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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 13, No. 12 pp , 비알콜성지방간환자평가를위한 3.0T 고자기장자기공명분광법을이용한 PRESS 기법의유용성 구은회 1* 1 청주대학교방사선학과 Usefulness of the PRESS Technique using 3.0T Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Evaluation of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients Eun-Hoe Goo 1* 1 Department of Radiological Science, Cheongju University 요약 3.0T 고자기장자기공명분광법에서비알콜성지방간환자평가를위해 PRESS 기법과 Biopsy결과의상관관계를토대로 PRESS 기법의임상적유용성을알아보았다. 본실험은 3.0T 고자지장자기공명영상장비를이용하여실험을하였고분광스펙트럼을적분 (peak area integration) 방법으로면적을구하여간지방량에상대비율에따른공명피크의면적을이용하여계산하였다. 비알콜성지방간환자에서 MR 스펙트럼피크가모두 ppm에서나타났으며비알콜성환자에대하여 MRS와 Biopsy 결과민감도 94% 와특이도 80% 로높은값을얻었다 (p=0.000). 정상 (r=0.79, p=0.04) 및비알콜성지방간질환대한결과 ( r=0.89, p=0.002) 역시높은상관관계를보여주었다. 따라서 3.0T 고자장 MRS을적용했을때 PRESS 기법은비알콜성지방간환자를평가하는데있어서정상부분과지방간부분의구별을가능하게하였으며생검검사와 MRS의상관관계분석에서간지방량비율 (%) 은 r값이 0.7 이상의높은 Lipid를제공하여 PRESS 기법의임상적유용성을권고할만하였다. Abstract This study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the PRESS technique based on the correlation between PRESS technique and biopsy results by applying 3.0T high magnetic field MRS technique for evaluation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. This experiment were carried out using a 3.0T magnetic resonance imaging equipment. The part data of each spectrum is taken by peak area integration. The part data of resonance peak was used to calculate relative ratio. MR spectral peak in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is from 0.9 to 1.6 ppm. According to MRS method study result, Patients with FLD were obtained with 94% sensitivity and 80% specificity(p=0.000). When compared to normal based on MRS and Biopsy results was valid correlation(r=0.79, p=0.04). Results for FLD(r=0.89, p=0.002) also showed a correlation. Therefore, PRESS technique to evaluate patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the distribution difference between normal liver and fatty liver part is significantly distinguished. Biopsy and MRS fatty liver peak ratio(%) proves high lipid over grade(r = 0.7). Key Words : Contrast to Noise Ratio, Diffusion Weighted Image, Diffusion Tensor Image, Signal to Noise Ratio 1. 서론 자기공명분광법 (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) 은 자기공명현상을이용하여물질의화학적구조나상태를비침습적으로검사할수있는방법으로, 해부학적인변화가없는대사성질환이나기존의영상에의한검사로발 * Corresponding Author : Eun-Hoe Goo (Cheongju University) Tel: geh@cju.ac.kr Received October 25, 2012 Revised (1st November 13, 2012, 2nd December 5, 2012) Accepted December 6,
2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 13 권제 12 호, 2012 견되지않는초기병변의검사에매우유용하다 [1-5]. 자기공명분광법은고자장의기기와높은수준의자장균일도 (magnetic field homogeneity) 를필요로하며움직임에민감한특성이있어생체에서의적용은주로뇌나근육등움직임이없는부위의병변을규명하는데에사용되어왔고특히뇌신경계의병변에대해서는많은연구가이루어져있다 [6-11]. MRS에서는자기공명영상을얻는데필수적인공간부호화경사자장 (spatial encoding gradients) 을가하지않는다는점에서해부학적영상을얻은 MRI 보다더단순하다고할수있다. 화학천이 (chemical shift) 와스핀-스핀커플링 (J-coupling) 현상이 MRS의기본원리를이룬다 [12]. 이두가지기본현상에의해서여러화학물질에서나오는신호의위치와모양이각각다른데이것을분석하여그물질의정체를밝히고그농도를측정할수있다. 현재전세계적으로 H 1 MRS 와 P 31 MRS에대한연구가주류를이루고있으며, 뇌의임상연구에는특히 H 1 MRS가더많이이용되고있다. 화학천이 (chemical shift) 는같은원자라도분자구성성분에따라서원자주위의전자분포가다르고, 한분자내에서도그분자를구성하는원자의핵주위전자분포가달라서공명주파수가달라진친화력이높은산소핵주위에전자구름 (electron cloud) 이둘러싸이고, 수소핵은전자구름에둘러싸이지않아외부자장에그대로노출되어외부자장보다더높은주파수를갖게된다. 이에반하여지방 (-CH2) 의수소는외부자장차단역할을하는전자구름에둘러쌓여물보다약 3.5 ppm 낮은주파수를갖게된다. 특히복부자기공명분광법은호흡에영향을많이받거나또는환자상태가중증일경우에는자장의균일성을갖지못하여정확한지방간평가가어려운현실이다. 기존보고에의하면이러한단점을보완하기위하여 T2 이완시간이짧은 STEAM 기법을이용하기도하지만, 신호대잡음비가낮아권고하지않고있다 [13]. 이에본실험에서는비알콜성지방간평가에서 3.0T 고자기장을이용하여 180 RF pulse를사용하고 spin echo로써 stimulated echo 보다신호대잡음비가대략 2배가량높으며최소 1cc(1 1 1cm 3 ) 정도의국소부위에사용할수있는 PRESS 기법을적용하여 Biopsy 결과와 MRS PRESS 기법의상관관계를토대로임상적유용성을알아보고자한다. 2. 대상및방법 본실험은지방간의심으로본원에내원환환자중 1 차적으로간기능검사를받았으며 Table 1과같은검사장비및대상선정기준으로알코올섭취를한비알콜성 지방간환자 (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. FLD) 68 명을대상으로하였다. 연령대는만 18세이상에서 75세미만으로평균연령은 41.76±16.83, 성비는 1.16 대 1이었다. 모든대상자는 8시간이상의금식을하였으며 MRI 및 MRS은 3.0T 자기공명영상기기 (Philips Medical System, Achieva, Release ) 를사용하여검사하였다. MRS은체부코일을사용하여호흡정지 (breath-hold) 를이용하여 localized proton SV_PRESS (single voxel point resolved spectroscopy sequence) 기법을이용하였고사용된매개변수는 TR 2000ms, TE , Number of scans 128, 8 NEX, Frequence MHz, BW 2000 Hz 로최대한간혈관을피해간실질이가장많은우엽에위치시키고 cm 3 의관심영역 (volume of interest. VOI) 을설정하여 single voxel로 MRS 영상을획득하였다. MRI 및 MRS 검사방법으로는첫째, MRI 장비내에피험자는반듯이누운자세로 SV_PRESS 기법을사용하여호흡정지검사를시행하였다. 둘째, 관심영역설정을위해시상면, 관상면, 축면상의세가지직각방향에일치되게복셀을설정하였다. 셋째, 수동예비스캔 (manual prescan) 을하여관심영역에대하여시간영역 (time domain) 과주파수영역 (frequence domain) 을조정하여자장이균일하도록설정하였다 [Fig. 1]. [Table 1] Exam equipment and object selection criteria for the experiments US period Within three months System for exam equipment US Sonography(IU 22, Philips) Transducer C5-1 Curved Array US image for liver Alcohol intake More bright image than spleen, kidney 20g less/a week 본실험에적용된모든환자는 Biopsy를하였으며간기능검사에서 AST/ALT(aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase) 수치가 40/35 U/L 이하인경우와 Biopsy상정상인경우는정상인으로분리하였고, AST/ALT 수치가 40/35 U/L 이상인경우와 Biopsy 상지방간환자인경우는비알콜성지방간환자 (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, FLD) 로분리하여평가를하였다. 자기공명분광법에서는정사각형의복셀설정시호흡에관련하여정확한지방간량을평가하기위하여주변위치로 3 번의 MRS 값을얻은후 data를분석하기위하여 MRS로얻은분광신호의후처리 (post processing) 는 View Forum(Extended MR workspace , Medical Systems, Philips) 소프트웨어를이용하였다. 후처리과정 5932
3 비알콜성지방간환자평가를위한 3.0T 고자기장자기공명분광법을이용한 PRESS 기법의유용성 을거쳐최종적으로얻어진분광스펙트럼을평균하였으며정량적인평가를위하여식 (1) 을적용하여 20% 이하인경우는정상으로분리하였고, 이상인경우는비알콜성지방간으로평가하여 Biopsy와상관관계를계산하였다. Lipid(%) = [Lipid peak area/(lipid peak area + Water peak area)] X 100 (1) Biopsy에대한평가는 2005년제안된 S(FLD activity score, 비알콜성지방간활성화점수 ) 체계를이용하여 1명의병리의사는다음의세가지기준으로평가를하였다 [14]. 지방증에서 5% 이내 : 경증, 5 ~ 33%: 중등증, 33 ~ 66%: 중증으로분류하였다. 수신자판단특성곡선 (receiver operating characteristic: ROC) 을이용하여생검과자기공명분광법에대한민감도및특이도를평가하는데절단값 (cutoff value) 20% 로선정하였다. 자기공명분광에서측정한지질피크비율에관한각각측정치의상관성을 Pearson s correlation coefficient를이용하여 r 값이 0.0 ~ 0.3: mild, 0.4 ~ 0.7: moderate, 0.8 ~ 1.0: severe 로구분하여상관관계정도를구분하였다. 모든데이터는 SPSS 14.0을이용하였으며 p 값이 0.05 이하이면통계적인의의가있는것으로보았다. 서 92.59%(50/ 54) 가 20% 이상의 lipid 값을얻었다. 나머지 4명역시호흡분량으로검사를실패하여데이터분석에포합되지않았다비알콜성환자의 MRS의지질피크비율 (%) 의평균신호대표준편차는 MRS lipid: 36.67±14.67%, 정상인지원자에대하여생검결과와비교했을때 MRS 검사결과절단값 (cutoff value) 을 20% 로정했을때민감도 96.6% 와특이도 100% 로높은값을얻었다 (p=0.000). 비알콜성환자에대하여민감도 94% 와특이도 80% 로높은값을얻었다 (p=0.000). Fig. 2는정상인을기준으로 MRS 와생검결과를비교했을때유효한상관관계를보였고 (r=0.79, p=0.04), 비알콜성지방간질환대한결과 (r=0.89, p=0.002) 역시상관관계를보여주었다. (a) Normal_Liver fat % (Biopsy) (a) Normal_Liver fat % (H 1 MRS) (b) (b) FLD_Liver fat % (Biopsy) [Fig. 1] Voxel is set coinciding with the right angle of 3 ways such as sagital, coronal and axial to set VOI. 3. 결과 정상인지원자및비알콜성지방간환자에서 MR 스펙트럼 peak가모두 ppm에서나타났다. 정상인의경우는 92.85%(13/14) 가 20% 이하의 lipid값을얻었고, 나머지 1명은호흡분량으로검사에실패를하여데이터분석을하지않았다. 비알콜성간질환총 54명의환자에 FLD liver fat %(H 1 MRS) [Fig. 2] Graph shows correlation of liver fat measurements obtained with H 1 MR spectroscopy and Biopsy results in the normal(a, r=0.79, p=0.04) and FLD(B, r=0.89, p=0.002). 5933
4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 13 권제 12 호, 2012 [Table 2] Results of MRS of liver fat peak(%) with normal patients(n=14) Case No H Liver fat(%) Case No H 20 Liver fat(%) AV. ± SD : 239 ± ± 0.42 * ; not avaliable * MRS ; magnetic resonance spectroscopy * AV. ; average * SD ; standard deviation [Table 3] Average liver fat peak(%) of FLD patients(n=54) Case Liver Case No. H 20 fat(%) No. H 20 Liver fat(%) AV. ± SD : 244 ± ± * ; not avaliable * MRS ; magnetic resonance spectroscopy * AV. ; average * SD ; standard deviation Table 2는간기능검사에서 AST/ALT 수치가 40/35 U/L 이하인경우또는 Biopsy상정상인경우는정상인으 로분리했을때자기공명분광법검사시간지방량이 20 % 이하인경우로실제정상이었고, MRS PRESS 기법검사시간지방량이평균 ± 0.42 % 로정량적인데이터값을제공하였다. 물 (H 2O) 에대한 spectrum은 239 ± 81.91로표준편차가큰값을얻었다. 그이유은검사환자마다동일한호흡상태를유지하지가어렵거나또는간에많은수분이포함되어있기때문에공명피크기가큰차이를보이고있는것이다. Table 3는간기능검사에서 AST/ALT 수치가 40/35 U/L 이상인경우와 Biopsy 상지방간환자인경우는 FLD로분리했을때자기공명분광법검사시간지방량이 20 % 이상인경우로실제비알콜성지방간환자였으며, MRS PRESS 기법검사시간지방량이평균 ± % 로정량적인수치값을제공하였다. 물 (H 2O) 에대한 spectrum은 244 ± 135로비알콜성지방간환자에서도표준편차가큰이유도환자마다동일한호흡차이가있었고간에대한수분분포가많기때문에 spectrum 변화가심한현상이다. 4. 고찰 물과지방을선택적으로영상화하는방법으로는딕슨방법 (Dixon method) 이라고불리는, 펄스의간격을조절하는스핀에코 (spin-echo) 방식이처음으로사용되었으며, 정위상영상 (standard spin-echo T1-weighted image) 과탈위상영상 (spin-echo T1-weighted image with fat and water signal at opposite phase at the TE) 을비교하여조직내의지방을정성, 정량적으로추정할수있었다 [15-17]. 현재 1 H 자기공명분광법으로는단일지역에서의데이터수집 (single voxel technique) 과동시에여러지역에서의데이터수집 (multi-voxel technique) 의두가지방법으로나누어진다. Single voxel technique는 MR 영상에서병변의위치를알수없지만높은주파수해상력으로각대사물질의구별이용이하고데이터분석시간이짧다. Multi-voxel technique는넓은지역에서데이터를수집하여각각의대사산물의정보를영상화하는 Chemical Shift Imaging(CSI) 혹은동시에여러지역의데이터수집에필요하다. STEAM(stimulated echo acquisition method) 는 3 번의 slice-selective 90 RF pulse를연속적으로주는방법으로이세번의 RF 파들이직각면에서선택된다면세직각면의교차점에있는시료용적에서만 stimulated echo가얻어질것이다. 복부자기공명분광법검사시물의성분이많기때문에일반적으로물의신호를억제하기위하여 CHESS(chemical shift selective) pulse를사용하여 VOI가최소 8cc(2x2x2cm) 로 PRESS 보다 VOI 선택 5934
5 비알콜성지방간환자평가를위한 3.0T 고자기장자기공명분광법을이용한 PRESS 기법의유용성 이더정확하나신호의크기는 PRESS보다작게나타난다. 가장큰장점으로는스펙트럼에서어떠한감산도요구하지않기때문에정확한 3차원정위선정에적합하다. PRESS(point resolved spectroscopy) 는 90 slice selective RF pulse를주고 180 RF pulse를두번준다. 복부자기공명분광법검사시호흡에관련하여신호대잡음비가낮기때문에 STEAM 기법에비해약 40% 이상의높은신호대잡음비를가지는 PRESS기법이본실험에서우위의결과를가졌다. PRESS 기법에서 lipid peak의신호대잡음비 (signal to noise ratio) 가 4 위치에서 21.5, 1146, -17.4, 803.3의값으로나타났고, STEAM 기법은 8.6, 458.4, -6.96, 값으로낮게나타났다 [Fig. 3]. 본연구에서시행한분석방법으로 4.8 ppm에서의 water에의한공명 peak을기점으로지질피크는 ppm에서나타났으며 0.9 ~ 1.1 peak에서주된 peak 이었고, 그외에 2 ~3개 lipid peak가나타냈는데모두지질에의한공명 peak 범위에포함되었다 ppm 피크가간내의지방성분을모두포함하고있지는않지만거의대부분의지질이포함되어있다고할수있어이피크의상대적인차이가간내전체성분의대한지질성분의상대적인차이를반영할수있다고여겨진다. 정상간의 MRS에서는대부분의경우지질성분에의한피크가가장현저하게보였으나, 전체스펙트럼내에서차지하는비율은넓은분포를보였다 (lipid ). 이는간의수소자기공명분광스펙트럼에서지방성분이물을제외한지질성분이 90% 가까이를차지하고스펙트럼내피크의대부분도지방성분에의한것이라고할때, 간의지방성분인레시틴, 콜레스테롤등이각개인마다차이가있고, 또한각물질의분자구조상의차이로인하여스펙트럼상에서지질피크로표현되는데차이가있을수있겠고 [18], 생체스펙트럼에서의지질피크의다양한분포도같은원인에의한것이라고할수있겠다. 복부 MRS의기술적한계, 신호잡음등여러요인에의하여영향을받을수있는제한점이있으나, 지질성분을평가하는데 PRESS 기법은높은가능성을시사한다고하겠으며본연구를통하여높은상관관계가있다는것을결과에서보여주었다. 그러나본연구에는몇가지문제점이있는데, 첫째로물과지방신호에의한오염으로스펙트럼에신호잡음이심하다는점, 둘째기술적인문제로호흡등환자의움직임에의해간주변에있는담낭, 췌장, 비장에서신호가 MR 스펙트럼에포함되어있을가능성이있다는점, STEAM 기법에대한다양한수신신호 (echo time) 를반영하지못한점, 그리고마지막으로자동예비스캔이불가능하여수동예비스캔을사용하였던바, 이러한경우술자의숙련도가요구된다는점이다. (a) (b) [Fig. 3] The peak area when applied with 36 TE in 1 H MR spectra for PRESS(a) and STEAM(b) in the liver of a 40-year old male with significant fat accumulation. 5. 결론 결론적으로, MRS이용한 PRESS 기법은비알콜성지방간환자를평가하는데있어서정상부분과지방간부분의구별을가능하게하였다. 3.0T 고자기장을이용한 MRS 검사와 Biopsy 결과는모두 r=0.7 이상의높은 lipid 를제공하는상관관계를보였다고, 절단치를 20% 로했을때민감도와특이도가 96.6% 이상의높은값을나타냈다. References [1] J. H Ronald, "Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Rapid 5935
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