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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 15, No. 10 pp , ISSN / eissn D 프린팅기술의건축분야활용동향과경제성에관한연구 정석재 1, 이태희 1* 1 순천향대학교건축학과 Study of Trends in The Architecture and The Economic Efficiency of 3D Printing Technology. Suk-Jae Jung 1, Tae-Hee Lee 1* 1 Department of Architecture, Soonchunhyang University 요약본연구는최근사회적으로대두되고있는 3D 프린팅기술에대하여고찰하고, 건축적인활용방안을모색함에있어활용방안과경제적인관점에서비교및분석하는것이목적이다. 이는근접한미래에 3D 프린팅기술에의해생산, 유통등의전반적인패러다임의변화가예상되고, 건축분야역시그변화의흐름을맞을것이다. 이에 3D 프린팅기술의건축에서활용방안을모색함은앞으로 3D 프린팅기술로인하여바뀌는건축환경에대하여대비하기위함이다. 본연구를위하여 3D 프린팅기술의현황과건축에서사용되는 3D 프린팅기술에대하여조사하고, 3D 프린팅기술의건축적활용방식과현재시공방식을경제적인부분에서비교분석하였다. 현재건축분야에서의 3D 프린팅활용기술은아직실용화단계이나, 현재의시공방식과경제성으로비교해보면, 전체비용을낮출수있으며, 향후기술의발전과더불어이러한비용은더욱감소될것으로보인다. 이에따라서앞으로 3D 프린팅기술의건축적활용방안에대한지속적인기술개발및관심이필요하다. Abstract The aim of this study was to consider new 3D printing techniques and how to use them in architecture, compare the 3D printing and current techniques, and analyze them economically. 3D printing technology is expected to result in considerable changes to the entire system, such as production and distribution using this new technology in the near future. In addition, architecture is expected to follow this trend. This study examined how to take advantage of 3D printing technology in construction to prepare for a new architectural trend of 3D printing technology in the future. This study examined the 3D printing technology that is used in buildings and the current state of 3D printing technology. In addition, the 3D printing technology and current technology was also compared, and analyzed economically. 3D printing technology is the step before the stage of practical use. On the other hand, the commercialization of 3D printing technology makes it possible to reduce the cost compared to the current method. Furthermore, as the technology is developed in the future, the cost is expected to be reduced further. Therefore, the use of 3D printing technology in architecture is expected increase continually. Key Words : 3D Printing, Contour Crafting, Minibuilders, Mataerial, Kamermaker 1. 서론 1.1 연구의배경및목적건축은그시대의개념과이념, 목적에따라다양한방식으로전개되어왔으며, 이를구현해내기위하여다양 한방식의기술들이사용되어왔고발전되어왔다. 특히벽돌, 시멘트, 철골철근콘크리트구조등의건축시공에있어서중요한재료나기술들이개발되면서건축의형태와시공방식의변곡점이되었다. 이러한과거의상황들을고려해보았을때앞으로발전될상황에대한예측과 본연구는순천향대학교의학술연구비지원으로수행하였음. * Corresponding Author : Tae-Hee Lee(Soonchunhyang Univ.) Tel: fffffjake@gamil.com Received September 26, 2014 Revised October 9, 2014 Accepted October 10,
2 3D 프린팅기술의건축분야활용동향과경제성에관한연구 대비가필요하다고생각되며이러한패러다임의전환은 3D프린팅기술의발전으로부터시작될것으로예측된다. 3D프린팅기술은 1980년대에개발된기술로 2014년에저작권이만료되어현재양산화되고있는추세이며, 현재는 3D 모델링파일만있으면어떠한형태든생산할수있을정도로발전하고있다. 3D프린팅재료도다양한방향으로발전되어현재사용하고있는공산품들의대다수를제작할수있을정도로발전하였고이러한 3D 프린팅기술은공장에서생산되어소비자에게유통되는기존의물자유통방식을가정에서소규모로생산하는형태로바뀔것으로예상되며, 이로인하여생산, 유통등전반적인사회전면에큰영향을미칠것으로예상된다. 이연구의목적은현재 3D프린터의건축적활용의동향을파악하고이것에대하여고찰하며, 사례를분석, 기존의기술들과경제적인부분에서비교하는것에있다. 1.2 연구의대상및방법본연구의대상및방법은현재계획및시공등건축의여러단계중 3D 프린터로활용될수있도록개발되고있는분야와각각그분야의기존기술들을시간, 자원, 인력등경제적인시각에서바라보고서로비교하는것이다. 2. 3D프린팅기술의발전개관 2.1 3D프린팅기술의발전동향 3D프린팅기술은최초로 1984년광경화소재를빛에의하여프린팅하는 SLA 방식을시작으로발명되었으며, 현재가장활발하게사용하고있는 FDM(Fused Deposition Modeling) 방식은 1988년도에발명되었다. 그이후 1992 년에는분말소재와레이져를이용하여굳히는 SLS방식이발명되었다. 2010년이후 FDM 방식의 RepRap과같은 3D 프린터와관련된기술들의오픈소스들이공개되면서 FDM방식을기반으로하는제품들이전세계적으로양산되기시작하였고, 곧실용화되었다 D프린팅기술의활용분야지금현재의 3D프린터기술은실제로격발가능한권총과차량부품과같은기계분야와인공치아, 인공골격, 인공관절을만들어내는의료분야, 요리된음식을만들어낼수있는식품분야등전반적인산업분야에이용되고있다. 이러한기술의발달은앞으로더욱가속화되어발전할것으로기대되며, 제조, 유통등사회전반적인곳에커다란영향력을끼치며, 우리의삶을크게바꿀것이라고전문가들은예견하고있다. 3. 건축분야의 3D 프린팅활용동향 현재건축에서사용되는 3D프린터의활용을살펴보면단순한모형제작부터건축적활용의궁극적인목표인건축물을프린팅하는것까지발전하였다. 건축분야의 3D 프린팅방법에서시공방식에따라거푸집프린팅방식, 유닛프린팅시공방식, 직접프린팅시공방식으로분류하여조사하였다. [Fig. 1] Method of Study 3.1 거푸집프린팅방식일본의 TAKENAKA 社와게이오대학과공동으로 3D 프린터로콘크리트용형틀을제작하는기술을개발하였다. 기존의방식보다적은비용과인력으로복잡한형태의콘크리트기둥이나벽등을시공할수있으며, 이로인하여공기단축과원가절감에기여할수있다. 아직실용화되지는않았지만 2020년까지실용화할계획으로복잡하고다양한형태의거푸집을활용할수있는특징이있다. 6337
3 한국산학기술학회논문지제 15 권제 10 호, 2014 [Fig. 2] Concept of Mold Printing Type Winsun New Materials 중국의윈쑨장식설계공정회사에서미국의컨투어크래프팅 (Contour Crafting) 기술을기반으로만든건축 3D 프린터이다. 공장에서 3D프린터를이용하여주요구조물을프린팅하고, 현장으로운반하여조립하는방식이다. 재료로는시멘트에유리섬유와다양한첨가제를첨가하여사용하며, 한번사용된건축자재들은재가공을통하여시공현장에서재활용할수있다. 중국상하이공업단지에서실험적인형태의시공이이루어졌으며, 24시간동안 200m2규모의소형주택 10채를시공하였다. 3.2 유닛프린팅시공방식건축물을유닛별로나누어 3D프린터를이용하여인쇄하고, 인쇄한유닛들을조립하는형식이다. 사례로는네덜란드 DUS Architecture 社의카머마커 (KamerMaker) 와중국의윈쑨장식설계공정회사에서만든 3D프린터주택이있다 Kamer Maker 네덜란드의건축설계사무소인 DUS Architecture 社에서 3D프린터업체인울티메이커社의가정용 3D프린터를대형사이즈로크기를키워만든건축시공용 3D프린터이다. 카머마커 (Kamer Maker) 는건축물을유닛으로나누어건축현장에설치된카머마커를이용하여유닛별로프린팅하고, 프린팅된유닛을조립하여시공하는방식이다. 재료로는종래의콘크리트나시멘트를이용하는것이아닌, 재생가능한바이오플라스틱을이용하며, 한번사용한재료도다시재활용할수있어건축폐기물을남기지않는다는장점이있다. 또한건축물의내구성과원재료의절약을위해건축물내부는벌집구조를사용하고있다. 현재암스테르담북부에서 3D Print Canal House Project 에서사용되고있다. [Fig. 4] Winsun New Materials 3.3 직접프린팅시공방식컴퓨터로작업한건축물을 3D프린터를이용하여한번에프린팅하는형식이다. 사례로는미국남부캘리포니아대학 (USC, University of Southern California) 의컨투어크래프팅 (Contour Crafting) 방식과스페인 IAAC(Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia) 의미니빌더 (Minibuilder) 와마테리얼 (Mataerial) 방식이있다 Contour Crafting 컨투어크래프팅 (Contour Crafting) 방식은미국남부캘리포니아대학 (USC, University of Southern California) 에서개발된기술이다. 기존의시공방식에비하여안전하고, 비용과시간이단축될수있으며, 건축물폐기물을재가공하여재이용할수있다. 또한자연재해나난민등주거난이심한지역의문제를빠르게해결할수있으며, 극한의환경예를들면사막이나남극,, 더나아가달과같은우주공간처럼사람이직접공정을진행하기에어려운곳에서도무리없이작업을진행할수있는장점이있다. [Fig. 3] Kamer Maker 6338
4 3D 프린팅기술의건축분야활용동향과경제성에관한연구 [Fig. 5] Contour Crafting [Fig. 6] Minibuilders Minibuilders 미니빌더 (Minibuilders) 방식은스페인의 IAAC (Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia) 에서개발된방식으로, 고정된 3D 프린터가프린팅하는방식이아닌, 무한궤도를장착한 3D 프린터드론이자유롭게이동하면서프린팅하는방식이다. 다른 3D 프린터방식과는달리프린팅할수있는건축물규모에서자유로우며, 여러대를동시에운용할수있어서공사기간을단축시킬수있다 Mataerial 마테리얼 (Mataerial) 방식은스페인의 IAAC (Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia) 에서개발된방식으로, 로봇팔을이용하여실모양의구조체를공중에자유로운형태로분사하는방식이다. 사용하는재료로처음에는열경화성수지를이용하였지만, 현재는금속을이용한프린팅도가능하다. [Fig. 7] Mataerial [Table 1] Feature of 3D Printer Available Constructing Type Case Feature Mold Printing Unit Printing Const-r uction Direct Printing Const-r uction TAKENAKA 社 & Keio University (Japan) KamerMaker DUS Architeture 社 (Netherlands) Winsun New Materials. (China) Contour Crafting USC(University of Southern Califonia)& Viterbi School of Engineering (USA) Minibuilders IAAC(Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia) (Spain) MATAERIAL IAAC(Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia) (Spain) -Use 3D printer that make Mold for Concrete. -built in complex form concrete wall and pillar use low cost and labor less than existing method. -Usable large scale building. -Commercialization plan until 2020years. -Making unit on the construction site. -Making individual unit and put together a building. -Recycling construction waste is possible. -Customizing is free. -Using 3D printer produce structure at factory and constructing in site. -Constructing speed Very fast enough built in 10 small scale house in 1 day. -Constructed at relatively cheap prices. -Using Concrete and glass fiber. -Construct concrete to rail moving 3D printer. -Combine structure with constructing building use robot technology. -Able to solve shortage of housing of disaster area or developing country. -Construct building in extreme environment Such as the moon or the South Pole. -Construct building according to Moving Printing drone. -Unreserved to size. -Divide layer and can be constructed using many drone. -Printing material on air Use robot arm -Unnecessary additory structure or support fixture -Direction free and Making very smooth form is possible. 6339
5 한국산학기술학회논문지제 15 권제 10 호, 소결이와같이 3D프린팅기술의발전과더불어건축에서의활용은간단한모형제작에서부터직접시공하는것까지다양한방면으로발전해온것을확인하였고앞으로도 3D프린팅기술이건축분야에서큰변화를가져올것이예상된다. 아직프린팅원재료의비용이높고, 방식에따라완공까지걸리는시간이길수있으며, 지을수있는규모의크기가작다는한계가존재하지만이러한단점들은앞으로기술의발전으로인하여현저히줄어들것이며, 향후미래에는시공분야에서 3D프린터가중요한역할을차지할것이다. 4. 3D프린팅시공의경제성비교 4.1 비교기준설정 3장에서분류한 6개의 3D프린팅시공방식의경제성을비교하기위하여기존의시공방법중철근콘크리트시공방법을비교기준으로정하고시공방식별로시간, 자원, 인력활용적측면에서비교분석하였다. 면적 80m2의단층건물로거실, 부엌및식당, 화장실, 다용도실, 방2을가진건축물로벽두께는 200mm, 현관문을포함한총 4개의문과 7개의창문을가지며평평한대지에시공된건축물을기준 Fig. 8으로하였다. 4.2 시간활용적측면 거푸집프린팅방식거푸집프린팅방식은직접시공되는부위의경우기존의시공방식과동일하지만, 비정형과같은형태건축물을시공할때거푸집을빠르게만들수있어시간을단축시킬수있다는장점이있다 유닛프린팅시공방식유닛프린팅시공방식은기존시공방식이현치도제작을통하여, 많은시간이소요된것에비해, 간소화될것으로보인다. 카머마커 (Kamer Maker) 방식의경우시공현장에서설치된 3D프린터가유닛을제작하는형태로운반에소요되는시간이없다는이점이있다. 현재암스테르담에서카머마커를이용하여진행중인 3D 프린팅하우스를사례로볼때, 유닛제작부터조립까지많은시간이걸리지만, 차후기술의발전을통하여극복할수있을것으로보인다. 중국의윈쑨장식설계공정회사 (Winsun New Materials 社 ) 의 3D프린터를이용한시공방식의경우컨투어크래프팅방식을이용하여공장에서유닛을제작하고, 현장으로운반하여시공하는방식으로현재매체를통해공개한결과를유추하여보았을때제작부터조립까지의속도가다른 3D프린터시공방식들보다매우빠른것으로보인다. [Fig. 8] Standard of Comparison 직접프린팅시공방식직접프린팅시공방식의경우기존시공방식의현치도제작과정이간소화되거나사라질것으로보인다. 또한프린팅과동시에시공이가능하므로따로조립시간이불필요하다는이점이있다. 컨투어크래프팅 (Contour Crafting) 방식의경우 3D 프린터와로봇공학기술을이용하여단기간에여러채의건축물을시공할수있다는장점이있으며, 속도가매우빨라재난피해지역이나난민지역과같은곳의주거문제를해결할가능성이있다. 미니빌더 (Minibuilders) 방식의경우자유롭게이동하는드론을이용하여프린팅이이루어지는방식으로프린팅과동시에시공이되며, 여러대를동시에운용하여건축물을시공할수있어시간을단축시킬수있다는장점이있다. 6340
6 3D 프린팅기술의건축분야활용동향과경제성에관한연구 마테리얼 (Mataerial) 방식의경우로봇팔을이용하여프린팅하는방식으로프린팅하는과정이중력에영향을적게받아일반적인정형의건축물보단, 선으로이루어진비정형디자인의건축물을시공하거나비정형디자인건축물의프레임을시공하는데시간을단축시킬수있다는장점이있다. 4.3 자원활용적측면 거푸집프린팅방식거푸집프린팅방식은직접시공되는부위는기존의방식과같지만, 거푸집의경우기존의나무나, 금속등을이용하여만든거푸집과다르게사용한거푸집을재가공하여재활용가능하다는장점이있다 유닛및직접프린팅시공방식 3D 프린터를이용하여건축물을직접시공하는유닛프린팅시공방식과직접프린팅시공방식의경우, 사용되었던건축폐기물이나프린팅하고남은자원을재가공하여재활용하다는장점이있다. 또한건축물을시공할때필요한양의재료만프린팅하여생산하기때문에재료의낭비가거의없어, 자원을절약할수있다는장점이있다. 그리고프린팅기법에따라기존의시멘트로벽을전부채우는것이아닌다공성의벌집구조로내부를구성하여자원활용적측면에서는자원을절약하고, 구조적으로는더욱견고하고, 안정적으로시공할수있다는장점이있다. 4.4 인력활용적측면 거푸집프린팅방식거푸집프린팅방식은직접시공하는부위에서는기존의방식과동일하지만, 거푸집을만드는인력을줄이고, 이과정에서소비되는비용을줄일수있다는장점이있다. 특히비정형의건축물을시공하는경우성형을위한거푸집제작시많은인력이요구되지만, 3D 프린팅기술을활용하면, 이러한비용의지출을획기적으로절약할수있다. 인원은불필요하며, 시공인원이적을시에도시공이가능하다는장점이있다 직접프린팅시공방식직접프린팅시공방식은 3D 프린터관련관리감독인력과원재료생산및충전을위한시공인력외의인력들은거의불필요할것으로보이며이러한이점으로인하여노동인력을획기적으로감소시킬수있는장점이있고, 이에따라인력과관련된안전사고역시감소할것으로예상된다. 또한현재시공인력으로사용되기부적합한인력, 예를들면여성이나노약자, 장애인등도적극적으로이용할수있다는장점이있다. 그리고조립형시공방식중컨투어크래프팅 (Contour Crafting) 은사람이직접공정을진행할수없는극한의지역예를들면달과같은곳에서도무리없이작업을진행할수있어인력에의한비용지출을감소할수있다. 4.4 소결다양한매체와논문을통하여유추하여기존의건축시공방식과 3D 프린팅기술을활용한시공방식을경제적측면에서비교분석한결과, 3D 프린팅기술을활용한시공방식이시간, 자원, 인력활용적측면에서경제적이점이있을것으로예상되며, 앞으로기술의발전을통하여단점을보완하고더욱경제적이점이많아질것으로예상된다. 위 3D프린팅시공의시간, 자원, 인력활용측면에서의경제성분석결과를 Table 2로정리하였다 유닛프린팅시공방식유닛프린팅시공방식은 3D 프린터관련관리감독및현장관리감독인원과현장에서재조립하는과정에서현장시공인력이필요하지만기존의방식과같이많은 6341
7 한국산학기술학회논문지제 15 권제 10 호, 2014 [Table 2] Economic Efficiency Comparison Analysis of 3D Printing Technology Construction Method and Existing Construction Method. Time Reso ur-c es Labor Prep ara -tory Maki ng Cons truc -tion 3D Printing Construction Type Mold Printing Unit Printing Construction Direct Printing Construction maso nry Winsun constr TAKENAKA & Kamer Contour New Minibuilders Mataerial uc Keio University -Maker Crafting Materials -tion Same existing method Making 1 part of 90cm size mold in 1 day. Same existing method Etc. - Mate rial Recy cling cons ump -tion Simplification of detail drawing.. Need detail drawing for construction. Takes no time Transportatio n of unit but making unit time is slow. Need simple process High-resoluti on Making factory and very fast. Constructin g 10 houses of 200 m2 size in 24hours. - Simplification or disappearing of Detail drawing Constructing several houses in short period of time. Able to solve shortage of housing. Printing can be constructed at the same time. Construction time is unnecessary. Divide layer and can be constructed using many drone. hour curtailment when constructing line form building. Rigid polyvinyl chloride resin (mold) Mold recycling is possible. Same existing method Etc. - super -visi on Cons truc -tion Recycling bio plastic Mixed Glass-fiber cement and Structure Cement and various finishing material Used construction waste is recycling. Wasting material is free of construction process and saving material according to cell construction. Using new material and - recycling is free thermosetting polymer and metal. waste not material to construction materials. Being free of using material. Expensive price of metal material. Existing Construction Type (Stan dard) Reinf orced concr ete Sand wich Panel Need detail drawing. Wasting many time. Need stripping time of concrete form and Using limited time to labor. so wasting many time Const ruct to panel. so very fast Brick (Stan dard) Reinf orced concr ete Impossibility Concr ete panel Wasting a lots of materials (Stan dard) Needs 3D printer and construction supervisor. Need supervisor of 3D printer Needs all parts. Same existing method Need labor for Transporting and charging materials and constructing units. Etc Need labor for Transporting and charging materials Can use neglected class of existing construction method. Needs many labor (Stan dard) 6342
8 3D 프린팅기술의건축분야활용동향과경제성에관한연구 5. 결론본연구에서는 3D 프린터의건축분야활용방식에대하여알아보았고기존의시공방식과경제적인측면에서비교분석하였다. 뉴스, 인터넷등대중매체와논문, 학회특집기고등에노출된정보를토대로자료를정리하였으며기존의시공방식과비교한결과 3D 프린팅시공방법이시간, 자원, 인력 3가지경제적측면에서기존의시공방식보다경쟁력이있으며, 기술의발전과구축방법에따라지금보다도더경제성이높아질것으로예측된다. 시간, 자원, 인력적인측면에서정리해보면다음과같다. 첫째, 시간적인측면에서현치도제작과정의간소화및사라짐, 단기간에여러채의건축물을시공가능, 빠른조립속도등으로인하여시공기간을단축시킬수있다. 둘째, 자원적인측면에서기존의시멘트나콘크리트가아닌신재료이용, 건축폐기물을재가공을통하여재이용, 벽체구조변화를통한원재료절약, 시공과정에서생기는재료낭비최소화등으로인하여자원을절약하고이것은경제적인효과로나타났다. 셋째, 인력적인측면에서는시공인원의축소, 기존시공방식에서소외된인력사용, 안전사고감소등으로인하여인력자원비용이감소하였다. 끝으로건축에서의 3D 프린터활용은아직실용화단계는아니지만, 앞으로의발전과활용이기대되는분야로건축디자인, 공급, 구조, 시공등다방면으로큰영향을끼칠것으로예측된다. 이에따라다방면으로변화하는건축환경에대하여대응해야하며, 지속적인관심을가지고, 정보와기술을습득해야할것이다. Architecture, 2014, Available From: (Accessed Sep, 13, 2014) [5] IAAC, Small robots printing big structures, Minibuilder by IAAC, 2014, Available From: (Accessed Sep, 13, 2014) [6] IAAC, JORIS LAARMANLAB, A RADICALLY NEW 3D PRINTING METHOD, MATAERIAL, 2014, Available From: (Accessed Sep, 13, 2014) [7] Behrokh Khoshnevis, CONTOUR CRAFTING, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, 2014, Availavle Ffrom: (Accessed Sep, 13, 2014) [8] Behrokh Khoshnevis, House of the Future: Construction by Contour Crafting, URBAN INITIATIVE POLICY BRIEF, 1-6, 2004 [9] Lee, Tae-Hee, architectural field application trend of 3D Printer, The Korea Academia-Industiral Cooperation Society, v.6, no.2, 30-35, 정석재 (Suk-Jae Jung) [ 준회원 ] < 관심분야 > 건축설계, 디지털디자인, 리모델링 2014 년 2 월 : 순천향대학교건축학과 ( 건축학학사 ) References [1] Moon, Hyeon-Seok, 3D Printer Innovation of Construction Production Method, Korea Institute of Construction Engineering and Management, v.15, no.2, 42-47, [2] Choi, Sung-Kwon, 3D Printing Technology and Architectural Application, Review of Architecture and Building Science, v.58, no.2, 17-25, [3] Hiroshi, The Takenaka freely formwork in 3D printer, nihon Keizai Shimbun, 2014 Aug 8,Available From: A /, (Accessed Sep, 13, 2014) [4] DUS Architecture, 3D Print Canal House, DUS 이태희 (Tae-Hee Lee) [ 정회원 ] < 관심분야 > 건축설계, 디지털디자인, Smart city 2004년 2월 : 순천향대학교대학원 건축학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2013년 2월 : 충남대학교 대학원 건축공학과 건축계획전공 ( 공학박 사 ) 2013년 3월 ~ 현재 : 순천향대학교 건축학과교수 6343
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