WBAN 시스템용인체채널에대한경로손실모델링 는새로운전송방식으로정의된다. WBAN은응용분야에따라 MP3 플레이어와헤드셋등의무선을이용하여다양한미디어정보를즐길수있는비의료분야 (non-medical) 와심전도, 근전도등의생체신호를측정하여무선으로데이터를전송하는의료 (medica

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1 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 22 卷第 12 號 2011 年 12 月論文 WBAN 시스템용인체채널에대한경로손실모델링 Path-Loss Modeling for Human Channel of WBAN System 문지연 김태홍 * 서민경 백정기 Ji-Yeon Mun Tae-Hong Kim* Min-Gyeong Seo Jeong-Ki Pack 요약 본논문은 WBAN 시스템을위한인체에서의전파의전파특성을분석하였으며, WBAN 에활용되는 MICS 주파수와 ISM 주파수대역에서적용될수있는인체내의경로손실을모델을제안했다. 인체조직은복잡한장기로구성되어있으며, 인체내부에프로브삽입하여측정하는데어려움이따른다. 따라서실제인체를기반으로한수치팬텀을활용하여전자파수치해석을이용하여모델링했다. 수치해석으로는시간영역유한차분 법에기반을둔상용소프트웨어인렘콤사의 XFDTD 6.5 를이용하였고, 인체전신모델은 ETRI 의한국인성인남성표준모델을사용하였다. 제안된채널모델식은 WBAN 시스템의개발에많은도움이될것이다. Abstract In this paper, we studied the propagation of the radio wave in the human body for WBAN system and proposed the path-loss models applicable in the MICS and ISM frequency band. Human Tissues are composed of complicate organ. So it is difficult to measure to insert the probe in human body. Accordingly, the equations were modelled by electromagnetic analysis using the numerical phantom based on the real human. The numerical analysis used XFDTD 6.5 of Remcom co. in commercial software based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain method. Human body model used a standard adult Korean model developed by ETRI. The proposed channel models will be very helpful to design the WBAN system. Key words : Path-Loss, WBAN, MICS, ISM Ⅰ. 서론우리나라는 2010년기준으로 65세이상고령인구비중이총인구의 11.3 % 로고령화시대에접어들었고, 머지않아초고령화사회로진입이예상된다. 이에따라, 초고령화사회의대비와복지사회실현을위해의료기술에 IT 기술을접목하여인간의건강을효과적으로유지하려는요구가증가되고있다. 이러한추세에따라환자가의사를찾는시대에 서벗어나언제, 어디서나환자의상태를모니터링하고, 정보를실시간으로병원에전달하여환자에게적절한의료서비스를제공할수있는 u-health 서비스가부각되고있다. 이러한 u-health 서비스에대한관심이증가함에따라 WBAN(Wireless Body Area Network) 기술이대두되고있다 [1]. WBAN은전파의도달거리를기준으로인체내부및외부약 3 m 이내에장착되는장치들을무선네트워크로연결하여기기간의상호통신을하는것으로용도에따라수 kbps 수십 Mbsp를전송하 충남대학교전파공학과 (Department of Radio Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University) * 충남대학교전자파환경기술연구센터 (ElectroMagnetic Environment Research Center in Chungnam National University) 논문번호 : 교신저자 : 백정기 ( jkpack@cnu.ac.kr) 수정완료일자 : 2011 년 12 월 14 일 1116

2 WBAN 시스템용인체채널에대한경로손실모델링 는새로운전송방식으로정의된다. WBAN은응용분야에따라 MP3 플레이어와헤드셋등의무선을이용하여다양한미디어정보를즐길수있는비의료분야 (non-medical) 와심전도, 근전도등의생체신호를측정하여무선으로데이터를전송하는의료 (medical) 분야로구분될수있으며, 장치의위치에따라인체내부 (in-body) 통신, 인체표면 (on-body) 통신, 인체외부 (off-body) 통신으로구분된다. WBAN에대한표준화는 IEEE TG(Technical Group) 에서현재진행되고있다 [2],[3]. WBAN 시스템의표준화중에서중요한분야중하나가채널모델링이다. 그러나인체내부에서의채널모델링은직접측정이어렵기때문에분석이어렵다. 따라서정밀한인체모델을활용하여 3차원전자기해석을기반으로수치해석을이용해야된다. 이논문에서는한국인수치팬텀모델을이용하여시간영역유한차분법을활용하여수치해석프로그램인 XFDTD를이용하여인체채널을모델링하였다. 또한, WBAN 시스템에서사용되는주파수대역인 MICS(Medical Implanted Communication Service), ISM, UWB 신호중 900 MHz와 2.4 GHz에서적용될수있는새로운경로손실모델을제안하였고, 기존모델과새로제안한모델을분석하였다. 표 1. 채널모델링시나리오 Table 1. Scenarios for channel modeling. 시나리오 S 1 S2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S7 구분 Implant to implant Implant to body surface Implant to external Body surface to body surface(los) Body surface to body surface(nlos) Body surface to external(los) Body surface to external(nlos) 주파수대역 402~405 MHz 402~405 MHz 402~405 MHz TBD (f1, fn) TBD (f 1, f n) TBD (f 1, f n) TBD (f 1, f n) 채널모델 CM1 CM2 CM2 CM3 CM3 CM4 CM4 Ⅱ. WBAN 채널모델링시나리오 최근의학용임플란트장치 (MICS) 가많이개발되고있다. MICS 주파수대역은 IEEE와우리나라에서 402~405 MHz로정의된다. WBAN 시스템의채널모델은 Wearable BAN과인체내에이식되는이식형노드간의 Implant BAN으로분류할수있다. 그림 1 은이러한분류에의한채널모델을나타낸다. 채널모델 1(CM1) 은임플란트장치들간의채널을나타내고, 채널모델 2(CM2) 는임플란트장치와인체표면및외부장치간의채널을나타낸다. 채널모델 3은인체표면에있는장치간의채널을나타내고, 채널모델 4는인체표면과외부장치간의채널을나타낸다. 표 1은그림 1의 WBAN 채널모델들에서 IEEE에서표준화작업이진행되고있는 7개의세부시나리 그림 1. WBAN 시스템에서의채널모델 Fig. 1. Channel models in the WBAN system. 오를나타낸다 [4] [8]. 7 가지의세부시나리오중에서 임플란트장치가들어있는시나리오 S 1, S 2, S 3 의경 우몸속에측정프로브를넣는것이힘들고, 많은위 치에대한측정이어렵기때문에측정을통한채널 모델링은비효율적이다. 따라서시뮬레이션을통하 여채널모델링을하는것이효과적이다. 본논문에 서는 S 1 과 S 2 에대하여수치해석적방법으로채널모 델링을수행하고새로운경로손실모델을제시하 였다. 균질한매질에서의전파의경로손실은아래의 식 (1) 로부터구할수있다. 1117

3 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 22 卷第 12 號 2011 年 12 月 (1) ( 단, 는 d 거리에서수신전력, 는송신전력, 는송신안테나이득, 은수신안테나이 득, 는감쇠상수, 는파장, 는송수신사이 의거리이다.) 식 (1) 에서의손실은감쇠손실 ( ) 과방사손 실 로나뉜다. 감쇠손실은전파가손실이있는매질에전파함에따라생기는손실이고, 방사 손실은방사거리에따라생기는손실이다. 표 2 는 MICS 주파수대역 403 MHz 에서인체의 주요기관의전기적특성을나타낸다. 심장, 간, 위, 근육과같은물함량이많은조직은상대유전율과 도전율이높고, 지방이나뼈처럼물의함량이적은 조직은상대유전율과도전율이작다. 그림 2 는조직에따라거리에따른손실을식 (1) 을이용하여계산한결과이다. 식 (1) 은근접거리에 서는오차가크므로일정한거리를두고계산하는 데, 각조직에따라파장이다르므로동일한지점이 라도 4 개의조직의손실값이다르게시작된다. 심 장처럼상대유전율과도전율이높은조직은 30 cm 전파시약 80 db 이상감쇠가일어나고, 지방과같 은조직의경우에는약 20 db 의감쇠가일어남을알 수있다. 그림 3 은한국전자통신연구원에서제작된한국인 성인남성팬텀모델을보인것이다. 생체조직의분 류는 FCC 에의해주요 43 개의조직으로분류된다 [9]. 표 2. MICS 주파수대역에서생체조직의전기적특성 Table 2. Electrical characteristics of biological tissues in the MICS frequency band. 주요조직상대유전율도전율 심장 (heart) 간 (liver) 위 (stomach) 근육 (muscle) 지방 (fat) 뼈 (bone) 그림 2. 생체조직의종류에따른경로손실 Fig. 2. Path loss according to kinds of biological tissues. 그림 3. 한국인성인팬텀모델 Fig. 3. Korean adult phantom model. 그림 3 의한국인전신팬텀의조직은 43 개의조직 중에서혈액, 피부등 26 개의조직으로구성되어있 고, voxel 크기는 3 mm, 총 voxel 의수는 2,825,775 개 이다. Ⅲ. WBAN 시스템의채널모델링 WBAN 시스템의개발에활용될경로손실을모 델링하기위해서는캡슐형내시경, 심장박동기등 과같은장치가인체내송신기가위치할수있는곳 에서거리에따른경로손실을계산해야한다. 송신 기가위치하는곳의위치는송신기가설치되는곳의 위치는 WBAN 시스템에적용할수있도록장치가 1118

4 WBAN 시스템용인체채널에대한경로손실모델링 ( 단, 는상수임 ) 그림 4. 인체내송신기위치 Fig. 4. Transmitters position in body. 부착될수있는곳중에서몸속깊은조직에 8 군데, 피부와가까운곳에 9 곳을하여총 17 군데의시뮬레 이션을수행하였다. 몸속깊은조직은피부로부터 10 mm 침투된깊이를기준으로한다. 그림 4 는분석 에사용된송신기위치를나타낸다. 송신기는 MICS 장치가위치를고려하여식도내부, 위끝부분, 소 장, 팔손목부근, 둔부위쪽등부분, 왼쪽흉근, 오 른쪽복강, 심장앞부분, 오른쪽목, 오른쪽머리앞 부분, 발바닥등에위치시켰다. 수신점은몸속에 112 점, 피부와근접한곳의 174 점에대하여각각계산하였다. 시뮬레이션은경로 손실을계산하기위해정현파를인가해주었고, 해 석방법은시간영역유한차분법을기반으로하는 상용툴인 Remcom 사의 XFDTD 6.5 를이용하였다. 경로손실은통상적으로 - 모델인식 (2) 로 모델링되어왔다 [10]. 그림 5 와 6 은 MICS 주파수대역인 403 MHz 에서 송신기의위치에따라 17 번의 FDTD 시뮬레이션을 수행한후수신거리에따른경로손실을계산한결 과와식 (2) 와 (3) 으로최소자승오차가최소가되도 록피팅한결과이다. 그림 5 는시나리오 1(S 1) 환경, 그림 6 은시나리오 2(S 2) 환경에서송신기위치에따 른결과를나타낸다. 그림 5 에서 (a) 는몸속깊은곳 에위치하는송신기 8 개, (b) 는피부와가까운곳에 위치하는송신기 9 개에대하여몸속수신점 112 개를 피팅한결과이고, 그림 6 에서의 (a) 는몸속깊은곳 에위치하는송신기 8 개, (b) 는피부와가까운곳에 위치하는송신기 9 개에대하여피부와근접한곳의 174 개를피팅한결과를보인것이다. 피팅한결과로는 1 m 이후먼거리에서는오히려 경로손실값이줄어드는경향이나타난다. 이런현 상이나타나는이유는가까운거리에서는대부분전 (a) 몸속깊은곳이식장치와타이식장치사이의경로 (a) Deep tissue implant to another implant log (2) ( 단, d 0 는기준위치로 5 mm, S 는제로평균과 의표준편차의정규분포를따르는추계항 ) 하지만 - 모델은방사손실부분만표현하고있어서손실이많은인체모델에는적합하지않다. 따라서감쇠손실을고려하기위하여식 (2) 에감쇠손실에해당되는선형항을삽입하여식 (3) 으로보정한경로손실모델을사용하여채널모델링을수행하였다. log (3) (b) 피부와가까운위치의이식장치와타이식장치사이의경로 (b) Near surface implant to another implant 그림 5. MICS 주파수에서 S 1 의경로손실 Fig. 5. Path-loss for S 1 at MICS frequency. 1119

5 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 22 卷第 12 號 2011 年 12 月 표 3. MICS 주파수에서두모델에대한피팅결과비교 Table 3. Comparison of the fitting results for two models in the MICS frequency. 구분 PL(d 0) n (a) 몸속깊은위치의이식장치와피부와근접한수신점사이의경로 (a) Deep tissue implant to body surface S 1 to implant) S 2 to body surface) Deep tissue Near surface Deep tissue Near surface Deep tissue Near surface Deep tissue Near surface 경우에표준편차인 값이더크게나타난다. 그이유는피부표면근처에서송신한전자파가인체를통해서만수신되는게아니라자유공간을통해서도 (b) 피부와가까운위치의이식장치와피부와근접한수신점사이의경로 (b) Near surface implant to body surface 그림 6. MICS 주파수에서 S 2 의경로손실 Fig. 6. Path-loss for S2 at MICS frequency. 파의전달경로가인체내에서만이루어지는데반하여거리가먼곳, 가령머리부근에서송신하고다리 부근에서수신한경우에는전파가인체내에서투과하여나온후인체내부보다손실이훨씬적은공기 중으로전파하여다시인체내부에서수신되는다른전파경로가생기기때문에나타난다. 그러므로거 리가증가함에따라서항상감소하는 one- 모델은이와같은환경에서는적합하지않고, 이논문에 서제안된식으로보정을해줄필요가있다. 표 3 은그림 5 와 6 의피팅한결과를정리한것이 다. - 모델의결과를보면, 자유공간에서경로손실의경로손실감쇠지수 (n) 는자유공간값인 2 보다큰 로나타났고, 송신기위치가깊은곳에있을때그값이더크게나타났다. - 모델과제안한모델을비교해보면선형항을새로추가한모델이기존모델보다피팅오차가줄어들 었다. 또한, 송신기의위치가피부표면에가까이있는 (a) 몸속깊은곳이식장치와타이식장치사이의경로 (a) Deep tissue implant to another implant (b) 피부와가까운위치의이식장치와타이식장치사이의경로 (b) Near surface implant to another implant 그림 MHz 주파수에서 S 1 의경로손실 Fig. 7. Path-loss for S 1 at 900 MHz frequency. 1120

6 WBAN 시스템용인체채널에대한경로손실모델링 (a) 몸속깊은위치의이식장치와피부와근접한수신점사이의경로 (a) Deep tissue implant to body surface (a) 몸속깊은곳이식장치와타이식장치사이의경로 (a) Deep tissue implant to another implant (b) 피부와가까운위치의이식장치와피부와근접한수신점사이의경로 (b) Near surface implant to body surface 그림 MHz 주파수에서 S 2 의경로손실 Fig. 8. Path-loss for S 2 at 900 MHz frequency. (b) 피부와가까운위치의이식장치와타이식장치사이의경로 (b) Near surface implant to another implant 그림 GHz 주파수에서 S 1 의경로손실 Fig. 9. Path-loss for S 1 at 2.4 GHz frequency. 표 MHz 주파수에서두모델에대한피팅결과비교 Table 4. Comparison of the fitting results for two models in 900 MHz frequency. S 1 to implant) S 2 to body surface) 구분 PL(d 0) n Deep tissue Near surface Deep tissue Near surface Deep tissue Near surface Deep tissue Near surface 전파되어수신이되기때문이다. 그림 7 과 8 은 900 MHz 에서피팅한결과, 그림 9 와 10 은 2.4 GHz 에서시나리오별로피팅한그래프 표 GHz 주파수에서두모델에대한피팅결과비교 Table 5. Comparison of the fitting results for two models in 2.4 GHz frequency. S 1 to implant) S 2 to body surface) 구분 PL(d0) n Deep tissue Near surface Deep tissue Near surface Deep tissue Near surface Deep tissue Near surface 를나타낸다. 또한, 표 4 와 5 는 900 MHz 와 2.4 GHz 주파수에서피팅한결과를보인것이다. 해석결과 를살펴보면주파수가 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz 로높아짐 1121

7 韓國電磁波學會論文誌第 22 卷第 12 號 2011 年 12 月 을이용하였다. 제안된경로손실모델은기존의 one 모델보다정확한결과를나타낸다. 이러한채널모델링된파라미터값은현재진행되고있는 WBAN 채널모델링및 WBAN 장치의개발에도움이되리라생각된다. 참고문헌 (a) 몸속깊은위치의이식장치와피부와근접한수신점사이의경로 (a) Deep tissue implant to body surface (b) 피부와가까운위치의이식장치와피부와근접한수신점사이의경로 (b) Near surface implant to body surface 그림 GHz 주파수에서 S 2 의경로손실 Fig. 10. Path-loss for S 2 at 2.4 GHz frequency. 에따라파장이짧아지므로손실이커지고, 피팅오 차인 값도더커지는것을알수있다. Ⅳ. 결론 본논문에서는현재많은연구와표준화가진행 되고있는 WBAN 시스템에서인체내의경로손실 모델을제안하였다. 모델링은 MICS 대역과 ISM 대 역인 900 MHz 와 2.4 GHz 의세주파수대역에대하 여수행하였다. 7 개의시나리오중에서직접측정이 불가능한시나리오 1(S 1) 과 2(S 2) 의환경에대해채널 을모델링하고파라미터값을추출하였다. 시뮬레이션에사용된인체모델은한국인표준 20 대성인남성모델을사용하였고, 시뮬레이션은 상용소프트웨어인렘콤사의 XFDTD 를이용하였다. WBAN 장치가위치할곳을고려하여송신위치를 17 개를정하여수행하였고, 수신위치는몸의 286 곳 [1] 장병준, 최선웅, "Wireless Body Area Network 기 술동향 ", 한국전자파학회지전자파기술, 19(3), pp , 2008 년 5 월. [2] [3] Huan-Bang Li, Ryuji Kohno, "Body area network and its standardization at IEEE BAN", Proc. MWCS2007, Jul [4] Kamya Yekeh Yazdandoost, Ryuji Khono, "Wireless communications for body implanted medical devices", in Proc. APMC2007, Dec [5] J. Ryckaert, P. De Doncker, R. Meys, A. de Le Hoye, and S. Donnay, "Channel model for wireless communication around human body", Electronics Letters, vol. 40, issue 9, pp , Apr [6] Yue Ping Zhang, Qiang Li, "Performance of UWB impulse radio with planar monopoles over on-human-body propagation channel for wireless body area networks", IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 55, issue 10, pp , Oct [7] Hassan Ghannoum, Raffaele D'Errico, Christophe Roblin, and Xavier Begaud, "Characterization of the UWB on-body propagation channel", Proc. European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, [8] Kamya Yekeh Yazdandoost, Kamran SayrafianPour, "Channel Model for Body Area Network(BAN)", IEEE , Sep [9] S. Gabriel, R. W. Law, and C. Gabriel, "The dielectric properties of biological tissue: Ⅲ. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues", Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 14, pp , [10] IEEE P Channel model for body area network(ban). 1122

8 WBAN 시스템용인체채널에대한경로손실모델링 문지연 2011 년 2 월 : 충남대학교전기정보통신공학부전자전파정보통신 ( 공학사 ) 2011 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 충남대학교전파공학과석사과정 [ 주관심분야 ] 전자파인체영향, 전자파전파 서민경 2011 년 2 월 : 충남대학교전기정보통신공학부전자전파정보통신전공 ( 공학사 ) 2011 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 충남대학교전파공학과석사과정 [ 주관심분야 ] 전자파인체영향, 전자파전파 김태홍 1997 년 2 월 : 전남대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1999 년 2 월 : 전남대학교전자공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2005 년 2 월 : 전남대학교전자정보통신공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2002 년 5 월 ~2006 년 2 월 : 전남대학교고품질전기전자부품및시스템연구센터전문연구요원 2006 년 3 월 ~ 현재 : 충남대학교전자파환경기술연구센터연구교수 [ 주관심분야 ] 전자파수치해석, 수동소자설계 백정기 1978년 2월 : 서울대학교전자공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1985년 9월 : Virginia Tech. 전자파전파 ( 공학석사 ) 1988년 9월 : Virginia Tech. 전자파전파 ( 공학박사 ) 1978년 3월~1983 년 2월 : 국방과학연구소 1988년 10월~1989 년 2월 : 한국전자통신연구원 1989년 3월~1995 년 2월 : 동아대학교전자공학과부교수 2009년 1월~2009 년 12월 : 한국전자파학회학회장 1995년 2월~현재 : 충남대학교전파공학과교수 2002년 3월~현재 : 충남대학교전자파환경기술연구 (EM- ERC) 센터장 [ 주관심분야 ] 전자파전파, 전자파산란, 전자파인체영향 1123

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