[17].,,, [18,19].. Bakhsh [20], Sklan [21] Dawa [22], Kendler[18]. Makheja [23] Srivastava[24] thromboxane. Hughes [25], Dorsch [26]. Jurdi-Haldeman [

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1 임선영한국해양대학교해양환경생명과학부 1. (Allium cepa L.),,,, [1], [2-4], [5], [6], [7,8], [9], [10], [11].,,,, [12]. (polyphenol), C, E, - quercetin, quercitrin, rutin. diphenlypropane(c 6 -C 3 -C 6 ),,,, [13], Miean Mohamed[14] 62. hydroxylation, glycosylation,,,, 5,000 [15]..,,,,,. ally propyl disulfide dially disulfide quercetin, isorhamnetin, kaempferol, rutin [5,16]. 377

2 [17].,,, [18,19].. Bakhsh [20], Sklan [21] Dawa [22], Kendler[18]. Makheja [23] Srivastava[24] thromboxane. Hughes [25], Dorsch [26]. Jurdi-Haldeman [27].,. Woo [28],, Kim Lee[3],, LDL- HDL-,. 60g [29]. 50g., [30~32].,,, [33].,,, Kim [34] 378

3 , 13.29% 12.99% 10.78%. C, > >. [34,35].. [36,37]. 10% 10%. quercetin quercetin 0.01%, 6.5% [12]. 0.4~0.5%, 25~32% 50 [45] 재료및추출. (STVD-50, Sanya, Korea) 15~25, 15~40 mmhg

4 acetone methylene chloride 1 : rotary vacuum evaporator(n-1000, EYELA, Japan) aceton/methylene chloride (A+M). A+M methanol 2 methanol (MeOH). hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, butanol(buoh), water. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). DMSO 0.05%. 2.2 일반성분및비타민 C 측정,,, AOAC [38]., (105 ), Kjeldahl, Soxhlet, 550. C HPLC(P580, Dionex, USA) [39]. 1g, 10% HPO 3 9ml 3,000rpm 15 20L HPLC C. column (u-bondapak C 18 ), 0.05M KH 2 PO 4 / acetonitrile(60 : 40) 1ml/min UV/VIS detector 254nm. L-ascorbic acid(sigma-adrich, USA). 2.3 총플라보노이드측정 1ml 10ml diethyleneglycol 1N NaOH 1ml 37 1 UV-visible spectrophotometer(helios Beta, Thermo Electron Corporation, USA) 420nm. rutin [38]. 2.4 총페놀측정 Folin-Denies [40]. 380

5 1mg 1ml 10 2ml 2 Folin 2ml 3 10% Na 2 CO 3 2ml 1. UV-visible spectrophotometer(helios Beta, Thermo Electron Corporation, USA) 750nm. tannic acid(sigma-aldrich, USA). 2.5 유리아미노산비교분석 10g 75% 100ml 80, M sodium citrate buffer(ph 2.2)(Merck, Germany) 5ml Sep-Pak C M membrane filter [41]. 2.6 색도측정 (CR-10, Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc., Japan), 3 total color difference(e) [42]. 2.7 암세포및암세포배양 () (HT-1080), (AGS) (HT-29). 100units/ml penicillin-streptomycin 10% FBS DMEM RPMI , 5% CO 2 incubator(mco-15ac, Sanyo Electric Biomedical Co., Japan). 2. phosphate buffered saline(pbs) 0.05% trypsin-0.02% EDTA(Gibco Co., USA) 75mm 3 cell culture flask 10ml 6~ MTT assay 96 well cell culture plate cells/ml 100L 37, 5% 381

6 CO 2 incubator 24 well 100L, PBS 100L. plate 37, 5% CO 2 incubator 24. MTT assay 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide(mtt) 5mg 1ml PBS, 10% FBS 9ml 100L 3~4 MTT. formazan well MTT. well formazan DMSO 100L 5~10 microplate reader(victor3, Perkin Elmer, USA) 540nm. MTT, well [43]. 2.9 세포내활성산소종 (reactive oxygen species) 측정 HT units/ml penicillin-streptomycin 10% FBS DMEM cell culture dish 37, 5% CO 2 incubator. DCFH-DA(dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate) assay [44]. DCFH-DA(Sigma- Aldrich, USA) (dichlorofluorescein, DCF). 96 well cell culture plate 24, PBS 20M DCFH-DA well 37, 5% CO 2 incubator 20 pre-incubation. well 37, 5% CO 2 incubator 1, DCFH-DA PBS 500M H 2 O 2 DCF fluorescence excitation 488nm, emission 530nm microplate reader(victor3, Perkin Elmer, USA). (blank control) PBS, control 500M H 2 O 2, blank 500M H 2 O 2 PBS. 382

7 저온진공건조된양파분말의화학성분및생리활성 C C % 7.15%. C, 6.27mg/100g 17.34mg/100g 9.55mg/100g. 1 Chemical composition of onion powder as affected by drying methods Components Raw Vacuum drying Freeze drying Moisture (%) Carbohydrate (%) Crude protein (%) Crude fat (%) Crude ash (%) Vitamin C (mg/100 g) phosphoethanolamine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-citrulline, -aminobutryric acid. phosphoserine, phosphoethanolamine, L-valine, L-isoleucine. 383

8 2 Free amino acid contents of onion powder by different drying methods (ppm in sample) Amino acids Raw Vacuum drying Freeze drying Phosphoserine Taurine Phosphoethanolamine , ,588.3 Urea L-Aspartic acid ,060.3 L-Threonine L-Serine Asparagine L-Glutamic acid ,578.5 L--Aminoadipic acid L-Proline L-Glycine L-Alanine , ,003.8 L-Citrulline , L--Aminobutric acid L-Valine , L-Cystine L-Methionine L-Isoleucine L-Leucine L-Tyrosine L-Phenylalanine Alanine Aminobutyric acid Aminobutyric acid 2, , ,412.0 NH L-Orinithine L-Lysine Mothyl-L-Histidine L-Histidine Methyl-L-Histidine L-Carnosine L-Arginine Total 4, , ,

9 3. Hunter-L > >. Hunter-a Hunter-b > >. 3 Color of onion powder as affected by drying methods Color Raw Vacuum drying Freeze drying L-value a-value b-value , C 4,. 93.1% 14.3% %, %. C, 6.27mg/100g g/ml. 4 Chemical composition of onion flesh and peel Components Onion flesh Onion peel Moisture (%) Carbohydrate (%) Crude protein (%) Crude fat (%) Crude ash (%) Vitamin C (mg/100 g) Total flavonoids (g/ml) A+M MeOH 0.05mg/ml HT M H 2 O 2 control 385

10 120, A+M ( 1). 2 hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, butanol(buoh), water 0.05mg/ml control. ( 2A), 85% aq. MeOH BuOH hexane water control. ( 2B) 85% aq. MeOH hexane water contorl. A+M 85% aq MeOH BuOH. Ra [5] butanol> ethyl acetate> ethyl ether> water. Kim Kim[45], 100,, 1 Inhibitory effect of acetone/methylene chloride (A+M, 0.05mg/ml) and methanol (MeOH, 0.05mg/ml) extracts of onion flesh and peel on production of cellular reactive oxygen species in HT-1080 cells. Control was treated with 500M H 2 O 2 and phosphate buffered saline. Blank was treated with phosphate buffered saline without H 2 O

11 2 Inhibitory effect of solvent fractions (0.05mg/ml, A; Onion peel: B; Onion flesh) of extracts from onion flesh and peel on production of cellular reactive oxygen species in HT-1080 cells. Control was treated with 500M H 2 O 2 and phosphate buffered saline. Blank was treated with phosphate buffered saline without H 2 O 2..,, 387

12 . LDL thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(tbars) LDL TBARS scavanger quercetin LDL. Park Kim[46] 5% TBARS quercitin. Shon [47] -carotene-linoleate system BHT L-ascorbic acid. MTT assay. 3 acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) methanol (MeOH) 0.1, 0.5 1mg/ml AGS. A+M 0.1mg/ml 3 Inhibitory effect of acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from onion flesh and peel on the growth of AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. *p<0.05, significantly different from control. #p<0.05, significant effect between onion flesh and peel. 388

13 AGS 0.5mg/ml 95%, 1mg/ml 96% (p<0.05). A+M A+M 1mg/ml 13%. MeOH A+M 1mg/ml 23 35%. 4 hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, BuOH, water 4 Inhibitory effect of solvent fractions of extracts from onion flesh and peel on the growth of AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells. *p<0.05, significantly different from control. #p<0.05, significant effect between onion flesh and peel. 389

14 5 Inhibitory effect of acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from onion flesh and peel on the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells. * p<0.05, significantly different from control. # p<0.05, significant effect between onion flesh and peel. 85% aq. MeOH 0.5mg/ml 90% (p<0.05). HT-29 ( 5), AGS A+M 0.5 1mg/ml 90% MeOH AGS 1mg/ml 44%. A+M MeOH 1mg/ml 28 21%. 6 hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, BuOH, water HT-29 85% aq. MeOH (p<0.05). 85% aq. MeOH 0.5mg/ml 93% BuOH 46 42% (p<0.05). 5 IC 50 A+M IC 50 AGS HT mg/ml MeOH IC mg/ml AGS. 85% aq. MeOH AGS IC mg/ml 390

15 . HT-29 AGS. water. A+M MeOH. Lee [19] Inhibitory effect of solvent fractions of extracts from onion flesh and peel on the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells. *p<0.05, significantly different from control. #p<0.05, significant effect between onion flesh and peel. 391

16 25 50mg %, quercitin, detoxification enzyme. Dorant [48] allicin, Sankaranrayanan [49] case-control. AGS. 85% aq. MeOH. 5 IC50 values of onion flesh and peel extracts on human cancer cell lines IC 50 Concentrations (mg/ml) AGS HT-29 A+M extract Flesh Peel MeOH extract Flesh Peel Hexane fraction Flesh Peel % aq. MeOH fraction Flesh Peel BuOH fraction Flesh Peel Water fraction Flesh Peel

17 3.1 건조붉은양파의화학성분및생리활성, C 17.95% 80% ( 6).,, 62.96, 8.74, %. C, 15mg/100g 96mg/100g. (34.29mg/ml) 39.05mg/ml. 6 Chemical composition of red onion Flesh red onion Dried red onion Moisture (%) ) Carbohydrate (%) Crude protein (%) Crude fat (%) Crude ash (%) Vitamin C (mg/100 g) Total phenol (mg/ml) ) Values are Mean S.E. 7 L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-leucine, -aminobutryric acid. phosphoserine, phosphoethanolamine, L-aspartic acid, L-alarine, L-citrulline, L-valine, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, -aminobutryric acid, L-histidine. 393

18 7 Free amino acid contents of red onion (ppm in sample) Amino acids Raw Vacuum drying Phosphoserine Taurine - - Phosphoethanolamine ,343.2 Urea - - L-Aspartic acid L-Threonine L-Serine Asparagine - - L-Glutamic acid L--Aminoadipic acid - - L-Proline - - L-Glycine L-Alanine ,184.7 L-Citrulline L--Aminobutric acid - - L-Valine L-Cystine - - L-Methionine - - L-Isoleucine L-Leucine L-Tyrosine L-Phenylalanine Alanine - - -Aminobutyric acid - - -Aminobutyric acid 3, ,479.9 NH L-Orinithine - - L-Lysine Mothyl-L-Histidine - - L-Histidine Methyl-L-Histidine - - L-Carnosine - - L-Arginine - - Total 4, ,

19 8. Hunter-L Hunter-b. Hunter-a Color of red onion powder Color Raw Vacuum drying L-value a-value b-value acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) methanol (MeOH) 0.1 5mg/ml HT A+M 0.25mg/ml HT mg/ml 96%, 5mg/ml 98% 9 Inhibitory effect of acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of red onion powder on the growth of HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells Treatments A+M extract MeOH extract *p<0.05, significantly different from control. Concentration Inhibition IC 50 (mg/ml) (%) (mg/ml) * * * 5 98* * 5 50* 10 89*

20 (p<0.05). MeOH, MeOH 5 10mg/ml 50 89% (p<0.05). A+M MeOH IC mg/ml A+M MeOH. hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, butanol(buoh), water HT-1080 ( 10), 5mg/ml water 86% 10 Inhibitory effect of solvent fractions of extract from red onion powder on the growth of HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells Treatment Hexane fraction 85% aq. MeOH fraction BuOH fraction Water fraction *p<0.05, significantly different from control. Concentration Inhibition IC 50 (mg/ml) (%) (mg/ml) * * * * 5 93* 10 98* * 5 86* 10 98* * 5 94* 10 97* * * * 5 43* 10 86*

21 (p<0.05), hexane IC mg/ml. 11 HT-29, HT-1080 A+M MeOH HT mg/ml A+M 91 97% (p<0.05), IC mg/ml. MeOH 5 10mg/ml 58, 70% IC mg/ ml HT-29 A+M (p<0.05). 12 hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, BuOH, water HT-1080 water 5mg/ml 88%. hexane 85% aq. MeOH IC mg/ml. HT-1080 HT-29 A+M MeOH. water HT-1080 HT-29. Rho Han[6] NCI-H522 NCI-H596 NCI-H522 48%, NCI-H596 25% NCI-H596, Lee 11 Inhibitory effect of acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of red onion powder on the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells Treatments A+M extract MeOH extract *p<0.05, significantly different from control. Concentration Inhibition IC 50 (mg/ml) (%) (mg/ml) * * * * 5 97* * * * * 5 58* 10 70*

22 [19] 20mg 55%, 25 50mg 32 34%. 12 Inhibitory effect of solvent fractions of extract from red onion powder on the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells Treatments Hexane fraction 85% aq. MeOH fraction BuOH fraction Water fraction *p<0.05, significantly different from control. Concentration Inhibition IC 50 (mg/ml) (%) (mg/ml) * * * * 5 98* 10 99* * * * * 5 88* 10 87* * * * * 5 95* 10 94* * * * * 5 52* 10 84*

23 A+M MeOH mg/ml HT A+M MeOH 500M H 2 O 2 control 120. hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, BuOH, water 8 HT mg/ ml 85% aq. MeOH. water. A+M, MeOH. Shon Park[50],. Shahidi Wanasundara[51] phenolic hydroxyl groups. Shon [47], 2. Jeong [52] C mg/100g C C. C. Kim [53] -carotene-linoleate system butylated hydroxy toluene(bht) L-ascorbic acid. 20~30%, FRAP(Ferric reducing ability of plasma), [54]. in vitro in vivo thiobarbituric acid reactive 399

24 7 Inhibitory effect of extracts of red onion powder on production of reactive oxygen species in HT-1080 cells. 1) Control was treated with 500M H 2 O 2 and phosphate buffered saline. 2) Blank was treated with phosphate buffered saline without H 2 O 2. 3) A+M 0.01, acetone with methylene chloride extract 0.01mg/ml; MeOH 0.01, methanol extract 0.01mg/ml (A). 4) A+M 0.05, acetone with methylene chloride extract 0.05mg/ml; MeOH 0.05, methanol extract 0.05mg/ml (B). 400

25 8 Inhibitory effect of solvent fractions of red onion powder on production of cellular reactive oxygen species in HT-1080 cells. 1) Control was treated with 500M H 2 O 2 and phosphate buffered saline. 2) Blank was treated with phosphate buffered saline without H 2 O 2. 3) Hexane 0.01, hexane fraction 0.01mg/ml; 85% aq. MeOH 0.01, 85% aqueous methanol fraction 0.01mg/ml; BuOH 0.01, butanol fraction 0.01mg/ml; water 0.01, water fraction 0.01mg/ml (A). 4) Hexane 0.05, hexane fraction 0.05mg/ml; 85% aq. MeOH 0.05, 85% aqueous methanol fraction 0.05mg/ml; BuOH 0.05, butanol fraction 0.05mg/ml; water 0.05, water fraction 0.05mg/ml (B). 401

26 substances(tbars) [55] C. 48. A+M MeOH 0.05mg/ml (HT-1080). 85% aq. MeOH BuOH 85% aq. MeOH. A+M MeOH, (HT-29) (AGS). 85% aq. MeOH AGS IC mg/ml. 80% C. HT-1080 HT-29 A+M MeOH, hexane IC mg/ml HT A+M, MeOH, hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, BuOH, water 500M H 2 O 2 control, 120. hexane 402

27 85% aq. MeOH. 5%,.,,,,,. 1) Block, E Antithrombotic organosulfur compounds from garlic. J. Am. Soc. 108, ) Kim, K. M., H. J. Suh, S. H. Chung, W. D. Cho and S. J. Ma Chemical structure of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor isolated from onion flesh. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 8, ) Kim, S. O. and M. Y. Lee Effect of ethylacetate fraction of onion on lipid metabolism in high cholesterol fed rats. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 30, ) Ma, S. J Inhibitory effect of onion seasoning on angiotensin converting enzyme. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, ) Ra, K. S., H. J. Suh, S. H. Chung and J. Y. Son Antioxidant activity of solvent extract from onion skin. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 29, ) Rho, S. N. and J. H. Han Cyotoxicity of garlic and onion methanol extract on human lung cancer cell lines. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, ) Lee, S. H., S. J. Woo, Y. J. Koo and H. K. Shin Effects of mugwort, onion and polygalate radix on the intestinal environment of rats. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 27, ) Rao, R. R., S. S. Rao and P. R. Venkataraman Investigations on plant antibiotics, studies on allicin, the antibacterial principles of Allium sativum L(Garlic). J. Sci. Ind. Res. (India). 18, ) Sheo, H. J., H. J. Lim and D. L. Jung Effect of onion juice on toxicity of lead in rat. J. Kor Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 22, ) Park, P. S., B. R. Lee and M. Y. Lee Effects of onion diet on carbon tetrachloride toxicity of rats. J. Kor. Food Nutr. 20, ) Park, P. S., B. R. Lee and M. Y. Lee Effects of onion juice on ethanol-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation in rats. J. Kor. Food Nutr. 23, ) Cha, J. Y. and J. Y. Han The antioxidant ability of grape seed extracts. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 34, ) Bravo. L Polyphenols: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism and nutritional significance. Nutr. Reviews. 51, ) Miean, K. H. and S. Mohamed Flavonoid (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) content of edible tropical plant. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, ) Freucenbeim, J. L., J. R. Marshall, J. E. Vena, R. Laughlin, J. R. Brasure, M. K. Swanson, T. Nemoto and S. 403

28 Graham Premenopausal breast cancer risk and intake of vegetables, fruits and realted nutrients. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 88, ) Bilyk, A., P. I. Cooper and G. M. Sapers Varietal differences in distribution of quercetin and kaempferol in onion (Allium cepa L.) tissue. J. Agric. Food Chem. 32, ) Rhim, J. S Onion and health, International Culture Publishing Co., Korea. pp ) Kendler, B. S Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa): a review of their relationship to cardiovascular disease. Prev. Med. 16, ) Lee, C. J., H. D. Kim, E. H. Choung, J. K. Suh, C. W. Park and J. K. Ha Reduction effect of carcinogen induced mouse epidermal and forestomach carcinogenesis by the extract of oinon wastes. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 29, ) Bakhsh, R. and S. Khan Influence of onion (Allium cepa) and chaunga (Caraluma tubercula) on serum cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids in human subject. Sarhad J. Agric. 6, ) Sklan, D., Y. N. Bermer and H. Rabinowitch The effect of dietary onion and garlic on hepatic lipid concentrations and activity of antioxidative enzymes in chicks. J. Nutr. Biochem. 3, ) Dawa, F. and P. K. Joseph Toxic effects of excess onion extract in rats. J. Food Sci. Technol. 26, ) Makheja, A. N., J. Y. Vanderhoek and J. M. Bailley Effects of onion (Allium cepa) extract on platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis. Prostaglandins and Med. USA. 2, ) Srivastava, K. C Onion exerts antiaggregatory effects by altering arachidonic acid metabolism in platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot. Med. 24, ) Hughes, B. G. and L. D. Lawson Antimicrobial effects of Allium sativum L., Allium ampeloprasum L. and Allium cepa L. Phytother. Res. USA. 5, ) Dorsch, W. and H. Wagner New antiasthmatic drugs of plant origin. Immunol. 14, ) Jurdi-Haldeman, D., J. H. MacNeil and D. M. Yared Antioxidant activity of onion and garlic juices in stored cooked ground lamb. J. Food Prot. 50, ) Woo, H. S., B. J. An, J. H. Bae, S. Kim, H. J. Choi, H. S. Han and C. Choi Effect of biologically active fractions from onion on physiological activity and lipid metabolism. J. Kor Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 32, ) FIT Research Center and Mokpo National University International Symposium on the Utilization and Processing of Onions. p ) Chung, H. D Control of onion bulb rot during storage at low temperature by postharvest treatment of fungicides. J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci. 23, ) Kim, H. K., H. C. Lee, M. H. Park and D. H. Shin Microflora of decayed onion bulbs and their suppression by fumigation treatment. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 18, ) Lee, H. C., H. K. Kim, M. H. Park and D. H. Shin Confirmation of saprophytes of onions in Korea and effects of temperature, humidity and fumigation on Boyrtis-rot. Kor. J. Appl. Microbiol. Bioeng. 12, ) Da-Mota, V. M. and E. Palau Acoustic drying of onion. Drying Technol. 17, ) Kim, H. R., E. J. Seog, J. H. Lee and J. W. Rhim Physicochemical properties of onion powder as influenced by drying methods. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 36, ) Kang, N. S., J. H. Kim and J. K. Kim Modification of quality characteristics of onion powder by hot-air, vacuum and freeze drying methods. Kor. J. Food Preserv. 18, ) Kim, K. K Thermal characteristics of agriculture and fisheries by low temperature vacuum dryer. Proceedings of the KSME 1999 Spring Annual Meeting,

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