243\310\257 \270\360\265\345])
Cardiovascular Disease in Metabolic Syndrome 김상현 보라매병원내과 서울대학교의과대학내과학교실 Contents Metabolic syndrome and Cardiovascular system CVD Mortality Coronary artery disease Heart failure Atrial fibrillation Management
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp DOI: * The
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.243-268 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.1.201703.243 * - 2001 2015 - The Research Trends on Peer Counseling in Elementary and
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster
More information< FB5B5BAF1B6F32C20B8F1C2F D34292E687770>
Case Report J Sasang Constitut Med 2014;26(4):379-388 http://dx.doi.org/10.7730/jscm.2014.26.4.379 Abstract A Case Study of Soyangin Patient with Hyperhidrosis Treated Successfully with Hyungbangsabaek-san(
More information